Ordinary Differential Equations I

Lecture (7)
First Order Differential Equations

Differential Equation of First order and Higher degree

3) Differential equations which are solvable for x.
If the differential equation of the form 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑝) = 0 can be written as
𝑥 = 𝑓 (𝑦, 𝑝) …… (1)
Then it is said to be solvable for x. In order to solve these types of differential equation we
differentiate with respect to y we get
𝑑𝑥 1 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝
= = + = 𝐹 (𝑦, 𝑝, )
𝑑𝑦 𝑝 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑝 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦

This differential equation is relation between y and p and can be solved by previous way, we get
the value of p and subs in eq (1) to get the general solution.
𝑑𝑦
Example: Find general solution of 𝑝2 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑝 = 𝑦 , where 𝑝 = .
𝑑𝑥

Solution:
2𝑥𝑝 = 𝑦 − 𝑝2 𝑦
2𝑥 = 𝑦𝑝−1 − 𝑝𝑦 …… (1)
Differentiating eq(1) with respect to y, we get
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝
2 = 𝑝−1 − 𝑦𝑝−2 −𝑝−𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝
2𝑝−1 = 𝑝−1 − 𝑦𝑝−2 −𝑝−𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝
𝑝−1 + 𝑦𝑝−2 +𝑝+𝑦 =0 ...…∗ (𝑝2 )
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝
𝑝+𝑦 + 𝑝3 + 𝑦𝑝2 =0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑝
(1 + 𝑝2 )(𝑦 + 𝑝) = 0
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑝
𝑦 +𝑝 =0
𝑑𝑦

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1 1
𝑑𝑝 = − 𝑑𝑦
𝑝 𝑦

𝑙𝑛(𝑝) + 𝑙𝑛(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑛(𝑐)

𝑐
𝑝=
𝑥

Sub the value of p in eq(1)(eq1: 2𝑥 = 𝑦𝑝−1 − 𝑝𝑦 ), we get

𝑥 𝑐
2𝑥 = 𝑦 − 𝑦 is general solution.
𝑐 𝑥

Clairaut’s equation:
The differential equation of the form:
𝑦 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑝) …… (1)
𝑑𝑦
Is called Clairaut’s equation where 𝑝 = = 𝑦′.
𝑑𝑥

Differentiating eq (1) with respect to x, we get

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑝
=𝑝+𝑥 + 𝑓 ′ (𝑝)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝
𝑝=𝑝+ + 𝑓 ′ (𝑝)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝
𝑥 + 𝑓 ′ (𝑝) =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑝
𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 𝑓 ′ (𝑝)) = 0

We have
𝑑𝑝
=0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑝
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 0
𝑝=𝑐
Putting the value of p in eq(1), the required solution is 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑐) is general solution.
𝑥 + 𝑓 ′ (𝑝) = 0 , we obtain the value of p and subs. In eq(1) we get the singular solution.
1
Example (1): Solve 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑝 + .
𝑝

Solution:
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑝 + 𝑝−1 …….(1) is a Clairaut’s equation
Differentiating with respect to x ,we get

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𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝
=𝑝+𝑥 − 𝑝−2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑝
(𝑥 − 𝑝−2 ) = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑝
= 0 integrating with respect to x
𝑑𝑥

𝑝=𝑐
Subs. the value of p in Clairaut’s equation, we get
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑐 + 𝑐 −1 which is the general solution
Or 𝑥 − 𝑝−2 = 0
1
𝑝=±
√𝑥

Subs. the value of p in eq (1), we have

1 1 −1
𝑦 = 𝑥 (± ) + ± ( 𝑥)
√ 𝑥 √

which is the singular solution.

Example (2): Solve sin(𝑝𝑥 − 𝑦) = 𝑝.
Solution:
𝑝𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑝)
𝑦 = 𝑝𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑝) is a Clairaut’s equation
Differentiating with respect to 𝑥, we get
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑝 1 𝑑𝑝
=𝑝+𝑥 −
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑝2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑝 1 𝑑𝑝
𝑝 =𝑝+𝑥 −
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑝2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑝 1 𝑑𝑝
𝑥 − =0
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑝2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑝 1
(𝑥 − )=0
𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑝2
𝑑𝑝
=0
𝑑𝑥

integrating with respect to x, we get 𝑝 = 𝑐

Subs. the value of p in Clairaut’s equation, we have
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐)is the general solution

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 1 1
Or 𝑥 − =0⟹ =𝑥
√1−𝑝2 √1−𝑝2

1 1
𝑝2 = 1 − ⟹ 𝑝 = ± √1 −
𝑥2 𝑥2

Subs. the value of p in Clairaut’s equation , we have

1 1
𝑦 = ± √1 − 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (±√1 − ) which is the singular solution.
𝑥2 𝑥2

Exercises:
Q. Solve the given differential equation:
1) (𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) 𝑝2 − (3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1)𝑦𝑝 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 = 0 𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝
8) 1 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑝 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2) 𝑥 2 𝑝2 + 𝑥𝑦𝑝 − 6𝑦 2 = 0 𝑑𝑝
9) 1 + (2𝑥 + 2𝑝) =0
3) 𝑦 2 + 𝑝2 = 0 𝑑𝑥

10) 𝑦 = 𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑝) + ln (cos(𝑝))

4) 𝑦 + 𝑝𝑥 = 𝑝2 𝑥 4
11) 𝑦 2 ln(𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦𝑝 + 𝑝2
5) 𝑥 2 = 𝑎2 (1 + 𝑝2 )
12) 𝑦 2 𝑝2 − 3𝑥𝑝 + 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
6) 𝑦 − 𝑥 + −( ) =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 13) 𝑦𝑝2 + 2𝑥𝑝 = 𝑦
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑦
7) 1 + 2𝑝 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑝 =2 = 2𝑝 14) 𝑡 = 𝑝2 + 𝑝 where (𝑝 = 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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