VIVA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, VIRAR

DEPT:MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SECOND YEAR/SEM-III
SUBJECT:ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-III
MODULE-III FOURIER SERIES LEC NO. 5
SUBJECT IN CHARGE
DR.J.C.JAIN
Problem2:Find the Fourier series of f(x) = 𝑥 in the interval (-𝜋, 𝜋).Hence
𝜋2 1 1 1
deduce that = 2 + 2 + 2 +--------
8 1 3 5

Solution: f(x)= 𝑥 -𝜋<x< 𝜋

i.E f(x)=-x -𝜋<x≤ 0
= x 0≤x< 𝜋
f(x)= 𝑥 is an even function.
Hence 𝑏𝑛 =0
The Fourier series of an even function with period 2𝜋 is given by
f(x)= 𝑎0 +σ∞𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥…………………………(1)
 ‫𝜋 ‪1‬‬
‫‪Now‬‬ ‫𝑓 ‪0‬׬ = ‪𝑎0‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥‬
‫𝜋‬
‫𝜋‬
‫𝜋 ‪1‬‬ ‫‪1 𝑥2‬‬ ‫𝜋‬
‫𝑥𝑑𝑥 ‪0‬׬ =‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫𝜋‬ ‫‪𝜋 2 0 2‬‬

‫𝜋 ‪2‬‬
‫𝑓 ‪0‬׬ = 𝑛𝑎‬ ‫𝑥𝑑𝑥𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑐 𝑥‬
‫𝜋‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫𝜋‬
‫𝑥𝑑𝑥𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑥 ‪0‬׬ =‬
‫𝜋‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑠‬ ‫𝜋 𝑥𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑐‬

‫=‬ ‫𝑥‬ ‫‪+ (1) 2‬‬
‫𝜋‬ ‫𝑛‬ ‫𝑛‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫𝜋𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑐 ‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫=‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫𝜋‬ ‫‪𝑛2‬‬ ‫‪𝑛2‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫𝑛‬
‫‪= 2‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬
‫𝑛𝜋‬
 𝜋 2 ∞ −1 𝑛 −1
f(x)= + σ𝑛=1 2 cosnx
2 𝜋 𝑛

𝜋 4 1 1 1
= - cosx+ 2 cos3x+ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑥 + ⋯ … . …………………………(2)
2 𝜋 12 3 5

Put x=0 in (2) we get

𝜋 4 1 1 1 𝜋2 1 1 1
f(x)=0= - 2 + 2+ 2 + ⋯…. = = 2 + 2 + 2 +--------
2 𝜋 1 3 5 8 1 3 5
Problem3:Find the Fourier series of f(x) = sinax in the interval (-𝜋, 𝜋).

Solution: f(-x)=sina(-x) = -sinax

f(-x)=-f(x)
f(x) = sinax is an odd function.
𝑎0 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑛 = 0

The Fourier series of an odd function with period 2𝜋 is given by

f(x)= σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥…………………………(1)

2 𝜋 2 𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
1 𝜋
= ‫׬‬0 cos 𝑛 − 𝑎 𝑥 − cos 𝑛 + 𝑎 𝑥 dx
𝜋
 1 sin 𝑛−𝑎 𝑥 sin 𝑛+𝑎 𝑥 𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = −
𝜋 𝑛−𝑎 𝑛+𝑎 0

1 sin 𝑛−𝑎 𝜋 sin 𝑛+𝑎 𝜋

= −
𝜋 𝑛−𝑎 𝑛+𝑎

1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋.𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝜋−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋.𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋.𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝜋+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋.𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝜋
= −
𝜋 𝑛−𝑎 𝑛+𝑎

1 − −1 𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝜋 −1 𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝜋
= −
𝜋 𝑛−𝑎 𝑛+𝑎

− −1 𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝜋 1 1
= +
𝜋 𝑛−𝑎 𝑛+𝑎

2𝑛 −1 𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = 2 2 .
𝜋 𝑎 −𝑛
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝜋 ∞ 𝑛 −1 𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥
Hence, f(x)= σ𝑛=1
𝜋 𝑎2 −𝑛2
Problem3:Find the Fourier series of f(x) = coshax in the interval (-𝜋, 𝜋).

