Dear Lord,

We thank you a hundredfold for the

infinite love and care that You have given
us. May we, in return, multiply it with love
and respect and add more faith. Subtract
the worldly desires and evil works in our
minds and hearts and divide Your
given talents to us. To sum it all,
may we be united in Your family.
Amen.
Polynomial
Functions
In this lesson, you are expected to:
-Differentiate graphs of a polynomial function
from a non-polynomial function
-Interpret graphs using zeroes of polynomials
and multiplicities of zeroes; and
- Determine the end behavior of a polynomial
function based on the graphs of polynomial
functions.
The exponent of
a polynomial
must be a
positive integer.
 The largest
exponent n
denotes the
degree of the
polynomials.
The constant in
a polynomial
includes a
variable.
 The leading
coefficient is the
number before the
variable of the
highest exponent.
(x – 1) (x + 2) = 0
-1 and 2 are the
roots of the
polynomial
equation
 (x + 2) 3

A multiplicity is
determined by
the exponent.
 If polynomials are
written in
decreasing powers
of x, we say that the
polynomial is in
standard form
 Identify whether the given expression
is a polynomial or not.

1) y5 – 3y4 + –y
y3

2) –a b
2

3) 2s t – s + 3
3 ¯2

4) –6m n + 2 𝒎
5

5) –3p q – 4p + 2p qr + q + 5
2 7 ¯4
Remember that the
graph of a
polynomial
functions whose
degree is 0 or 1 is a
line. The graph of a
polynomial
function is a
parabola if it is a
quadratic function.
Other than P(x), a polynomial function can also be
denoted by f(x).
Sometimes, a polynomial function is represented by
a set of P of ordered pairs (x, y).
Thus, a polynomial function can be written in
different ways, like the following.

f(x) = anxn + an-1xn-1 + an-2xn-2 +…+ a1x +a0 = 0

y = anxn + an-1xn-1 + an-2xn-2 +…+ a1x +a0 = 0
 ILLUSTRATIVE
EXAMPLE 1-a
f(x) = 4x 3 – 3x +
2 2
Degree:

Polynomial Function:

Leading coefficient:

Constant term:
 ILLUSTRATIVE
EXAMPLE 1-b
f(x) = 4x + 𝒙 – 1
Degree:

Polynomial Function:

Leading coefficient:

Constant term:
 ILLUSTRATIVE
EXAMPLE 1-c
𝟑
f(x) = 5x 4 - 2x 2 +
𝒙
Degree:

Polynomial Function:

Leading coefficient:

Constant term:
 ILLUSTRATIVE
EXAMPLE 1-d
f(x) = – 3y 3 + y2 – 13
Degree:

Polynomial Function:

Leading coefficient:

Constant term:
 ILLUSTRATIVE
EXAMPLE 1-e
f(x) = -8y –
4 9y 2 – y 3

Degree:

Polynomial Function:

Leading coefficient:

Constant term:
How to know if the
graph is a graph of
a polynomial
function
[ y/ f(x) / P(x)] ?
The graph of any type of function must
pass the vertical line test.

Every polynomial function with real coefficients has

the set of real numbers as its domain; hence it is
continuous function. This means that the graph of a
polynomial function has no breaks, holes or gaps.

A polynomial equation of the nth degree cannot

have more than n roots. This only means that the
graph cannot intersect the x-axis more than n
times.

A graph of a polynomial function has only

smooth, rounded turns. A polynomial function
cannot have a sharp turn.
 Zeros of
Polynomial
Function
 The graph has, at
The function has, at
most, n – 1 turning
most, n real zeros.
points.

ZEROS OF A
POLYNOMIAL
TURNING POINTS FUNCTION
(relative maximum or -the values of x which
relative minimum) make f(x) = 0. These
-points at which the values are the roots, or
graph changes from solutions of the
increasing to decreasing polynomial equation
or vice versa. when y = 0. All real roots
are the x-intercepts of
the graph.
 How many turning
1. Set up the
point does
equation in
f(x) = x3 + 3x2 – x –
standard form
3 have?

ILLUSTRATIVE
EXAMPLE 3 3. Determine the
2. Use synthetic
zeros of the
division to solve
polynomial
for the zeros
How many function
turning point
does
f(x) = x3 + 3x2 4. Graph the
polynomial
– x – 3 have? function
 ILLUSTRATIVE
EXAMPLE 3

How many
turning point Therefore, the zeros are
does -3, -1, and 1 these are the
f(x) = x3 + 3x2 x-intercepts. The y-
– x – 3 have? intercept is -3
 Therefore, the zeros are
-3, -1, and 1 these are the x-
ILLUSTRATIVE intercepts. The y-intercept is -3
EXAMPLE 3

How many
turning point
does
f(x) = x3 + 3x2
– x – 3 have?
 ILLUSTRATIVE
EXAMPLE 3

How many
turning point
does Degree of the function: 3
f(x) = x3 + 3x2 The graph has 2 turning
– x – 3 have? points
Using Table of Values

f(x) = x3 + 3x2 – x – 3
x y
-3 0
-2 3
-1 0
0 -3
1 0
2 15
3 48
Multiplicities
of Zeroes
 The MULTIPLICITY Suppose r is a zero of
OF A ZERO is the even multiplicity.
number of times the Then the graph
real root of a touches the x-axis at r
polynomial functions and bounces at r or is
results in f(x) = 0. tangent to point (r, 0).

