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x3
Z 0
x2 +1
x2 dx = +c 4
3 z}|{
Z Z 2x x
1 e Z
8x
Z x Z
e2x dx = 2 e2x
= + c dx = 2
dx = 2 2 dx =
2 |{z} 2 16 + (x2 + 1)2 (x2 +1)2 2
(2x)0 1+ 16
1 + x 4+1
Z Z
x 1 x x !
sen dx = 3 sen dx = −3 cos +c x2 + 1
3 3 3 3 = arctg +c
|{z} 4
( x3 )0
0
x2 +1
Z Z −2
2x
2 4
= 2x x −3 dx =
(x2 − 3)2 |{z} z}|{
x
(x2 −3)0 Z Z x Z
8x
−1
2 + 1)2
dx = 2
dx = 2 2 dx =
x2 − 3 16 − (x (x2 +1)2 1 − x 4+1
2
1 1− 16
= +c=− 2 +c
−1 x −3 !
2 0 x2 + 1
(x −1) = artgh +c
Z z}|{ 2 4
ln x − 1
Z
x 1 2x
dx = dx = +c
Z Z Z Z
1 − cos(2x) 1 1
x2 − 1 2 x2 − 1 2 sen2 x dx = dx = 1 dx − 2 cos(2x) dx =
2 2 4
(cos x)0
Z z }| { x sen(2x)
= −
Z Z
sen x − sen x +c
tg x dx = dx = − dx = 2 4
cos x cos x 1 − cos(2x)
pois cos(2x) = cos2 x − sen2 x = 1 − 2 sen2 x ⇔ sen2 x = .
= − ln cos x + c 2
Exemplos:
1 + x2 1 + x2 x2 + 1 A B C A(x − 1)3 + Bx(x − 1)2 + Cx(x − 1)
= = = + + = =
x − 2x + x
3 2 x (x − 2x + 1)
2 x(x − 1)2 x x−1 (x − 1) 2 x(x − 1)3
Ax2 − 2Ax + A + Bx2 − Bx + Cx (A + B)x2 + (C − 2A − B)x + A
= =
x(x − 1) 2 x(x − 1)2
A + B = 1 B = 0
(
1+B =1
C − 2A − B = 0 ⇔ ⇔ C=2
A = 1
C −B =2
A = 1
1 + x2 2(x − 1)−1
Z Z Z
1 2 2
dx = dx + dx = ln |x| + + c = ln |x| − +c
x3 − 2x2 + x x (x − 1)2 −1 x−1
1 A Bx + C Ax2 + 4A + Bx2 + Bx + Cx + C (A + B)x2 + (B + C)x + 4A + C
2
= + 2 = 2
=
(x + 1)(x + 4) x+1 x +4 (x + 1)(x + 4) (x + 1)(x2 + 4)
1
A=
A + B = 0 5A = 1
5
1
B+C =0 ⇔ B = 4A − 1 ⇔ B = −
5
C = 1
4A + C = 1
C = 1 − 4A
Z Z Z 5 Z Z Z
1 1 1 1 −x + 1 ln |x + 1| 1 2x − 2 ln |x + 1| 1 2x 1 1
dx = dx + dx = − dx = − dx + dx =
(x + 1)(x2 + 4) 5 x+1 5 x2 + 4 5 10 x2 + 4 5 10 x2 + 4 5 x2 + 4
2
ln (x+1) + arctg x2
1 1
ln(x2 + 4) ln(x + 1)2 − ln(x2 + 4)
Z Z
2 ln |x + 1| 1 4 1 2 x2 +4
= − + x2
= + 2 = +c
10 10 5 +1 10 10 1 + x2 10
4
3. Primitivação por Partes
Chamamos f 0 à função que sabemos primitivar e g à que sabemos (pelo menos) derivar.
Exemplos:
Z Z
x x
x e
|{z} |{z} dx = x e
|{z} |{z} − |{z} ex dx = xex − ex + c = (x − 1)ex + c
1 × |{z}
f g0 f g f0 g
Z Z Z Z
1
ln x dx = 1 |{z}
ln x dx = |{z} ln x −
x |{z} x × dx = x ln x − 1 dx = x ln x − x + c
|{z} |{z} x
f0 g f g f |{z}
g0
1 1
= lim − + 0 − e−∞ + e0 = − +∞ − 0 + 1 = −0 + 1 = 1
x→+∞ ex e
Z x
d t2 x2
e− 2 dt = e− 2 pelo Teorema Fundamental do Cálculo.
dx 0
Z x3 0 3 0 2
d 3 2
et dt = x3 ex − x2 ex = 3x2 ex − 2xex pelo Teorema Fundamental do Cálculo.
dx x2