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Puiseux and Taylor Series of the Einstein Functions and Their Role in the
Solution of Inhomogeneous Airy's Equation

Article  in  WSEAS Transactions on Mathematics · June 2022

DOI: 10.37394/23206.2022.21.47

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 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on MATHEMATICS
DOI: 10.37394/23206.2022.21.47 M. H. Hamdan, D. C. Roach

Puiseux and Taylor Series of the Einstein Functions and Their Role in
the Solution of Inhomogeneous Airy’s Equation

M.H. HAMDAN
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
University of New Brunswick
100 Tucker Park Road, Saint John, N.B., E2L 4L5
CANADA

D.C. ROACH
Department of Engineering
University of New Brunswick
100 Tucker Park Road, Saint John, N.B., E2L 4L5
CANADA

Abstract: - The Einstein functions in generalized Puiseux and Taylor series are used as forcing functions in Airy’s
inhomogeneous equation, and particular and general solutions are obtained. Comparison are made with solutions
obtained using the Nield-Kuznetsov functions’ approach. For each of the Einstein’s functions, the standard Nield-
Kuznetsov function of the second kind is expressed in terms of Bessel functions. Computations and graphs in
this work were produced using Wolfram Alpha.

Key-Words: - Puiseux series, Einstein and Nield-Kuznetsov functions.

Received: August 9, 2021. Revised: May 3, 2022. Accepted: May 21, 2022. Published: June 15, 2022.

1 Introduction the four Einstein functions, 𝐸𝑗(𝑥), 𝑗 = 1,2,3,4, are

In a recent article, Roach and Hamdan, [1], given by:
investigated solutions to Airy’s inhomogeneous
equation when the inhomogeneity (the forcing
function in Airy’s equation) is due to Einstein’s 𝑥
functions. Einstein functions are combinations of 𝐸1(𝑥) =
logarithmic and exponential that arise in the study of 𝑒𝑥
−1
distributions, and the determination of physical and 𝐸2(𝑥) = log(1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑥 (1)
chemical material constants arising in the study of 𝐸3(𝑥) = 𝑥 − log(1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
Einstein’s field equations. For these and many other 𝑒 −1
applications of Einstein functions, one is referred to 𝑥2𝑒 𝑥
𝐸4(𝑥) = 𝑥
the elegant works of Abramowitz and Stegun, [2], { (𝑒 − 1)2
Hilsenrath and Ziegler, [3], Cezairliyan, [4], and the
references therein.
The main objective of the work of Roach and where "log" is the natural logarithm.
Hamdan, [1], was to find a connection between In order to accomplish their objective, Roach and
Airy’s functions, [5], of the first and second kind, and Hamdan, [1], provided particular and general

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DOI: 10.37394/23206.2022.21.47 M. H. Hamdan, D. C. Roach

