Conduction and Radiation

MED 546

INSTRUCTOR
Dr. Ajay Bhandari
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad
826004 (Jharkhand) INDIA
 Conduction and radiation
MED 546
Perturbation Solutions and conduction in porous media
(Module 6)

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 Outline

Outline:
• Introduction about perturbation solutions
• Solution Procedure
• Perturbation solution examples
➢ Transient conduction
➢ Conduction with variable thermal conductivity
➢ Conduction with phase change
• Heat conduction in porous media
➢ Simplified Heat transfer model
 Perturbation Solutions
• Perturbation methods are analytical techniques used to obtain approximate solutions to problems in
mathematics as well as in various engineering disciplines.
• The basic idea in this approach is to construct an approximate solution to a problem using an exact solution
to a similar or slightly different problem.
• The mathematical simplification associated with this method is linearization and/or replacement of a
variable or its derivative with a specified function.
Important Terminologies:

Perturbation quantity Ꜫ : A quantity which appears as a parameter or variable in the dimensionless

formulation of a problem. It can appear in the differential equation and/or boundary condition. Its magnitude
is assumed small compared to unity.
Basic Problem: This is the problem corresponding to Ꜫ = 0. It is also known as the zero-order problem.
Basic Solution: This is the solution to the basic or zero-order problem. It represents the lowest approximate
solution to the problem.
Regular Perturbation Problem: A problem for which the perturbed solution is qualitatively the same from the
unperturbed one.
Singular Perturbation Problem: A problem for which the perturbed solution is qualitatively different from the
unperturbed one.
 Perturbation Solutions
Asymptotic Expansion: A representation of a function in a series form in terms of the perturbation quantity Ꜫ .
As an example, the asymptotic expansion of the temperature distribution 𝜽 may take the form
∞

𝜽 = ෍ Ꜫ𝒏 𝜽𝒏
𝒏=𝟎
Parameter Perturbation: An expansion in which the perturbation quantity is a parameter (constant).
Coordinate Perturbation: An expansion in which the perturbation quantity is a coordinate (variable). The
coordinate can be either spatial or temporal.
Solution Procedure
1. Identification of the Perturbation Quantity. Non-dimensional formulation of a problem can reveal the
relevant perturbation parameter. Physical understanding of a problem is important in determining how a
problem is non-dimensionalized.

2. Introduction of an Asymptotic Solution: Assuming that the expansion proceeds in integer powers of Ꜫ , the
above equation can be written as
𝜽 = 𝜽𝟎 + Ꜫ𝜽𝟏 + Ꜫ𝟐 𝜽𝟐 +…..
3. Formulation of 𝜽𝒏 problems: Substitution of the assumed solution into the governing equations and
boundary conditions and equating terms of identical powers of Ꜫ, gives the formulation of the n-order
problems. This step breaks up the original problem into n problems.

4. Solutions: The n-order problems are solved consecutively and their respective boundary conditions are
 Regular Perturbation Problem
A regular perturbation problem is one for which the perturbed problem for small, nonzero values of ε is
qualitatively the same as the unperturbed problem for ε = 0. One typically obtains a convergent expansion of
the solution with respect to ε, consisting of the unperturbed solution and higher order corrections. For regular
perturbation problems, the solution of the general problem converge to the solution of the limit problem as the
parameter approaches the limit value.

Example: Consider a quadratic equation 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑 + 𝟐ε 𝒙 + 𝟐 + ε = 0 (1) (Perturbed Equation)

When ε = 0 then equation (1) reduces to 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟎, (un perturbed or reduced equation) which gives (x-
2)(x-1) = 0 and the roots are x= 1 and 2.

