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9 Definite Integration
b ∫ f ( x)dx n ∫ f ( x) dx, n ∈ Z ,
=
If f is continuous on [a, b], then ∫ f ( x)dx
a
= F(b) – F(a) 0
a + nT
0
T
∫ f=
( x)dx n ∫ f ( x)dx, n ∈ Z , a ∈ R
where F is any antiderivative of f, that is, a function such a 0
that F’ = f.
nT T
b
Note: If ∫ f ( x)dx= 0 ⇒ then the equation f (x) = 0 has atleast ∫
mT
(n − m) ∫ f ( x)dx, m, n ∈ Z ,
f ( x)dx =
0
a
a + nT a
one root lying in (a, b) provided f is a continuous function
∫ f (=
x)dx ∫ f ( x)dx, n ∈ Z , a ∈ R
in (a, b). nT 0
b
b + nT b
∫ f ( x)dx = algebraic area under the curve f(x) from a to b
a
∫ f ( x)=
dx ∫ f ( x)dx, n ∈ Z , a, b ∈ R
a + nT a
a dF ( x)
then = h′(x) f(h(x)) – g′(x) f (g(x))
dx ∫0
2 f ( x) dx, f (− x) =f ( x)
a a
4.
∫− a f ( x)=
dx ∫ ( f ( x) + f (− x))= dx
0 0, f (− x) =
− f ( x)
b b
Walli’s Formula
5. ∫ f ( x) dx
= ∫ f (a + b − x))dx π/ 2 π/ 2
(n − 1)(n − 3)....(1 or 2)
∫ sin x dx
1. = ∫ cos x dx
n n
a a
= K
0 0
n(n − 2).....(1 or 2)
a a
6. ∫ f ( x=
0
) dx ∫ f (a − x)dx
0
π /2
where K =
if n is even
1 if n is odd
π/ 2 Estimation of Definite Integral
2. ∫ sin
n
x. cos m x dx
1. If f (x) is continuous in [a, b] and it’s range in this interval is
0
b
=
[(n − 1)(n − 3)(n − 5)....1 or 2][(m − 1)(m − 3)....1 or 2]
K
[m, M], them m (b – a) ≤ ∫ f ( x)dx ≤ M (b − a)
a
(m + n)(m + n − 2)(m + n − 4)....1 or 2 b b
2. If f (x) ≤ f(x) for a ≤ x ≤ b then ∫ f ( x)dx ≤∫ φ( x)dx
π
if both m and n are even (m, n ∈ N ) a a
where K = 2 b b
3. ∫ f ( x)dx ≤ ∫ f ( x) dx.
1 otherwise
a a
b
Definite Integral as Limit of a Sum 4. If f (x) ≥ 0 on the interval [a, b], then ∫ f ( x)dx ≥ 0.
a
b
∫ f ( x) dx = nlim
→∞
h[ f (a ) + f (a + h) + f (a + 2h) + ... + f (a + n − 1h)] 5. f (x) and g(x) are two continuous function on [a, b] then
a
b b b
n −1 1 ∫ f ( x) g ( x) dx ≤ ∫ f 2 ( x)dx ∫ g 2 ( x)dx
⇒ lim h∑ f (a + rh) =
∫ f ( x)dx where b – a = nh a a a
h →∞
r =0 0
n −1 1
Some Standard Results
If a = 0 and b = 1 then, lim h∑ f (rh) = ∫ f ( x)dx; where nh = 1 π/ 2 π/ 2
n →∞
r =0 π
∫ ∫0 log cos x dx
0
1. log sin x dx =
− log 2 =
1 n −1 r
1
0
2
OR lim ∑ f = ∫ f ( x)dx. b
n →∞ n
r =1 n 0 | x|
2. ∫
a
x
dx= b − a .