J. Math. Anal. Appl.

366 (2010) 530–537

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Mathematical Analysis and

Applications
www.elsevier.com/locate/jmaa

Another look at Cesàro sequence spaces ✩

Satit Saejung a,b,∗
a
Department of Mathematics, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
b
National Centre of Excellence in Mathematics, PERDO, Bangkok 10400, Thailand

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: We consider the Cesàro sequence space ces p as a closed subspace of the infinite  p -sum of
Received 24 June 2009 finite dimensional spaces. We easily obtain many known results, for example, ces p has
Available online 25 January 2010 property (β) of Rolewicz, uniform Opial property, and weak uniform normal structure.
Submitted by T.D. Benavides
We also consider some generalized Cesàro sequence spaces. Finally, we compute the
Keywords:
von Neumann–Jordan and James constants of the two-dimensional Cesàro sequence space
(2)
Cesàro sequence space ces p when 1 < p  2.
Geometric property © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
von Neumann–Jordan and James constants

1. Introduction

The Cesàro sequence space was defined by Shue [26] in 1970. It is very useful in the theory of matrix operators and
others.
Let  be the space of real sequences. For 1 < p < ∞, the Cesàro sequence space ces p is defined by
  ∞
 n p 1/ p
   1  
ces p = x ∈ : x =  x(i )  = x(i ) <∞ .
n
n =1 i =1

The geometry of Cesàro sequence spaces and their generalizations have been extensively studied in [4,5,3,7,15,16,18,24,
25,28,29]. In 2006, Hudzik and Wlaźlak [11] presented a nice way to consider the Cesàro sequence space and studied some
geometric properties, e.g. rotundity, midpoint local uniform rotundity, local uniform rotundity, uniform rotundity in every
direction and the Kadec–Klee property.
In this paper, as the title said, we present another look at Cesàro sequence spaces. This immediately not only gives a
simple proof of several well-known facts, namely,

• ces p has property (β) of Rolewicz [7];

• ces p has uniform Opial property [4];
• ces p has weak uniform normal structure;

but also strengthens many results in the literature.

At the end of the paper, we also give a very short and simple calculation of the James and von Neumann–Jordan constants
of the two-dimensional Cesàro sequence space. This answers partially a question of Maligranda, Petrot, and Suantai [16].

✩
Supported by the Centre of Excellence in Mathematics, the Commission on Higher Education of Thailand.
* Address for correspondence: Department of Mathematics, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
E-mail address: saejung@kku.ac.th.

0022-247X/$ – see front matter © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jmaa.2010.01.029
 S. Saejung / J. Math. Anal. Appl. 366 (2010) 530–537 531

2. Some geometric properties

Let X n = ( X n ,  · n ) be a Banach space for all n ∈ N and 1  p < ∞. The infinite  p -sum  p ( X n ) is the space of all
sequences x = (x(n)) such that each x(n) ∈ X n and
 ∞ 1/ p
  
x = x(n) p < ∞.
n
n =1

From now on, we will drop the subscript n of the norm  · n when no confusion arise.

Theorem 1. The Cesàro sequence space ces p is a closed subspace of the infinite  p -sum  p ( E n ) where E n = Rn equipped with the
norm

   n
(ξ1 , ξ2 , . . . , ξn ) = |ξi | for (ξ1 , ξ2 , . . . , ξn ) ∈ E n .
i =1

Proof. We consider the following linear isometry T : ces p →  p ( E n ) defined by

    x(1) x(2) x(1) x(2) x(n)

T x(i ) = x(1) , , ,..., , ,..., ,...
2 2 n n n
for all (x(i )) ∈ ces p . In fact,
  
 T x(1), x(2), . . . , x(n), . . . 
p (En )
 
   x(1) x(2) x(1) x(2) x(n) 
= x(1) , , ,..., , ,..., ,... 