solutions to Airy’s inhomogeneous ordinary value problems. In the process of this work, the
differential equation (ODE) of the form existing relationships between Einstein’s functions
and the standard Nield-Kuznetsov functions,
𝑦 ′′ − 𝑥𝑦 = 𝐸𝑗(𝑥) (2) [1,9,10], will be utilized to express the standard
Nield-Kuznetsov function of the second kind in terms
wherein “prime” notation denotes ordinary of Bessel functions, [11].
differentiation with respect to the independent
variable, and 𝐸𝑗(𝑥) is one of the four functions in (1).
The particular solution to (2) is given by, [1]: 2 Einstein and Bessel Functions
Roach and Hamdan, [1], obtained particular solution
𝑥 𝜏
(3) (3) through the following alternate form, introduced
𝑦𝑝 = ∫ {∫ 𝐸𝑗(𝑡)𝑑𝑡} 𝑑𝜏
0 0 by Hamdan and Kamel, (2011):
and the general solution is given by
𝑦𝑝 = 𝜋𝐾𝑖(𝑥) − 𝜋𝑓(𝑥)𝑁𝑖(𝑥) (7)
𝑥 𝜏
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝐴𝑖(𝑥) + 𝑐2 𝐵𝑖(𝑥) + ∫ {∫ 𝐸𝑗(𝑡)𝑑𝑡} 𝑑𝜏 (4) where 𝑁𝑖(𝑥) and 𝐾𝑖(𝑥) are the standard Nield-
0 0
Kuznetsov functions of the first and second kind,
where 𝑐1 and 𝑐2 are arbitrary constants, and respectively, defined as, (Nield and Kuznetsov, 2009,
𝐴𝑖(𝑥) and 𝐵𝑖(𝑥) are the linearly independent Airy’s Hamdan and Kamel, [9]:
functions of the first and second kind, respectively,
[6], with a non-zero Wronskian given by, [2,6]: 𝑥 𝑥
𝑁𝑖(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑖(𝑥) ∫0 𝐵𝑖(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 − 𝐵𝑖(𝑥) ∫0 𝐴𝑖(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 (8)
𝑑𝐵𝑖 (𝑥) 𝑑𝐴𝑖 (𝑥)
𝑊(𝐴𝑖 (𝑥), 𝐵𝑖 (𝑥)) = 𝐴𝑖 (𝑥) − 𝐵𝑖 (𝑥) 𝐾𝑖(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑁𝑖(𝑥) −
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
1 {𝐴𝑖(𝑥) ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝐵𝑖(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡− 𝐵𝑖(𝑥) ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝐴𝑖(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡}(9)
= (5)
𝜋
where 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐸𝑗(𝑥) in the work of Roach and
Roach and Hamdan, [1], obtained the following Hamdan, [1], and in the current work.
particular solutions corresponding to (1), The following relationships between Einstein
respectively, by evaluating (3): functions, 𝐸𝑖(𝑥), Airy’s functions, 𝐴𝑖(𝑥) and 𝐵𝑖(𝑥),
and the standard Nield-Kuznetsov functions 𝑁𝑖(𝑥)
𝜋2 𝑥 and 𝐾𝑖(𝑥) were established in a theorem introduced
𝑥𝐿𝑖2 𝑒−𝑥 + 2𝐿𝑖3 𝑒−𝑥 − − 2𝜁(3).
6 by Roach and Hamdan, [1]:
𝑥𝜋2
− (𝐿𝑖3 (𝑒−𝑥 ) + ) − 𝜁(3).
6
1 𝑥 𝜏
𝜋 3 𝐾𝑖(𝑥) = 𝐸𝑖(𝑥)𝑁𝑖(𝑥) + ∫ {∫ 𝐸𝑗(𝑡)𝑑𝑡} 𝑑𝜏 (10)
𝑦𝑝 = − {𝑥[𝐿𝑖2 (𝑒−𝑥 )] + 3𝐿𝑖3 (𝑒−𝑥 ) + 𝑥} (6) 𝜋 0 0
3
−6 𝜁(3). 𝐾𝑖(𝑥) =
𝑥 𝑥
−𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 − 𝑒𝑥 ) − 4𝑥𝐿𝑖2 (𝑒𝑥 ) +
2
𝐸𝑗(𝑥) {𝐴𝑖(𝑥) ∫ 𝐵𝑖(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 − 𝐵𝑖(𝑥) ∫ 𝐴𝑖(𝑡)𝑑𝑡}
𝑥𝜋2 0 0
6𝐿𝑖3 (𝑒𝑥 ) − − 6 𝜁(3). 1 𝑥 𝑥
{ 3 + ∫ {∫ 𝐸𝑗(𝑡)𝑑𝑡} 𝑑𝑡 (11)
𝜋 0 0

where 𝜁(𝑥) is the zeta function and 𝜁(3) = Using (6) and (7), the following relationships
1.2020569, and 𝐿𝑖2 (𝑥) and 𝐿𝑖3 (𝑥) are involving the polylogarithm functions are developed:
polylogarithmic functions, [7,8].
In this work, an alternative method is offered in 𝑥 2
𝐾𝑖(𝑥) = 𝐸1(𝑥)𝑁𝑖(𝑥) + 𝐿𝑖2 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐿𝑖3 𝑒 −𝑥
which the series form of Einstein functions is used in 𝜋 𝜋
the evaluation of particular solution (3). The use of 𝜋𝑥 2
− − 𝜁(3) (12)
series and tis approach might offer an easier 6 𝜋
alternative to computing particular and general
solutions when dealing with initial and boundary