Regardless of
whether a multiplicity
Suppose r is a zero of is even or odd, the
odd multiplicity. graph tends to
Then the graph flatten out near
crosses the x-axis at r. zeros with a
multiplicity greater
than one.
 Solve for the zeroes
of
1. Apply the Zero
f(x) = x2(x -2)2 Product Property
then show the graph

ILLUSTRATIVE
2. Remember 3. Determine the
EXAMPLE 4
that the zeros of the
exponent tells us polynomial
Solve for the the multiplicity function
zeroes of
f(x) = x2(x -2)2
then show the 4. Graph the
polynomial
graph function
 By Zero Product Property:
ILLUSTRATIVE x = 0 multiplicity of 2
EXAMPLE 4

Solve for the x = 2 multiplicity of 2

zeroes of
f(x) = x2(x -2)2 **the exponent tells us the
then show the multiplicity**
graph
 ILLUSTRATIVE
EXAMPLE 4

Solve for the

zeroes of
f(x) = x2(x -2)2
The graph of
then show the
is tangent to the x-axis at
graph
points (0, 0) and (2, 0)
Behavior of
Polynomial
Functions
• The behavior of the graph of a function to
the far left and far right is called its END
BEHAVIOR.
• Although the graph of a polynomial
function may have intervals where it
increases or decreases, the graph will
eventually rise or fall without bound as it
moves far to the left or far to the right.
 How can we
determine the End
Behavior of a
Polynomial
Function?
 f(𝑥) = (x-2)2 − 5
Zeros of
Behavior of
Polynomial Characteristic
the Graph
Polynomial Function of Multiplicity
Function Graph (refer to the
Multiplicity (odd or even)
table on p.9)
of Zeroes

f(𝑥) = Number of
Turning Point:
(𝑥 – 2)2 − 5 ___
End Behavior
of Graph:
___________-
___________
 f(𝑥) = 𝑥4 − 2𝑥2 + 1
Zeros of
Behavior of
Polynomial Characteristic
the Graph
Polynomial Function of Multiplicity
Function Graph (refer to the
Multiplicity (odd or even)
table on p.9)
of Zeroes

f(𝑥) = 𝑥4 − Number of
Turning Point:
2𝑥2 + 1 ___
End Behavior
of Graph:
___________-
___________
Polynomial Trending
Polynomial trending describes a pattern
in data that is curved or breaks from a
straight linear trend. It often occurs in a large set of
data that contains many fluctuations. As more data
becomes available, the trends often become less linear,
and a polynomial trend takes its place. Graphs with
curved trend lines are generally used to show a
polynomial trend.
Real-World Example of Polynomial Trending Data
polynomial trending would be apparent on the
graph that shows the relationship between the
profit of a new product and the number of years the product
has been available. The trend would likely rise near the
beginning of the graph, peak in the middle and then trend
downward near the end. If the company revamps the product
late in its life cycle, we'd expect to see this trend repeat itself.
This type of chart, which would have several waves on the
graph, would be deemed to be a polynomial trend.
 Solving Word
Problems Involving
Polynomial
Functions
Find the length of the edge
of a cube, if an edge is
increased by 3 dm, another
edge has a 6 dm increase
and the third one decreases
by 2 dm, results to 100%
increase of its original
volume.
 -2 is not acceptable solution because when
substituted will result to negative dimension. This
is considered as extraneous root.
Substituting x =3 : 6 dm x 9 dm x 1dm or if we use
x = 6 : 9 dm x 12 dm x 4 dm.
 The length of the multi-
purpose covered court is 6
meters more than 6 times the
width. The area of the court
is 120 square meters. Find
the dimensions of the multi-
purpose covered court.
Representations:
x – width
6x + 6 – length
A = 120

**Remember that area of a rectangle = l x w

 A=lxw x=4
120 = (6x + 6)(x) Width = 4 meters
120 = 6x2 + 6x
6x2 + 6x – 120 = 0 Length = 6x + 6
6(x + 5)(x – 4) = 6(4) + 6
x = -5; x = 4 = 30 meters

Therefore, the dimensions of the multi-purpose covered court

is 4 meters x 30 meters.