Definite Integral

1. Definite Integral As The

Limit Of A Sum 2. Properties Of Definite Integrals

b
∫a f (x)dx = lim[f
h →0
(a) + f (a + h)
b b
a
(vi)∫ f (x)dx = 2 ∫ f (x)dx
a
+ − − − + f (a + (n − 1)h)] (i) ∫a f (x)dx = ∫a f (t)dt −a 0
if f (x) is an even function
b−a
h= → 0 as n → ∞ b a a
n (ii) ∫a f (x)dx = − ∫b f (x)dx in particular ∫a f (x)dx = 0 a
(vii) ∫− a f (x)dx = 0,
The above expression is known as the definite integral as the if f (x) is an odd function
b c b
limit of a sum. (iii) ∫a f (x)dx = ∫a f (x)dx + ∫c f (x)dx where a < c < b 2a a a
(viii)∫0 f (x)dx = ∫0 f (x)dx + ∫0 f (2a − x)dx
b b
(iv) ∫a f (x)dx = ∫a f (a + b − x)dx 2a a
(ix) ∫ f (x)dx = 2 ∫ f (x)dx if f (2a − x) = f (x)
0 0
a a
(v) ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (a − x)dx = 0, if f (2a − x) = −f (x)
0 0

3. Walli's formula
4. Periodic Properties

 n −1 n − 3 n − 5 2
 ⋅ ⋅ ...... , when n is odd If f(x) is a periodic function with period T, then
π /2 π /2  n n−2 n−4 3
∫0
sin n xdx = ∫
0
cos n xdx = 
n − 1 n − 3 n − 5 3 1 π
 ⋅ ⋅ ............ ⋅ ⋅ when n is even nT T
 n n − 2 n − 4 4 2 2 f ( x ) dx = n ∫ f ( x ) dx, n ∈ Z
01 ∫ 0 0
π /2 (m − 1)(m − 3) … (n − 1)(n − 3) ….
∫ 0
sin m x cos nxdx =
(m + n)(m + n − 2) … (2 or 1) a + nT T
02 ∫ f ( x ) dx = n ∫ f ( x ) dx, n ∈ Z , a ∈ R
a 0
[If m, n are both odd positive integers or one odd positive integer]
Lorem ipsum
π /2 (m − 1)(m − 3) …………(n − 1)(n − 3) π nT T

∫0 sin x cos xdx = (m + n)(m + n − 2)……(2 or 1) ⋅ 2

m n
03 ∫ f ( x ) dx = ( n − m ) ∫ f ( x ) dx, m, n ∈ Z
mT 0

[If m, n are both even positive integers]

a + nT a
04 ∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx, n ∈ Z , a ∈ R
nT 0

5. Advance properties

ψ ( x ) ≤ f ( x ) ≤ φ ( x ) for a ≤ x ≤ b then ∫ baψ ( x ) dx ≤ ∫ ba f ( x ) dx ≤ ∫ baφ ( x )

If m ≤ f ( x ) ≤ M for a ≤ x ≤ b, then If f ( x ) ≥ 0 on [ a, b ] then

∫ f ( x ) dx ≤ ∫ f ( x ) dx
b b
02 03
m ( b − a ) ≤ ∫ ba f ( x ) dx ≤ M ( b − a ) a a b
∫ f ( x ) dx ≥ 0
a

6. Leibnitz Theorem 7. Beta & Gama Function

Properties of Beta function

h( x) Gamma function gamma function
F ( x) = ∫
1
f (t )dt , then β (m, n) = ∫ x m −1 (1 − x ) dx
n −1
∞
g ( x) Γn = ∫ e x dx−x n −1
1) Γ ( 0 ) = ∞ , Γ (1) = 1
0
if 0

where n is a positive rational 2) Γ ( n + 1) = nΓ ( n )

dF ( x) The relationship between beta &
= h′ ( x) f (h( x)) − g ′ ( x) f ( g ( x))
NOTE

number 1 gamma function will be

3) Γ   = π ΓmΓn
dx 2 β (m, n) =
Γ ( m + n)
π
4) Γ ( n ) Γ (1 − n ) = ,0 < n <1
sin nπ
 8. Important results

n
n(n + 1) n
1 n n 2 (n + 1) 2
∑ r =
2
∑ r =2

6
n(n + 1)(2n + 1) ∑r =3
r =1 r =1 n =1 4
(
 a rn −1

)
, | r |> 1
 r −1
 eθ + e −θ eθ − e −θ
In 𝐺P, sum of 𝑛 terms, 𝑆 = sn =  an, r = 1 cosh θ = ,sinh θ =

(
 a 1− r
n
) 2 2
 1 − r , | r |< 1

sin(nβ / 2)
sin α + sin(α + 1β ) + sin(α + 2 β ) + ..... + sin(α + ( n − 1)β ) = ⋅ sin(α + ( n − 1) β / 2).
sin(β / 2)

sin nβ / 2
cos α + cos(α + β ) + ... + cos(α + (n − 1) β ) = ⋅ cos(α + (n − 1) β / 2)
sin β / 2

1 1 1 1 1 π2 1 1 1 π2
1− 2 + 2 − 2 + 2 − 2 + ... ∞= 1+ 2 + 2 + 2 + ... ∞=
2 3 4 5 6 12 2 3 4 6

1 1 1 π2 eiθ + e − iθ eiθ − e − iθ
2
+ 2+ 2+ ∞= cos θ = ,sin θ =
2 4 6 24 2 2i

1 / 12 + 1 / 32 + 1 / 52 + 1 / 7 2 + …∞ = π 2 / 8

9 Average Value Theorem

If f is a continuous function on [a, b], then its average value on [a, b] is given by the formula

1 b
f AVG[ a ,b ] = ⋅ ∫ f ( x)dx
b−a a

Application Of Integrals
b

1 ∫ f ( x ) dx ≠ Area under the curve f ( x ) from a to b

a
b

∫ f ( x ) dx = Algebraic area under the curve f ( x ) from a to b

a

2 POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE AREA

Area is always taken as positive. If some part of the area lies in the positive side i.e., above x-axis and some part lies in the negative
side i.e. below x-axis then the area of two parts should be calculated separately and then add their numerical values to get the desired area.
 3 Area Under Simple Curves

(i) Area of the region bounded by a curve y (ii) Area of the region bounded by a curve x = f(y) and x-aixs between

= f(x) and x-aixs between the two ordinates the two ordinates

If the position of the curve under consideration is If the position of the curve under consideration is below
b b b d d
the y-axis. Then, area is negative. So, we take its absolute
Area, A = ∫a dA = ∫a ydx = ∫a f (x)dx below the x -axis. Then, area is negative. So, we Area, A = ∫c xdy = ∫c g(y)dy
take its absolute value, i.e., value, i.e., d
Area(A) =
b
∫a f (x)dx
Area(A) = ∫c g(y)dy

4 Area Under Different Curves

CASE-I CASE-II CASE-III

b
c b
A = ∫a f (x)dx + ∫c g(x)dx A = ∫ [g(x) − f (x)]dx A = ∫ [g(x) − f (x)]dx
a

CASE-IV CASE-V

A = ∫ ca f ( x ) − g ( x )  dx + ∫ cb g ( x ) − f ( x )  dx A = ∫ ac ( y1 − y 2 ) dx + ∫ cd ( y 2 − y1 ) dx + ∫ db ( y1 − y 2 ) dx