Let us assume that that the roots have expansion in the form 𝐱 = 𝒙𝟎 + Ꜫ𝒙𝟏 + Ꜫ𝟐 𝒙𝟐 +….. (2)

Substituting (2) in (1) we get (𝒙𝟎 + Ꜫ𝒙𝟏 + Ꜫ𝟐 𝒙𝟐 +….. ) 𝟐 −(𝟑 + 𝟐ε)(𝒙𝟎 + Ꜫ𝒙𝟏 + Ꜫ𝟐 𝒙𝟐 +….. )+2+ ε = 0 (3)

Using binomial theorem to expand the first term, simplifying and rearranging we get

𝒙𝟎 𝟐 + 𝟐Ꜫ𝒙𝟎 𝒙𝟏 + Ꜫ𝟐 𝟐𝒙𝟎 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟏 𝟐 − (𝟑𝒙𝟎 + Ꜫ 𝟑𝒙𝟏 + 𝟐𝒙𝟎 + Ꜫ𝟐 (𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙𝟏 )) + 2 + Ꜫ = 0 (4)

 Regular Perturbation Problem
Collect the co-efficient of like power of Ꜫ yields,
(𝒙𝟎 𝟐 -3 𝒙𝟎 +2) + Ꜫ(𝟐𝒙𝟎 𝒙𝟏 -3 𝒙𝟏 -2 𝒙𝟎 +1) + Ꜫ𝟐 (2 𝒙𝟎 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟏 𝟐 -3 𝒙𝟐 -2 𝒙𝟏 )+------ = 0 (5)

Equating the co-efficient of each power of Ꜫ to zero

𝒙𝟎 𝟐 -3𝒙𝟎 +2 = 0 (6); 𝟐𝒙𝟎 𝒙𝟏 -3 𝒙𝟏 -2 𝒙𝟎 +1 = 0 (7); 2 𝒙𝟎 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟏 𝟐 -3 𝒙𝟐 -2 𝒙𝟏 = 0 (8)

From (6), we get 𝒙𝟎 = 1, 2 . When 𝒙𝟎 = 1 eqn. (7) gives 𝒙𝟏 = -1 When 𝒙𝟎 = 1 and 𝒙𝟏 = -1 eqn. (8) becomes 𝒙𝟐 = 3

Similarly, when 𝒙𝟎 = 2, we get 𝒙𝟏 = 3 and 𝒙𝟐 = -3

Thus the approximation for two roots for eqn (1) becomes

𝐱 = 𝟏 − Ꜫ + 𝟑Ꜫ𝟐 +….. And 𝐱 = 𝟐 + 𝟑Ꜫ − 𝟑Ꜫ𝟐 +….. (9)

To verify this approximation are correct, we compare with the exact solution

𝟏
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑 + 𝟐ε 𝒙 + 𝟐 + ε = 0, which implies x= [𝟑 + 𝟐Ꜫ ± 𝟏 + 𝟖Ꜫ + 𝟒Ꜫ𝟐 ]
𝟐

Applying binomial theorem and solving we get 𝐱 = 𝟏 − Ꜫ + 𝟑Ꜫ𝟐 +….. And 𝐱 = 𝟐 + 𝟑Ꜫ − 𝟑Ꜫ𝟐 +….. Which is
 Singular Perturbation Problem
A singular perturbation problem is one for which the perturbed problem is qualitatively different from the
unperturbed problem. One typically obtains an asymptotic, but possibly divergent, expansion of the solution,
which depends singularly on the parameter ".

Example: Consider a quadratic equation ε𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏 = 0 (1) (Perturbed Equation)

When ε 0 then equation (1) reduces to 𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎 (2) (which is of first order)

We only obtain one solution because the quadratic equation (1) degenerates to a linear equation at ε = 0. We
missed the other solutions because they approach infinity as ε 0. A change in the qualitative nature of the
problem at the unperturbed value ε = 0 is typical of singular perturbation problems.

