1.

FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS

(a) The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 1:
If f is continuous on  a, b  , then the function g defined by
x
g ( x) =  f (t )dt a xb
a

(b) The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 2:

If f is continuous on  a, b  , then
b

a
f ( x)dx = F (b) − F (a) where F is any
antiderivative of f , that is, a function such that F  = f .
Note:
b
If  a
f ( x)dx = 0  then the equation f ( x ) = 0 has atleast one root lying in ( a, b)
provided f is a continuous function in (a, b) . root lying in (a, b) provided f is a
continuous function in (a, b) .
b
A definite integral is denoted by  a
f ( x)dx which represent the area bounded by the
2
curve y = f ( x ) , the ordinates x = a, x = b and the x-axis. ex. 0
sin xdx = 0

2. PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL

b b b
(a) a
f ( x)dx =  f (t )dt   f ( x)dx does not depend upon x . It is
a 0

b a
(b) a
f ( x)dx = −  f ( x)dx
b

b c b
(c) a
f ( x)dx =  f ( x)dx +  f ( x)dx , where c may lie inside or outside the interval
a c

[a, b] . This property to be used when f is piecewise continuous in ( a, b) .

(d)

0 ; if f ( x ) is an odd function
f ( x ) dx =   f ( x ) + f ( − x )  dx =
a a
−a 0

 2 0 f ( x ) dx ; if f ( x ) is an even function
a

b b a a
(e) a
f ( x)dx =  f (a + b − x)dx , In particular
a 0
f ( x)dx =  f (a − x)dx
0

 2 a f ( x)dx; if f (2a − x) = f ( x)
f (2a − x) dx =  0
2a a a
(f)  f ( x)dx =  f ( x) dx + 
0; if f (2a − x) = − f ( x)
0 0 0

nT T
(g) 0
f ( x)dx = n  f ( x)dx, (n  I ) ; where ' T ' is the period of the function i.e.
0

f (T + x) = f ( x)
b + nT b
(h) a + nT
f ( x)dx =  f ( x)dx where f ( x ) is periodic with period T & n  I .
a
 na a
(i) ma
f ( x)dx = (n − m)  f ( x)dx, (n, m  I ) if f (x) is periodic with period 'a'.
0

3. WALLI'S FORMULA
 /2  /2 (n − 1)(n − 3) (1 or 2)
(a) 0
sin n xdx = 
0
cos n xdx =
n(n − 2) ..(1 or 2)
K where

 / 2 if n is even
K =
1 if n is odd
 /2
(b) 0
sin n x  cos m xdx

[(n − 1)(n − 3)(n − 5) 1 or 2][(m − 1)(m − 3) 1 or 2]

= K
(m + n)(m + n − 2)(m + n − 4) 1 or 2

4. NEWTON LEIBNITZ FORMULA

If h( x) & g ( x) are differentiable functions of x then,
d h( x)
dx g ( x )
f (t )dt = f [h( x)]  h ( x) − f [ g ( x)]  g '( x)

5. DEFINITE INTEGRAL AS LIMIT OF A SUM

b
a
f ( x)dx = Lim n→ h[ f (a) + f (a + h) + f (a + 2h) + . + f (a + n − 1h)]
n −1
Limh→ h f (a + rh) =  f ( x)dx
1
where b − a = nh
0
r =0

n −1
Limn→ h f (rh) =  f ( x)dx;
1
If a = 0 & b =1 then, where nh = 1 OR
0
r =0

 1  n −1 r
Limn→   
1
f   =  f ( x)dx .
 n  r =1 n 0

6. ESTIMATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL

(a) If f ( x) is continuous in [a, b] and it's range in this interval is [m, M], then
b
m(b − a)   f ( x)dx  M (b − a)
a

b b
(b) If f ( x)   ( x) for a  x  b then  a
f ( x)dx    ( x)dx
a

b b
(c)  a
f ( x)dx   | f ( x) | dx .
a

b
(d) If f ( x )  0 on the interval $[a, b]$, then a
f ( x)dx  0 .
 (e) f ( x) and g ( x) are two continuous function on [ a, b ] then
b b b
 a
f ( x) g ( x)dx   a
f 2 ( x)dx  g 2 ( x)dx
a

7. SOME SPECIAL INTEGRALS

 /2   /2
(a) 
0
log sin xdx = −
2
log 2 = 
0
log cos xdx

b b−a
(b)  {x}dx =
a 2
a, b  I

b |x|
(c) 
a x
dx =| b | − | a | .