2 2 n n n p (En )
 ∞
 n p 1/ p
 1  
= x(i )
n
n =1 i =1
 
=  x(1), x(2), . . . , x(n), . . .  ces p
. 2

Instead of studying geometry of ces p , we will investigate the property of  p ( E n ). If such a geometric property of  p ( E n )
is inherited by subspaces, then ces p does have the same property.

2.1. Property (β) of Rolewicz

Let X be a Banach space, and let B X := {x ∈ X: x  1} and S X := {x ∈ X: x  1} denote the unit ball and unit sphere
of X , respectively.
Rolewicz [22] defined property (β) as follows: A Banach space X has property (β) if for each ε > 0 there exists δ > 0 such
that 1 < x < 1 + δ implies α (conv({x} ∪ B X ) \ B X ) < ε . Here α ( A ) denotes the Kuratowski measure of noncompactness of
a subset A of X defined as the infimum of all ε > 0 such that A can be covered by a finite union of sets of diameter less
than ε and conv( A ) denotes the convex hull of A.
We will use the following characterization of property (β) which is proved in [13]: A Banach space X has property
(β) if and only if for any ε > 0 there exists δ > 0 such that for each x ∈ B X and for each sequence (xn ) in B X with
sep{xn } := infn=m xn − xm   ε there is an index k such that
 
 x + xk 
 
 2   1 − δ.

In [7], it is proved that ces p has property (β). We will make use of Theorem 1 and the following result to deduce and
strengthen Cui, Meng and Płuciennik’s result.

Theorem 2. Suppose that each Banach space X n is finite dimensional and 1 < p < ∞. Then  p ( X n ) has property (β). In particular,
 p ( Xn ) is nearly uniformly convex (see [22, Theorem 5 and Proposition 6]).

Recall that a Banach space X is nearly uniformly convex if for each ε > 0 there exists δ > 0 such that for each convex
subset A of B X with α ( A ) > ε , we have inf{x: x ∈ A } < 1 − δ . It can be shown that property (β) implies nearly uniform
convexity. But the converse is not true.
532 S. Saejung / J. Math. Anal. Appl. 366 (2010) 530–537

Proof of Theorem 2. Suppose not, that is, there exists ε0 > 0 such that for all δ > 0 there are an element x0 ∈ B  p ( Xn ) and a
sequence (xk )k∞=1 in B  p ( Xn ) with sep{xk }  ε0
1/ p
such that

 
 x0 + xk  p
 
 2  1−δ

ε0
for all k. We may assume that δ < 2 p +1
( 12 − 1
2p
). We write
 
xk = xk (1), xk (2), . . . ,
 
x0 = x0 (1), x0 (2), . . .

where xk (i ), x0 (i ) ∈ X i for all i. It is easy to see that the limit

∞
  
lim sup xk (i ) p exists.
N →∞ k∈N
i = N +1

ε0
We now estimate its value. Let ε > 0 be such that ε + δ < 2 p +1
( 12 − 1
2p
). Note that there exists η > 0 such that

 z + w  p   z p + ε

for all z, w ∈  p ( X n ) with  z p  1 and  w  p  η . We first choose an integer N so that

∞
  
x0 (i ) p  η.
i = N +1

It follows then that for each k ∈ N

∞ 

 ∞ 


 xk (i ) + x0 (i )  p  xk (i )  p
    
 2   2  + ε.
i = N +1 i = N +1

Consequently,

∞ 
 
 xk (i ) + x0 (i )  p
1−δ  
 2 
i =1
N 
  ∞ 
 
 xk (i ) + x0 (i )  p  xk (i ) + x0 (i )  p
=    
 2  +  2 
i =1 i = N +1


N 
N ∞

1      
 xk (i ) p + 1 x0 (i ) p + 1 xk (i ) p + ε
2 2 2p
i =1 i =1 i = N +1
∞

1 1  
1+ − xk (i ) p + ε .
2p 2
i = N +1

This implies

∞
 
xk (i ) p  ε + δ < ε0 .
1
− 21p 2 p +1
i = N +1 2

On the other hand, since each B X i is compact, for sufficiently large integers k and m