Let us assume that that the roots have expansion in the form 𝐱 = 𝒙𝟎 + Ꜫ𝒙𝟏 + Ꜫ𝟐 𝒙𝟐 +….. (3)

Substituting (3) in (1) we get Ꜫ(𝒙𝟎 + Ꜫ𝒙𝟏 + Ꜫ𝟐 𝒙𝟐 +…..)𝟐 +(𝒙𝟎 + Ꜫ𝒙𝟏 + Ꜫ𝟐 𝒙𝟐 +….. )+1 = 0 (4)

Repeating same behaviour as first and equating like powers of Ꜫ = 0 we get

(𝒙𝟎 +1) = 0 and (𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟎 𝟐 ) = 0 When 𝒙𝟎 = -1, 𝒙𝟏 = -1. Therefore, one of the root is

𝐱 =-1- Ꜫ+…. (5)

 Singular Perturbation Problem
𝟏
The exact solution will be x= [−𝟏 ± 𝟏 − 4Ꜫ]
𝟐Ꜫ

Using binomial theorem and solving we get

−𝟏
𝐱 =-1- Ꜫ+…. And 𝐱 = +1+ Ꜫ+…. (6)
Ꜫ

Hence it is not surprising that the assumed expansion in (3) is failed to produce the root (6). Consequently one
can not determine the second root by a perturbation technique unless its form is known.

Perturbation Theory for Differential Equations:

𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
Consider a differential equation =-Ꜫ − 𝟏 (1) BC: y(0) = 0 and (0) =1
𝒅𝝉𝟐 𝒅𝝉 𝒅𝝉

Let us assume the expansion y(𝝉) = y0(𝝉) + Ꜫ y1(𝝉) + Ꜫ𝟐 y2(𝝉) + O(Ꜫ𝟑 ) (2)

Substituting (2) in (1) we get

𝒅𝟐 y0 𝒅𝟐 y1 𝒅y0 𝒅𝟐 y2 𝒅y
+ 1 + Ꜫ( + )+ Ꜫ ( 𝟐 + 1)
𝟐 + O(Ꜫ𝟑 ) = 0
𝒅𝝉𝟐 𝒅𝝉𝟐 𝒅𝝉 𝒅𝝉 𝒅𝝉
 Singular Perturbation Problem
Equating the coefficients of Ꜫ

𝒅𝟐 y0 𝒅yo
+ 1 = 0, y0(0) = 0, 𝟎 =𝟏
𝒅𝝉𝟐 𝒅𝝉

𝒅𝟐 y1 𝒅y 0 𝒅y1
+ = 0, y1(0) = 0, 𝟎 =𝟎
𝒅𝝉𝟐 𝒅𝝉 𝒅𝝉

𝒅𝟐 y2 𝒅y1 𝒅y2
+ = 0, y2(0) = 0, 𝟎 =𝟎
𝒅𝝉𝟐 𝒅𝝉 𝒅𝝉

By solving the above equations we get

𝝉𝟐
y0(𝝉) = 𝝉- ;
𝟐
𝝉 𝟐 𝝉𝟑
y1(𝝉) = - + ;
𝟐 𝟔
𝝉𝟑 𝝉𝟒
y2(𝝉) = −
𝟔 𝟐𝟒

𝝉𝟐 𝝉𝟐 𝝉𝟑 𝟑
𝝉 𝝉𝟒
Therefore, the solution is y(𝝉) = 𝝉- + Ꜫ(- + ) + Ꜫ𝟐 ( − ) + O(Ꜫ𝟑 )
𝟐 𝟐 𝟔 𝟔 𝟐𝟒
 Perturbation solution to variable thermal conductivity problem
Consider steady state one-dimensional conduction in a wall of thickness L. One side is maintained at
temperature 𝑻𝒊 while the opposite side is at 𝑻𝟎 The thermal conductivity varies with temperature according to
𝐤(𝐓) = 𝒌𝟎 [𝟏 + 𝜷(𝑻 − 𝑻𝟎 )]

Where T is the temperature, 𝜷 is a constant and 𝒌𝟎 is the thermal conductivity at 𝑻𝟎 . Identify an appropriate
perturbation parameter for the case of small variation of thermal conductivity with temperature and obtain a
second order perturbation solution for the temperature distribution in the wall.
Formulation
1. Assumptions: (1) Steady state, (2) 1D heat conduction and (3) no energy generation.