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DOI: 10.37394/23206.2022.21.47 M. H. Hamdan, D. C. Roach

1 𝑥𝜋 𝜇
𝐾𝑖(𝑥) = 𝐸2(𝑥)𝑁𝑖(𝑥) − [ 𝐿𝑖3 (𝑒 −𝑥 ) + ]
𝜋 6 𝐼 1 (𝜇). ∫ 𝐼1 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 −
−
1 2𝑥 √𝑥 3
0
3
− 𝜁(3) (13) 𝐾𝑖(𝑥) = 𝜇 +
𝜋 3√3(𝑒 𝑥 − 1)
𝐼1 (𝜇) ∫ 𝐼 1 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
−
{ 3 3 }
0
𝐾𝑖(𝑥) = 𝐸3(𝑥)𝑁𝑖(𝑥) − 𝑥 2 𝜋𝑥 2
𝐿𝑖2 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐿𝑖3 𝑒 −𝑥 − − 𝜁(3) (21)
𝑥 3 𝜋2 6 𝜋 𝜋 6 𝜋
(𝑒 −𝑥 ) (𝑒 −𝑥 )
{ 𝐿𝑖2 + 𝐿𝑖3 + 𝑥} − 𝜁(3) (14)
𝜋 𝜋 3 π

𝑥2 𝐾𝑖(𝑥) =
𝐾𝑖(𝑥) = 𝐸4(𝑥)𝑁𝑖(𝑥) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 − 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝜋 𝜇
4𝑥 6 𝑥𝜋 6
− 𝜋 𝐿𝑖2 (𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝐿 (𝑒 𝑥 ) − 3 − π 𝜁(3)
𝜋 𝑖3
(15) 𝐼 1 (𝜇). ∫ 𝐼1 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 −
−
2√𝑥 3
0
3
With the knowledge of the expressions of 𝐴𝑖(𝑥) 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) 𝜇 −
3√3
and 𝐵𝑖(𝑥), and their integrals in terms of Bessel’s
𝐼1 (𝜇) ∫ 𝐼 1 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
function of the first kind as, [11]: 3
−
3
{ 0 }
1 𝑥𝜋 1
√𝑥 [ 𝐿𝑖3 (𝑒 −𝑥 ) + ] − 𝜁(3) (22)
𝐴𝑖(𝑥) = [𝐼 1 (𝜇) − 𝐼1 (𝜇)] (16) 𝜋 6 𝜋
3 −3 3