N
 
xk (i ) − xm (i ) p < ε0 .
2
i =1
 S. Saejung / J. Math. Anal. Appl. 366 (2010) 530–537 533

This gives


N ∞

   
xk − xm  p = xk (i ) − xm (i ) p + xk (i ) − xm (i ) p
i =1 i = N +1
∞
 ∞

ε0    
 + 2 p −1 xk (i ) p + 2 p −1 xm (i ) p
2
i = N +1 i = N +1
ε0 ε0 ε0
< + + = ε0 ,
2 4 4
which is a contradiction. 2

Since property (β) is inherited by subspaces, we have the following

Corollary 3. (See [7, Theorem 2].) The Cesàro sequence space ces p has property (β).

In general, having property (β) is not a self-dual property of Banach spaces (see [21]). However, combining [21, Theo-
rem 1] and Theorem 2 we have the following new result.

Corollary 4. The space (ces p )∗ , the dual space of ces p , has property (β). In particular, ces p is nearly uniformly smooth.

Recall that a Banach space X is nearly uniformly smooth [19] if for each ε > 0 there exists δ > 0 such that for each
0  t  δ and for each basic sequence (xn ) in B X there exists an index k > 1 such that x1 + txk   1 + εt. This property is
a generalization of uniform smoothness [17].

Remark 5. It is worth noting that ces p is not uniformly smooth.

Remark 6. Corollary 4 also strengthens Corollary 2.13 of [5].

2.2. Uniform Opial property and related properties

A Banach space X has uniform Opial property if for any c > 0 there exists r > 0 such that

1 + r  lim inf x + xn 
n→∞

for each x with x  c and for each weakly null sequence (xn ) with lim infn→∞ xn   1. This property is introduced by
Prus [20]. The idea of the following theorem is taken from [9].

Theorem 7. Suppose that each Banach space X n is finite dimensional and 1 < p < ∞. Then  p ( X n ) has uniform Opial property.

Proof. Suppose that c > 0. Let (xk )k∞=1 be a weakly null sequence in  p ( X n ) with lim infk→∞ xk   1 and let x0 ∈  p ( X n ) be
such that x0   c. We write
 
xk = xk (1), xk (2), . . . ,
 
x0 = x0 (1), x0 (2), . . .
where xk (i ), x0 (i ) ∈ X i for all i. Given ε > 0, there exists a natural number N such that
∞
  
x0 (i ) p < ε p .
i = N +1

We may assume that

xk  p  1 − ε p
for all k ∈ N. Clearly, the sequence (xk (i ))k∞=1 in each space X i converges strongly to zero. Now we choose a natural number
K such that


N
 
xk (i ) p < ε p
i =1
534 S. Saejung / J. Math. Anal. Appl. 366 (2010) 530–537

for all k  K . Take

 
yk = 0, 0, . . . , 0, xk ( N + 1), xk ( N + 2), . . . ,
 
y 0 = x0 (1), x0 (2), . . . , x0 ( N ), 0, 0, . . . .

Then

 yk + y 0  p =  yk  p +  y 0  p for all k,
 yk − xk  p < ε p for all k  K , and

 y 0 − x0  p < ε p .
It follows that, for k  K ,

xk + x0    yk + y 0  −  yk − xk  −  y 0 − x0 
 1 / p
=  yk  p +  y 0  p −  yk − xk  −  y 0 − x0 
  1 /p
 1 − 2ε p + c p − ε p − 2ε .
This implies that
 1 / p
lim inf xk + x0   1 − 3ε p + c p − 2ε .
k→∞