2. Governing equations:
𝒅 𝒅𝑻
𝒌 = 𝟎 (1)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
3. Boundary and initial conditions:
T(0) = Ti , T(L) = T0 (2);
4. Identification of Perturbation Parameter Ꜫ:
For this we first cast eqn (1) in dimensionless form

𝑻−𝑻𝟎 𝒙
𝜽= (3) ; 𝝃 = (4); Substituting (3) and (4) in (1) we get
𝑻𝒊 −𝑻𝟎 𝑳
 Perturbation solution to variable thermal conductivity problem
𝒅 𝒅𝜽
[𝟏 + 𝜷(𝑻𝒊 − 𝑻𝟎 )𝜽] = 𝟎 (5)
𝒅𝝃 𝒅𝝃

The perturbation parameter can be expressed as Ꜫ = 𝜷(𝑻𝒊 − 𝑻𝟎 ) (6) Substituting (6) in (5) we get

𝒅 𝒅𝜽
[𝟏 + Ꜫ𝜽] = 𝟎 (7) and the BC are 𝜽(0) = 1 and 𝜽(1) = 0
𝒅𝝃 𝒅𝝃

5. Asymptotic Solution: Assume a perturbation solution in the form of the asymptotic expansion

𝜽 = 𝜽𝟎 + Ꜫ𝜽𝟏 + Ꜫ𝟐 𝜽𝟐 +….. (8)

6. Formulation of 𝜽𝒏 problems: Substituting (8) in (7) we get

𝒅 𝒅 𝜽𝟎 +Ꜫ𝜽𝟏 +Ꜫ𝟐 𝜽𝟐 +…..

{ 𝟏 + Ꜫ 𝜽𝟎 + Ꜫ𝜽𝟏 + Ꜫ𝟐 𝜽𝟐 +….. } = 𝟎 (9)
𝒅𝝃 𝒅𝝃

𝒅𝟐 𝜽𝟎 𝒅𝟐 𝜽𝟏 𝟐
𝒅 𝜽 𝒅𝟐 𝜽𝟎 𝒅𝜽𝟎 𝟐 𝒅𝟐 𝜽𝟏 𝒅𝜽 𝒅𝜽 𝒅𝟐 𝜽𝟎
+ Ꜫ 𝟐 + Ꜫ𝟐 𝟐𝟐 + Ꜫ𝜽𝟎 𝟐 + 𝟐
Ꜫ[ ] +Ꜫ 𝜽𝟎 𝟐 + 𝟐Ꜫ𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 + 𝟐
Ꜫ 𝜽𝟏 𝟐 = 𝟎 (10)
𝒅𝝃𝟐 𝒅𝝃 𝒅𝝃 𝒅𝝃 𝒅𝝃 𝒅𝝃 𝒅𝝃 𝒅𝝃 𝒅𝝃

Equating the term of identical powers of Ꜫ yields the governing equations for 𝜽𝒏
 Perturbation solution to variable thermal conductivity problem
Equating the term of identical powers of Ꜫ yields the governing equations for 𝜽𝒏

𝒅𝟐 𝜽𝟎
Ꜫ𝟎 : = 0 (11)
𝒅𝝃𝟐

𝒅𝟐 𝜽𝟏 𝒅𝟐 𝜽𝟎 𝒅𝟐 𝜽𝟎 𝟐
Ꜫ𝟏 : + 𝜽𝟎 𝟐 + [ 𝟐] = 0 (12)
𝒅𝝃𝟐 𝒅𝝃 𝒅𝝃

𝒅𝟐 𝜽𝟐 𝒅𝟐 𝜽𝟏 𝒅𝜽𝟎 𝒅𝜽𝟏 𝒅𝟐 𝜽𝟎
Ꜫ𝟐 : + 𝜽𝟎 𝟐 +2 + 𝜽𝟏 𝟐 = 0 (13)
𝒅𝝃𝟐 𝒅𝝃 𝒅𝝃 𝒅𝝃 𝒅𝝃

Substituting (8) into BC (1) 𝜽𝟎 𝟎 + Ꜫ𝜽𝟏 (𝟎) + Ꜫ𝟐 𝜽𝟐 (𝟎)+ …..= 0 (14)

Equating the term of identical powers of Ꜫ
Ꜫ𝟎 : 𝜽𝟎 (𝟎) = 0 (15)