𝑥
𝐵𝑖(𝑥) = √ [𝐼 1 (𝜇) + 𝐼1 (𝜇)] (17)
3 −3 3 2𝑥√𝑥 2√𝑥
𝐾𝑖(𝑥) = [ − log(1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )]
𝑥 𝜇 3√3(𝑒 𝑥 − 1) 3√3
1 𝜇 𝜇
∫ 𝐴𝑖(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫ [𝐼 1 (𝑡) − 𝐼1 (𝑡)] 𝑑𝑡 (18)
3 −
3 3 {𝐼 1 (𝜇). ∫ 𝐼1 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 − 𝐼1 (𝜇) ∫ 𝐼 1 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡}
0 0 − −
3 3 3 3
0 0
𝑥 𝜇
1 𝑥 3 𝜋2
∫ 𝐵𝑖(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫ [𝐼 1 (𝑡) + 𝐼1 (𝑡)] 𝑑𝑡 (19) − { 𝐿𝑖2 (𝑒 −𝑥 ) + 𝐿𝑖3 (𝑒 −𝑥 ) + 𝑥}
− 𝜋 𝜋 3
√3 3 3
0 0 6
− 𝜁(3) (23)
2 3/2 π
wherein 𝜇 = 3
𝑥 ,then using (16)-(19) in (8), the
function 𝑁𝑖(𝑥) can be expressed in terms of Bessel’s
function, as, [11]:
𝜇
𝜇 2√𝑥𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
2√𝑥
𝐾𝑖(𝑥) = {𝐼−1 (𝜇). ∫ 𝐼1 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑁𝑖(𝑥) = [𝐼 1 (𝜇). ∫ 𝐼1 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 − 3√3(𝑒 𝑥 − 1)2 3 3
0
3√3 − 𝜇
3 3
0
𝜇
− 𝐼1 (𝜇) ∫ 𝐼 1 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡}
−
3 3
𝐼1 (𝜇) ∫ 𝐼 1 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡] (20) 0
−
3 3
0 𝑥2
− 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 − 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝜋
Using (16)-(19) in (12)-(15), the function 𝐾𝑖(𝑥)
in (12)-(15) can be expressed, respectively, in terms
of Bessel’s function, as
4𝑥 6 𝑥𝜋 6
− 𝐿𝑖2 (𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝐿𝑖3 (𝑒 𝑥 ) − − 𝜁(3) (24)
𝜋 𝜋 3 π

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Although (21)-(24) do not have direct

implications on solving Airy’s inhomogeneous 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6
equation at present, they are of theoretical value and 𝐸1 (𝑥) = 1 −+ − + −
2 12 720 30240
are presented in this work for the sake of 𝑥8 𝑥 10 691𝑥 12
completeness and to provide a connection of Bessel’s + −
1209600 47900160 1307674368 000
function and Einstein’s functions.
+𝑂(𝑥 13 ) (29)

Using (29) in (3), the following particular solution is

3 Series Expressions of Einstein Functions obtained for (2) when its forcing function is 𝐸1 (𝑥):
Some of the elementary properties of the Einstein
functions, their domains, ranges, graphs and series 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥6 𝑥8
representations are summarised in what follows, [12]. 𝑦𝑝 = − + − + −
12 144 21 600 1 693 440
𝒙 𝑥 10 𝑥 12
Case 1: 𝑬𝟏 (𝒙) = + −
𝒆𝒙 −𝟏
108 864 000 632 2821 120
Domain of 𝐸1 (𝑥) is the set of real numbers except 691𝑥 14
𝑥 = 0, and its range is the set of values 0 < 𝐸1 (𝑥) < 237 996 734 976 000
1 or 𝐸1 (𝑥) > 1. Its graph is given in Fig. 1 (30)

and the general solution can be obtained by

substituting (30) in (4).

Case 2: 𝑬𝟐 (𝒙) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒆−𝒙 )

Domain of 𝐸2 (𝑥) is the set of positive real numbers

and its range is the set of negative real numbers. Its
graph is shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 1. Graph of 𝑬𝟏 (𝒙)

The following improper integral of 𝐸1 (𝑥) converges:

∞
𝑥 𝜋2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = (25)
0 𝑒𝑥 − 1 6

and the function has a horizontal asymptote at 0, Fig. 2. Graph of 𝑬𝟐 (𝒙)

namely:
The following improper integral of 𝐸2 (𝑥)
𝑥
lim
𝑥
=0 (26) converges:
𝑥→∞ 𝑒 − 1
∞
𝜋2
First derivative of 𝐸1 (𝑥) and its indefinite integral are ∫ log(1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = − (31)
given by: 0 6

𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 − 1) + 1 and the function has a horizontal asymptote at 0,

𝐸 ′1 (𝑥) = (27) namely:
(𝑒 𝑥 − 1)2

𝑥 lim log(1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) = 0 (32)