Letting ε → 0 gives
 1 / p
lim inf xk + x0   1 + c p .
k→∞

The proof is finished when we choose r = (1 + c p )1/ p − 1. 2

The weakly convergent sequence coefficient [1] of X is defined by


limk→∞ sup{xn − xm : n, m  k}
WCS( X ) = inf
inf{lim supn→∞ xn − y : y ∈ conv({xn })}

where the infimum is taken over all weakly convergent sequences (xn ) which are not norm convergent. The definition of
WCS( X ) above does not make sense if the space X has the Schur property but in that case we may say by convention
that WCS( X ) = 2. A Banach space X is said to have weak uniform normal structure if WCS( X ) > 1. It is known that if X has
uniform Opial property then it has weak uniform normal structure [14].

Corollary 8. Suppose that each Banach space X n is finite dimensional and 1 < p < ∞. Then  p ( X n ) has weak uniform normal struc-
ture.

Since uniform Opial property and weak uniform normal structure are inherited by subspaces, we have the following
result:

Corollary 9. (See [4, Theorem 2 and Corollary 2].) The Cesàro sequence space ces p has uniform Opial property and weak uniform
normal structure.

With slight modifications of the proof of Theorem 7 and [12, Theorem 3], we have the following new result.

Theorem 10. The Cesàro sequence space ces p and its dual (ces p )∗ have WORTH property.

Recall that a Banach space X has WORTH property if

 
lim xn + x − xn − x = 0
n→∞

for all x ∈ X and all weakly null sequences (xn ). This property is introduced by B. Sims in [27].
 S. Saejung / J. Math. Anal. Appl. 366 (2010) 530–537 535

2.3. Some generalized Cesàro sequence spaces

The original Cesàro sequence spaces are generalized in many ways and studied by a number of authors (see, for example,
[6,16,18,28,29,24,25]). We consider here only one generalization which is easy to deal with and requires few background.
For more details, we refer to [18].
Let p̂ = ( pn ) be a sequences of positive real numbers with pn  1 for all n ∈ N. The generalized Cesàro sequence space ces p̂
is defined by
   
ces p̂ = x = x(i ) ∈ : (λx) < ∞ for some λ > 0 ,
where
∞
 n pn
 1  
(x) = x(i ) .
n
n =1 i =1

We consider only the Luxemburg norm which is defined by

 
x = inf λ > 0: (x/λ)  1 .
Note that if pn ≡ p, then the generalized Cesàro sequence space ces p̂ coincides with the original Cesàro sequence space
ces p .
We will use the same linear isometry (see the proof of Theorem 1) to embed ces p̂ into the Nakano sequence space
 p̂ ( E n ) which is the space of all sequences x = (x(n)) such that each x(n) ∈ E n (= Rn ) and ϕ (λx) < ∞ for some λ > 0 where
∞
  
ϕ (x) = x(n) pn
n =1

and
 
x = inf λ > 0: ϕ (x/λ)  1 .
Applying some results proved by Dhompongsa [8], we have following ones.

Theorem 11.

(1) The generalized Cesàro sequence space ces p̂ is a closed subspace of  p̂ ( E n ).

(2) The space  p̂ ( E n ) has property (β) and uniform Opial property if and only if lim supn→∞ pn < ∞. In particular, if
lim supn→∞ pn < ∞, then
(a) ces p̂ has property (β);
(b) ces p̂ has uniform Opial property.

Remark 12. Theorem 2.5 from [18] can be easily deduced from Theorem 11. We note here that (a) of Theorem 11 is a new
result.