Ꜫ𝟏 : 𝜽𝟏 (𝟎) = 0 (16)

Ꜫ𝟐 : 𝜽𝟐 (𝟎) = 0 (17)

Similarly by substituting (8) into BC (2) and repeating same procedure we get 𝜽𝟎 (𝟏) = 0 (18); 𝜽𝟏 (𝟏) = 0 (19)
and 𝜽𝟐 (𝟏) = 0 (20)
 Perturbation solution to variable thermal conductivity problem
Solutions:

Zero order solution: 𝜽𝟎 = 1 -𝝃 (21)

𝒅𝟐 𝜽𝟏
First order Solution: Substituting (21) into (12) we get = -1 using BC (16) and (19) : 𝜽𝟏 = (𝝃/2)(1- 𝝃) (22)
𝒅𝝃𝟐

𝒅𝟐 𝜽𝟐
Second order solution: Substituting (21) and (22) into (13) = 2-3𝝃 Using BC (17) and (20)
𝒅𝝃𝟐

𝜽𝟐 = (𝝃/2)(2𝝃-𝝃𝟐 -1) (23) Ꜫ 𝜽 𝜽𝒆 % error

0.1 0.512 0.512 0.002

Substituting (21), (22) and (23) into (8) we get
0.2 0.523 0.523 0.038
𝜽 = (1 −𝝃) + Ꜫ((𝝃/2)(1− 𝝃)) + Ꜫ𝟐 ((𝝃/2)(2𝝃−𝝃𝟐 −1))+….. (24)
0.3 0.532 0.533 0.113
The exact solution to this problem 0.4 0.54 0.541 0.258

𝜽𝒆 =
𝟏
1+ Ꜫ(𝟐 + Ꜫ)(𝟏 − 𝝃) -
𝟏
(25) 0.5 0.547 0.55 0.473
Ꜫ Ꜫ
 Perturbation solution to variable thermal conductivity problem
Consider one-dimensional steady state conduction in a wall of thickness L. One side is at Ti while the opposite
side exchanges heat by convection. The heat transfer coefficient is h and the ambient temperature is T∞ = 00C
The thermal conductivity varies with temperature according to
𝐤(𝐓) = 𝒌𝒊 [𝟏 + 𝜷(𝑻 − 𝑻𝒊 )]
where ki is the conductivity at the reference temperature Ti and 𝜷 is constant. Formulate the dimensionless
governing equations and identify an appropriate perturbation parameter assuming 𝜷 Ti << 1. Construct a
second order perturbation solution to the temperature distribution in the wall.

Formulation
1. Assumptions: (1) Steady state, (2) 1D heat conduction and (3) no energy generation.

2. Governing equations:
𝒅 𝒅𝑻
𝒌 = 𝟎 (1)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
3. Boundary and initial conditions:
𝒅𝑻(𝑳)
T(0) = Ti , -k
𝒅𝒙
= hT(L) (2);
4. Identification of Perturbation Parameter Ꜫ:
For this we first cast eqn (1) in dimensionless form

𝑻−𝑻𝒊 𝒙
𝜽= (3) ; 𝝃 = (4); Substituting (3) and (4) in (1) we get
𝑻𝒊 𝑳
 Perturbation solution to variable thermal conductivity problem
𝒅 𝒅𝜽
[𝟏 + 𝜷(𝑻𝒊 )𝜽] = 𝟎 (5)
𝒅𝝃 𝒅𝝃

The perturbation parameter can be expressed as Ꜫ = 𝜷(𝑻𝒊 ) (6) Substituting (6) in (5) we get

𝒅 𝒅𝜽 𝒅𝜽 𝟏
[𝟏 + Ꜫ𝜽] = 𝟎 (7) and the BC are 𝜽(0) = 1 and − 𝟏 + Ꜫ𝜽 𝟏 = 𝑩𝒊[𝟏 + 𝜽(1)]
𝒅𝝃 𝒅𝝃 𝒅𝝃

5. Asymptotic Solution: Assume a perturbation solution in the form of the asymptotic expansion

𝜽 = 𝜽𝟎 + Ꜫ𝜽𝟏 + Ꜫ𝟐 𝜽𝟐 +….. (8)

6. Formulation of 𝜽𝒏 problems: Substituting (8) in (7) we get

𝒅 𝒅 𝜽𝟎 +Ꜫ𝜽𝟏 +Ꜫ𝟐 𝜽𝟐 +…..