𝑥→∞
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) − 𝐿𝑖2 (𝑒 −𝑥 ) + 𝐶 (28)
𝑒 −1
First derivative of 𝐸1 (𝑥) and its indefinite integral are
𝐸1 (𝑥) can be approximated by the following given by:
Maclaurin series:
1
𝐸′2 = (33)
𝑒𝑥 −1

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𝑥
∫ log(1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐿𝑖2 (𝑒 −𝑥 ) + 𝐶 (34) lim [ 𝑥 − log(1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )] = 0 (38)
𝑥→∞ 𝑒 − 1

𝐸2 (𝑥) can be approximated by the following

Puiseux series:
First derivative of 𝐸3 (𝑥) and its indefinite integral are
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 2
𝑥 4 6 given by:
𝐸2 (𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − + − + −
2 24 2880 181440 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑥8 𝑥 10 𝐸′3 = − (39)
+ (35) (𝑒 𝑥 − 1)2
9676800 4790011600
𝑥
Using (35) in (3), the following particular solution is − log(1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑒𝑥 −1
obtained for (2) when its forcing function is 𝐸2 (𝑥):
= 𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) − 2
𝑥2 3𝑥 2 𝑥 3 𝑥4 𝑥6 𝐿𝑖2 (𝑒 −𝑥 ) + 𝐶 (40)
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − − + − +
2 4 12 288 86 400 𝐸3 (𝑥) can be approximated by the following Puiseux
𝑥8 𝑥 10 series:
−
10 160 640 870 912 000
𝑥 12 𝐸3 (𝑥) = 1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑂(𝑥 2 ) (41)
+ (36)
632 281 531 200
Using (41) in (3), the following particular solution
and the general solution can be obtained by is obtained for (2) when its forcing function is 𝐸3 (𝑥):
substituting (36) in (4).
𝑥2
𝒙 −𝒙 𝑦𝑝 = (5 − 2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) (42)
Case 3: 𝑬𝟑 (𝒙) = − 𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 − 𝒆 ) 4
𝒆𝒙 −𝟏

Domain of 𝐸3 (𝑥) is the set of positive real numbers and the general solution can be obtained by
and its range is the set of positive real numbers. Its substituting (42) in (4).
graph is shown in Fig. 3.
𝒙 𝟐 𝒆𝒙
Case 4: 𝑬𝟒 (𝒙) = (𝒆𝒙 −𝟏)𝟐

Domain of 𝐸4 (𝑥) is the set of real numbers except

𝑥 = 0, and its range is the set of values 0 < 𝐸4 (𝑥) <
1. Its graph is given in Fig.

Fig. 3. Graph of 𝑬𝟑 (𝒙)

The following improper integral of 𝐸3 (𝑥)

converges: Fig. 4. Graph of 𝑬𝟒 (𝒙)

∞
𝑥 𝜋2 The following improper integral of 𝐸4 (𝑥) converges:
∫ [ 𝑥 − log(1 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )] 𝑑𝑥 = (37)
0 𝑒 −1 3 ∞
𝑥2𝑒 𝑥 𝜋2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = (43)
and the function has a horizontal asymptote at 0, 0 (𝑒 𝑥 − 1)2 3
namely:

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and the function has a horizontal asymptote at 0, their numerical values are different. Similar behavior
namely: is observed in Fig. 8(a) and 8(b). Although no
solution to initial or boundary value problems has
𝑥2𝑒 𝑥 been obtained in this work, hence solutions based on
lim =0 (44) the general solutions have not been computed, it is
𝑥→∞ (𝑒 𝑥 − 1)2
expected that numerical values of the general
solutions in both approaches should be close.
For particular solutions in Fig. 6(a) and 6(b), and
First derivative of 𝐸4 (𝑥) and its indefinite integral are in Fig. 8(a) and 8(b), differences occur in both the
given by: graphical trends and in the numerical values. This
might be attributed to the use of Puiseux series in
𝑥𝑒 𝑥 [𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 − 2) + (𝑥 + 2)] these cases, or it might be possible that solutions to
𝐸′4 = (45) initial and boundary value problems based on the
(𝑒 𝑥 − 1)3
general solutions would adjust themselves
𝑥2𝑒 𝑥 numerically. While this is inconclusive at present,
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝐿𝑖2 (𝑒 𝑥 ) + 2𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 − 𝑒 𝑥 ) graphs of the particular solutions are meant to
(𝑒 𝑥 − 1)2 provide information with regard to how close the
𝑥2 polylogarithm expressions are to series expressions.
+ +𝐶 (46)
1 − 𝑒𝑥

