‫‪Separable ODE’s‬‬

‫طريقة فصل‬
‫المتغيرات‬
‫‪-1‬توضع‬ ‫𝑦𝑑‬
‫متغيرات ‪ y‬و‬
‫)‪g(y‬‬ ‫)𝑥(𝑓 =‬
‫𝑥𝑑‬
‫‪dy‬في طرف‬
‫ومتغيرات ‪x‬و‬
‫‪ dx‬في الطرف‬
‫االخر‬
 Separable ODE’s

Steps for solving a separable first order DE.

1- write the equation in the form 𝑀 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2- integrate ((M with respect to x )) and ((N with respect to y)) to obtainan
equation that relates y and x.

The first order de. Is separable if it can be put in the form :

𝑑𝑦
𝑀 𝑥 +𝑁 𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥

𝑀 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 =0

Then we can solve this equation by integrating both sides with respect to
x to get:
𝑑𝑦
𝑀 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥

𝑀 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Example(1):

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= 1 + 𝑦2 multiplying two sides by then
𝑑𝑥 (1+𝑦 2 )

𝑑𝑦
= dx integrating two sides
(1 + 𝑦 2 )

1
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
(1+𝑦 2 )

( tan−1 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝐶 )

y = tan(𝑥 + 𝑐) solve for initial value y(0)=1

i.e. y(𝑥𝑜 )= 𝑦𝑜 note:: y= 𝑦𝑜 at t = 0.

1 = tan (0 +C) …… 1 = tan C

C= tan−1 𝑦 …….. tan−1 (1)=45 C= 45
y= tan (0+45)
y=1
Example(2): solve the following de by separable variables .
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥 + 1 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Multiply by
𝑦2
1
𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 then integrating two sides we get:
𝑦2

𝑦 −2 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1)𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑦 −1
= − 𝑥 + 1 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶 derivative integrate
−1
−1 X+1 + 𝑒 −𝑥
= −𝑥 − 1 − 1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶 … .∗ (−1)
𝑦 1 - −𝑒 −𝑥
1 0 + 𝑒 −𝑥
= 𝑥 + 2 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝐶
𝑦 −𝑒 −𝑥
1
𝑦=
𝑥 + 2 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝐶
 • Homogeneous FODE:
𝑦
𝑦 ′ = 𝑓( ) ………………(1)
𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑢 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 substitution this term in the eq.(1) we get:

𝑑𝑢 𝑦
𝑢 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑢 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑢 = 𝑥

𝑑𝑢
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = f u − u then 𝑥𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑓 𝑢 − 𝑢 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 % 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑓 𝑢 −𝑢 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
= this is the formula for homogeneous D.E.
𝑥 𝑓 𝑢 −𝑢
See example 8: in page 18 (Erwin Kreyszig 10th edition)

Example(1): solve the FODE. By homogeneous method

(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑦 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1+ 2 − =0 let u =
𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑓 𝑢 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
1 + 𝑢2
1+𝑢 −𝑢𝑓 𝑢 =0 %𝑢 𝑓 𝑢 =
𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
The formula of homo. =
𝑥 𝑓 𝑢 −𝑢

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
= 1+𝑢2 then = udu integrating it we get:
𝑥 −𝑢
𝑥
𝑢

𝑢2 𝑦2
Ln (x)= +𝐶 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ln 𝑥 − 𝐶 = multiplying by 2𝑥 2
2 2𝑥 2

𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 − 𝐶

𝑦= 2𝑥 2 (ln 𝑥 − 𝑐)
Example2: solve the FODE.by homogeneous method
𝑦
𝑥. sec + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥
𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Divided by xdx sec 𝑥
+ 𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
sec + = let u= and 𝐹 𝑢 =
𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
𝐹 𝑢 = sec 𝑢 + 𝑢 remember the formula =
𝑥 𝑓 𝑢 −𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢
=
𝑥 sec 𝑢 + 𝑢 − 𝑢

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 1
= = cos 𝑥
𝑥 sec 𝑢 sec 𝑥

ln 𝑥 = cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 ln 𝑥 = sin 𝑢 + 𝐶

𝑦 𝑦
Ln (x)= sin 𝑥 + 𝐶 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 − 𝐶 = sin(𝑥 )
𝑦
= sin−1 (ln 𝑥 − 𝐶) *x we get
𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥. sin−1 (ln 𝑥 − 𝐶)