{ 𝟏 + Ꜫ 𝜽𝟎 + Ꜫ𝜽𝟏 + Ꜫ𝟐 𝜽𝟐 +….. } = 𝟎 (9)
𝒅𝝃 𝒅𝝃

𝒅𝟐 𝜽𝟎 𝒅𝟐 𝜽𝟏 𝟐
𝒅 𝜽 𝒅𝟐 𝜽𝟎 𝒅𝜽𝟎 𝟐 𝒅𝟐 𝜽𝟏 𝒅𝜽 𝒅𝜽 𝒅𝟐 𝜽𝟎
+ Ꜫ 𝟐 + Ꜫ𝟐 𝟐𝟐 + Ꜫ𝜽𝟎 𝟐 + 𝟐
Ꜫ[ ] +Ꜫ 𝜽𝟎 𝟐 + 𝟐Ꜫ𝟐 𝟎 𝟏 +Ꜫ 𝟐
𝜽𝟏 𝟐 = 𝟎 (10)
𝒅𝝃𝟐 𝒅𝝃 𝒅𝝃 𝒅𝝃 𝒅𝝃 𝒅𝝃 𝒅𝝃 𝒅𝝃 𝒅𝝃

Equating the term of identical powers of Ꜫ yields the governing equations for 𝜽𝒏
 Perturbation solution to variable thermal conductivity problem
Equating the term of identical powers of Ꜫ yields the governing equations for 𝜽𝒏

𝒅𝟐 𝜽𝟎
Ꜫ𝟎 : = 0 (11)
𝒅𝝃𝟐

𝒅𝟐 𝜽𝟏 𝒅𝟐 𝜽𝟎 𝒅𝟐 𝜽𝟎 𝟐
Ꜫ𝟏 : + 𝜽𝟎 𝟐 + [ 𝟐] = 0 (12)
𝒅𝝃𝟐 𝒅𝝃 𝒅𝝃

𝒅𝟐 𝜽𝟐 𝒅𝟐 𝜽𝟏 𝒅𝜽𝟎 𝒅𝜽𝟏 𝒅𝟐 𝜽𝟎
Ꜫ𝟐 : + 𝜽𝟎 𝟐 +2 + 𝜽𝟏 𝟐 = 0 (13)
𝒅𝝃𝟐 𝒅𝝃 𝒅𝝃 𝒅𝝃 𝒅𝝃

Substituting (8) into BC (1) 𝜽𝟎 𝟎 + Ꜫ𝜽𝟏 (𝟎) + Ꜫ𝟐 𝜽𝟐 (𝟎)+ …..= 0 (14)

Equating the term of identical powers of Ꜫ

Ꜫ𝟎 : 𝜽𝟎 (𝟎) = 0 (15)

Ꜫ𝟏 : 𝜽𝟏 (𝟎) = 0 (16)

Ꜫ𝟐 : 𝜽𝟐 (𝟎) = 0 (17)
 Perturbation solution to variable thermal conductivity problem
Similarly by substituting (8) into BC (2) and repeating same procedure we get

Solutions:
𝑩𝒊
Zero order solution: 𝜽𝟎 = − 𝝃
𝟏+𝑩𝒊

𝒅𝟐 𝜽𝟏 𝑩𝒊 𝟐 𝑩𝒊 𝟐 𝝃𝟐 𝑩𝒊 𝟑 𝝃𝟑
First order Solution: = -1 [ ] : 𝜽𝟏 = −[ ] + −[ ]
𝒅𝝃𝟐 𝟏+𝑩𝒊 𝟏+𝑩𝒊 𝟐 𝟏+𝑩𝒊 𝟐

