Prerequisite for

Mathematics-III (Differential Calculus)

Code: BSC-301

Avijit De
Assistant professor
Dept. of Mathematics
Dr. B. C. Roy Engineering College, Durgapur

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 First order and First degree
differential equations

An ordinary differential equation of first order and first degree

can be written as
ⅆ𝑦
= 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦
ⅆ𝑥

This can be also expressed as 𝑀 ⅆ𝑥 + 𝑁ⅆ𝑦 = 0 where M and N

are functions of x and y.

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 Types of Differential equation

Depending upon solution methods we divides first order and first

degree differential equations into four types

a) Equations solvable by separation of variables

b) Homogeneous differential equations
c) Exact differential equations
d) Linear differential equations

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 Exact differential equations

A differential equation 𝑀 ⅆ𝑥 + 𝑁ⅆ𝑦 = 0 is said to be exact if it

can be expressed as 𝑀 ⅆ𝑥 + 𝑁ⅆ𝑦 = ⅆ𝑢 where u is a function of
x and y .
Or, an exact differential equation is one, which can be obtained
from its solution of type 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑐 directly by differentiation.

𝑥 𝑑𝑦−𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑦
i.e., 𝑦 ⅆ𝑥 + 𝑥ⅆ𝑦 = ⅆ(𝑥𝑦); =ⅆ
𝑥2 𝑥

𝑥 𝑑𝑦−𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑥−𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑥
= ⅆ log ; = ⅆ tan−1
𝑥𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝑦
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 Exact differential equations

Theorem: The necessary and sufficient condition for the ordinary

differential equation 𝑀 ⅆ𝑥 + 𝑁ⅆ𝑦 = 0 to be exact is
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Ex 1: 𝑦 ⅆ𝑥 + 𝑥ⅆ𝑦 = 0, here 𝑀 = 𝑦 and 𝑁 = 𝑥.
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Since = = 1, so the given differential equation is exact.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝑥 𝑑𝑦−𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 1 1
Ex 2: = 0, here 𝑀 = − =− and 𝑁 = .
𝑥𝑦 𝑥𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Since = = 0, so the given differential equation is exact.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 5
 Exact differential equations

Method of Solution
Let the differential equation 𝑀 ⅆ𝑥 + 𝑁 ⅆ𝑦 = 0 be exact.
To find the solution, follow these steps:
Step1: First integrate the terms in M w.r.t. x treating y as constant.
Step2: Then integrate w.r.t. y only those terms of N which do
not contain x.
Step3: Add these two and equate to some constant.
න𝑀ⅆ𝑥 + න𝑁ⅆ𝑦 = 𝑐

(taking y as constant) (terms independent of x)

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 Exact differential equations
(some examples)

Example 1: Solve 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 ⅆ𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 3 ⅆ𝑦 = 0

Sol: Here M = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 and N = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑦 3

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Find = 6𝑥𝑦 and = 6𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
As = , therefore the equation is exact.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Hence, solution is ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬3 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 ⅆ𝑥 + ‫ 𝑦 ׬‬3 ⅆ𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑥4 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑦4
or, + + =𝑐
4 2 4
or, 𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 4 = 4𝑐
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 Exact differential equations
(some examples)

𝑥 𝑥
𝑥
Example 2: Solve (1 + 𝑒 )ⅆ𝑥 + 𝑒
𝑦 𝑦 1− ⅆ𝑦 = 0
𝑦
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥
Sol: Here 𝑀 = 1 + 𝑒 𝑦 and 𝑁 = 𝑒 𝑦 1 −
𝑦
𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝑥 𝜕𝑁
Since = − 2 𝑒𝑦 =
𝜕𝑦 𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Therefore the equation is exact and its solution is
𝑥
න(1 + 𝑒 )ⅆ𝑥 + ‫ ׬‬0ⅆ𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑦

𝑥
or, 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑒 = 𝑐𝑦

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 Exact differential equations
(some problems)

Problem 1: Solve 𝑒 𝑦 + 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥ⅆ𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥ⅆ𝑦 = 0 .

𝑥2
Problem 2: Solve 𝑥 tan−1 𝑦 ⅆ𝑥 + ⅆ𝑦 = 0
2 1+𝑦 2

Problem 3: Solve 𝑒 4𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 ⅆ𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 ⅆ𝑦 = 0 .

2 𝑥𝑦 2 2
Problem 4: Solve 𝑦 𝑒 + 4𝑥 3 ⅆ𝑥 + (2𝑥𝑦𝑒 −3𝑦 2 )ⅆ𝑦
𝑥𝑦 = 0.

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 Exact differential equations
(Integrating factors)

Integrating factors: By integrating factors we mean those

functions of x and y, which when multiplied with a differential
equation make the equation exact.
1 𝑦
e.g., 𝑥ⅆ𝑦 − 𝑦 ⅆ𝑥 = 0 or, (𝑥ⅆ𝑦 − 𝑦 ⅆ𝑥) = ⅆ
𝑥2 𝑥
1 1
Therefore is the integrating factor (IF). Similarly is also an
𝑥2 𝑦2
integrating factor of 𝑥ⅆ𝑦 − 𝑦 ⅆ𝑥 = 0.

Theorem: If a differential equation has one integrating factor,

then the equation has an infinite number of integrating factors.
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 Rules for finding Integrating factors

1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Rule I: If − = 𝑓 𝑥 (say) be a function of x, only then
𝑁 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝑒 ‫ 𝑥 𝑓 ׬‬ⅆ𝑥 is an integrating factor of the differential equation

M ⅆ𝑥 + 𝑁 ⅆ𝑦 = 0.

Example : Solve 𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 4 ⅆ𝑥 + 2𝑦 3 ⅆ𝑦 = 0

Sol: Here M = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 4 and N = 2𝑦 3

𝜕𝑀 3 𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Calculate = 4𝑥𝑦 and = 0 . As ≠ therefore
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
the given differential equation is not exact.
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 Rules for finding Integrating factors
(some examples)

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Calculate, − = 4𝑥𝑦 3
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Then − = 2𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 (say)
𝑁 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
‫ 𝑥 𝑓 ׬‬ⅆ𝑥 ‫ ׬‬2x ⅆ𝑥 𝑥 2
Therefore I.F. = 𝑒 =𝑒 = 𝑒
Next, multiply I.F. with the differential equation.
𝑥 2 2 3
𝑒 +𝑥3 ⅆ𝑥 𝑥𝑦 4 𝑥
+ 2𝑒 𝑦 ⅆ𝑦 =0
The equation becomes exact.
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Solving ධ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 4 ⅆ𝑥 + ‫ ׬‬0 ⅆ𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑥2
Therefore the solution is 𝑒 𝑥2 − 1 + 𝑦4 = 𝑘
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 Rules for finding Integrating factors
(some problems)

Problem 1: Solve 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ⅆ𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦ⅆ𝑦 = 0 .

Problem 2: Solve 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 ⅆ𝑥 + 2𝑦ⅆ𝑦 = 0

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