3. The von Neumann–Jordan and the James constants

(2)
Let us restrict ourselves to the two-dimensional Cesàro sequence space ces p which is just R2 equipped with the norm
defined by

  p 1/ p
(x, y ) = |x| p + |x| + | y |
2

for all (x, y ) ∈ R . 2

The von Neumann–Jordan constant C NJ ( X ) was defined in 1937 by Clarkson [2] as


x + y 2 + x − y 2
C NJ ( X ) = sup : x, y ∈ X and  x +  y  =
 0 ,
2(x2 +  y 2 )
and the James constant J ( X ) was defined by Gao [10] as
   
J ( X ) = sup min x + y , x − y  : x  1 and  y   1 .
We quote the following from [16]:
536 S. Saejung / J. Math. Anal. Appl. 366 (2010) 530–537

pq
“The James constant for the two-dimensional Lorentz spaces l2 was calculated by Kato and Maligranda. They were able
to compare the balls of these spaces with ellipses and proved the result. In the case of two-dimensional Cesàro spaces
this seems to be impossible and it is necessary to consider several cases in the calculations.”

(2)
We will give a short and simple proof of calculation of the James constant of two-dimensional Cesàro space ces p . (The
original proof in [16] contains more than 7 pages!)

(2)
Theorem 13. C NJ (ces2 ) = 1 + √1 .
5

(2)
Proof. Let (x, y ), ( z, w ) ∈ ces p . Then

 
(x, y ) ± ( z, w )2 = 5 |x ± z|2 + 1 |x ± z|| y ± w | + 1 | y ± w |2 .
4 2 4
Now we observe that
√
1 2 5 1
|x ± z|| y ± w | = √ |x ± z | | y ± w|
2 5 2 2
1 5 1
√ |x ± z|2 + | y ± w |2 .
5 4 4
Hence
   
(x, y ) + ( z, w )2 + (x, y ) − ( z, w )2
1 5 1 5 1
 1+ √ |x + z|2 + | y + w |2 + |x − z|2 + | y − w |2
5 4 4 4 4
1 5 1 5 1
=2 1+ √ |x|2 + | y |2 + | z|2 + | w |2
5 4 4 4 4
1 5 1 1 5 1 1
2 1+ √ |x|2 + |xy | + | y |2 + | z|2 + | zw | + | w |2
5 4 2 4 4 2 4
1   2  2 
= 1+ √ 2(x, y ) + 2( z, w ) .
5
This implies
 (2 )  1
C NJ ces2 1+ √ .
5
On the other hand,
√ √
 (2 )  (1, 0) + (0, 5)2 + (1, 0) − (0, 5)2 1
C NJ ces2  √ =1+ √ .
2(1, 0) + 2(0, 5)
2 2 5
This completes the proof. 2

(2)
Corollary 14. (See [16, Theorem 3].) J (ces2 ) = 2 + √2 .
5

Proof. It follows since

1   (2) 2  (2 ) 
J ces2  C NJ ces2 .
2
Furthermore, equality holds by taking x = ( √2 , 0) and y = (0, 2). 2
5

Theorem 15. If 1 < p  2, then

2
 (2 )  ψ(t )
C NJ ces p = sup
t ∈[0,1] 2 (t )
ψ
where
 S. Saejung / J. Math. Anal. Appl. 366 (2010) 530–537 537

p 1/ p
2 p (1 − t ) p 1−t
ψ(t ) = + +t
(1 + 2 p ) (1 + 2 p )1/ p
and
 1/2
ψ2 (t ) = (1 − t )2 + t 2 .

Proof. We first define

 
   2x 
(x, y ) =  , 2 y 
 (1 + 2 )
p 1 / p  (2)
ces p

(2)
for (x, y ) ∈ R2 . It follows that ces p is isometrically isomorphic to (R2 , | · |) and | · | is an absolute and normalized norm.
(2)
Indeed, T : ces p → (R , | · |) defined by
2

x
T (x, y ) = 1 1/ p
, 2y
(1 + 2p
)
is an isometric isomorphism.
We prove that ψ  ψ2 . Note that
p
1−t (1 − t ) p
+t  + t p.
(1 + 2 p )1/ p 1 + 2p
Consequently,
 1 / p  1/2
ψ(t )  (1 − t ) p + t p  (1 − t )2 + t 2 = ψ2 (t ).
Then the result follows from [23, Theorem 1]. 2

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