𝒅𝟐 𝜽𝟐 𝑩𝒊 𝟒 𝑩𝒊 𝟑
Second order solution: =[ ] −𝟑[ ] 𝝃
𝒅𝝃𝟐 𝟏+𝑩𝒊 𝟏+𝑩𝒊
Perturbation solution to variable thermal conductivity problem
 Perturbation solution to variable thermal conductivity problem
A metal sheet of surface area As, volume V and density 𝝆 is initially at a uniform temperature Ti. At time t≥ 𝟎
the surface is allowed to exchange heat by convection with the ambient. The heat transfer coefficient h and the
ambient temperature is T∞. The specific heat varies with temperature according to
𝐜(𝐓) = c∞[𝟏 + 𝜷(𝑻 − T∞)]
where c∞ is the specific heat at T∞ and 𝜷 is constant. Assume that Biot number is small compared to unity.
Formulate the dimensionless governing equations and identify an appropriate perturbation parameter based
on 𝜷 (Ti - T∞ ) << 1. Construct a second order perturbation solution to the transient temperature.

Formulation
1. Assumptions: (1) The Biot number is small compared to unity and (2) constant density, heat transfer
coefficient and ambient temperature.

2. Governing equations:
ሶ +𝑬𝒈ሶ -𝑬𝒐𝒖𝒕
𝑬𝒊𝒏 ሶ = 𝑬ሶ (1), which simplifies to -𝑬𝒐𝒖𝒕
ሶ = 𝑬ሶ (2)
ሶ = 𝒉𝑨𝒔(𝑻 − T∞) and 𝑬ሶ = 𝝆cV(𝒅𝑻) (3)
𝑬𝒐𝒖𝒕
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝑻
-𝒉𝑨𝒔(𝑻 − T∞) = 𝝆c∞[𝟏 + 𝜷(𝑻 − T∞)]V( ) (4)
𝒅𝒕

3. Boundary and initial conditions:

T(0) = Ti (5);
 Perturbation solution to variable thermal conductivity problem
4. Identification of Perturbation Parameter Ꜫ:
For this we first cast eqn (1) in dimensionless form

𝐓−T∞ 𝒉𝑨𝑺
𝜽= (3) ;𝝉= 𝒕 (4); Substituting (3) and (4) in (1) we get
𝐓𝐢 −T∞ 𝝆𝑪𝒑 𝑽

𝒅𝜽
𝟏 + 𝜷 𝑻𝒊 − T∞ 𝜽 + 𝜽 = 𝟎 (5) and 𝜽(0) = 1 (6)
𝒅𝝉

The perturbation parameter can be expressed as Ꜫ = 𝜷(𝑻𝒊 − T∞) (7) Substituting (7) in (5) we get

𝒅𝜽
𝟏 + Ꜫ𝜽 + 𝜽 = 𝟎 (8)
𝒅𝝉
5. Asymptotic Solution: Assume a perturbation solution in the form of the asymptotic expansion

𝜽 = 𝜽𝟎 + Ꜫ𝜽𝟏 + Ꜫ𝟐 𝜽𝟐 +….. (8)

6. Formulation of 𝜽𝒏 problems: Substituting (8) in (7) we get

 Perturbation solution to variable thermal conductivity problem

For initial conditions:

 Perturbation solution to variable thermal conductivity problem
Solutions:

Zero order solution: 𝜽𝟎 (𝝉) = 𝒆−𝝉

𝒅𝜽𝟏
First order Solution: + 𝜽𝟏 = 𝒆−𝟐𝝉 Solution is: 𝜽𝟏 (𝝉) = 𝒆−𝝉 - 𝒆−𝟐𝝉
𝒅𝝉

𝒅𝜽𝟐
Second order solution: + 𝜽𝟐 = 2𝒆−𝟐𝝉 - 3𝒆−𝟑𝝉
𝒅𝝉

𝜽𝟐 (𝝉) = -2𝒆−𝟐𝝉 + (𝟑/𝟐) 𝒆−𝟑𝝉 + (𝟏/𝟐) 𝒆−𝝉