𝐸4 (𝑥) can be approximated by the following

Maclaurin series:

𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6 𝑥8
𝐸4 (𝑥) = 1 − + − +
12 240 6048 172800
𝑥 10 691𝑥 12
− + (47)
5322240 118879488000
Using (47) in (3), the following particular solution is
obtained for (2) when its forcing function is 𝐸4 (𝑥):

𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6 𝑥8
𝑦𝑝 = − + − + Fig. 5(a)
2 144 7 200 338 688 𝒚𝒑 Corresponding to 𝑬𝟏 (𝒙) in Equation (6)
𝑥 10
−
15 552 000
𝑥 12 691𝑥 14
+ (48)
702 535 680 21 636 066 816 000
and the general solution can be obtained by
substituting (48) in (4).

4 Results and Discussion

Polylogarithmic expressions for the particular
solutions of Airy’s inhomogeneous equation with
Einstein’s functions as its right-hand-side, as given
by equation (6), are graphed in Figs.5(a), 6(a), 7(a)
and 8(a). Corresponding particular solutions
obtained from Taylor and Puiseux series, as given by
equations (30), (36), (42) and (48), are plotted in
Figs.5(b), 6(b), 7(b) and 8(b).
For particular solutions obtained using Taylor Fig. 5(b) 𝒚𝒑 of Equation (30)
series expressions of the Einstein function, Fig. 5(a)
and 5(b) show similar trends in the graphs, although

E-ISSN: 2224-2880 400 Volume 21, 2022

 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on MATHEMATICS
DOI: 10.37394/23206.2022.21.47
Fig. 6(a)
𝒚𝒑 Corresponding to 𝑬𝟐 (𝒙) in Equation (6)
Fig. 6(b) 𝒚𝒑 of Equation (36)
Fig. 7(a)
𝒚𝒑 Corresponding to 𝑬𝟏 (𝒙) in Equation (6)
Fig. 7(b) 𝒚𝒑 of Equation (42)
E-ISSN: 2224-2880
M. H. Hamdan, D. C. Roach
Fig. 8(a)
𝒚𝒑 Corresponding to 𝑬𝟏 (𝒙) in Equation (6)
Fig. 8(b) 𝒚𝒑 of Equation (48)
5 Conclusion
In this work, a method of solution of the
inhomogeneous Airy’s equation when the right-
hand-side is one of Einstein’s functions is
investigated. The method is based on expressing the
Einstein functions in series form followed by
obtaining particular solutions. The main conclusion
that can be drawn from this work is that Taylor series
expansions of Einstein’s functions produce particular
solutions with a trend that is similar to that of
particular solutions expressed in polylogarithmic
functions.
References:
[1] Roach, D.C. and Hamdan, M.H.,
M.H., Connecting Einstein’s functions to
the Nield-Kuznetsov functions. Transactions
on Equations. WSEAS, Vol. 2, 2022, pp. 48-
53.
401 Volume 21, 2022
 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on MATHEMATICS
DOI: 10.37394/23206.2022.21.47 M. H. Hamdan, D. C. Roach

[2] Abramowitz, M. and Stegun, I.A., Handbook

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Contribution of individual authors
Both authors reviewed the literature, formulated the
problem, provided independent analysis, and jointly
wrote and revised the manuscript.
Sources of funding
No financial support was received for this work.
Creative Commons Attribution
License 4.0 (Attribution 4.0
International , CC BY 4.0)
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en
_US

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