Solution: f(-x)=cosha(-x)=coshax=f(x)
f(-x)=f(x)

f(x) = coshax is an even function.

Hence 𝑏𝑛 =0

The Fourier series of an even function with period 2𝜋 is given by

f(x)= 𝑎0 +σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥…………………………(1)
 1 𝜋
Now 𝑎0 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋

1 𝜋
= ‫׬‬0 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋

1 𝜋 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑎𝑥
= ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 2

1 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝜋
= +
2𝜋 𝑎 −𝑎 0

1
= 𝑒 𝑎𝜋 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝜋
2𝜋𝑎

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎𝜋
𝑎0 =
𝜋𝑎
 2 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋

2 𝜋
= ‫׬‬0 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
2 𝜋 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑎𝑥
= ‫׬‬0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋 2
1 𝜋 𝑎𝑥
= ‫׬‬0 (𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋

1 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝜋
= 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 + −𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥
𝜋 𝑎2 +𝑛2 𝑎2 +𝑛2 0

𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 2𝑎 −1 𝑛
= 2 2 (𝑒 𝑎𝜋 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝜋 )= 2 2 2sinha𝜋 = 2 2 sinha𝜋
𝜋(𝑎 +𝑛 ) 𝜋(𝑎 +𝑛 ) 𝜋(𝑎 +𝑛 )

sinha𝜋 2𝑎 −1 𝑛
Hence,f(x)= + sinha𝜋 σ∞
𝑛=1 (𝑎2 +𝑛2 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥.
𝜋𝑎 𝜋
Problem4:Find the Fourier series of f(x) = 1-𝑥 2 in the interval (-1,1).

Solution: f(-x) = 1- −𝑥 2 =1-𝑥 2 = f(x)

∴f(x) = 1-𝑥 2 is an even function

Hence 𝑏𝑛 =0

The Fourier series of an even function with period 2𝑙 = 2 is given by

∞ 𝑛𝜋𝑥
f(x)= 𝑎0 +σ𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 …………………………(1)
𝑙
 1 𝑙
Now 𝑎0 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 1
1 𝑥3 2
= ‫׬‬0 1−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − =
3 0 3

2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 1 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬0 1−𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙 1 1

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥 1

=2 1−𝑥 2 − −2𝑥 − 2 2 + (−2) − 3 3
𝑛𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 0

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 −4 −1 𝑛
=2 −2 2 2 =
𝑛 𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋2

2 4 ∞ −1 𝑛
f(x)= - 2 σ𝑛=1 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥
3 𝜋 𝑛
 1 1
Problem5:Find the Fourier series of f(x) = + 𝑥 - <x<0
2 2

1 1
= − 𝑥 0<x<
2 2

1 1 1
Solution: f(-x) = −𝑥 - <-x<0 or 0<x<
2 2 2
1 1 1
= +𝑥 0<-x< or - <x<0
2 2 2

f(-x) =f(x)
F(x) is an even function
Hence 𝑏𝑛 =0

The Fourier series of an even function with period 2𝑙 = 1 is given by

∞ 𝑛𝜋𝑥
f(x)= 𝑎0 +σ𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 …………………………(1)
𝑙
 1 𝑙
Now 𝑎0 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑙

1/2
1 1/2 1 𝑥 𝑥2 1
= ‫׬‬ − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =2 − =
1/2 0 2 2 2 0 4

2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 1/2 1 𝑛𝜋𝑥

𝑎𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬ − 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙 1/2 0 2 1/2

1 sin2nπx cos2nπx 1/2

=4 −x − (−1) − 2 2
2 2nπ 4n π 0
cosnπ 1 1
=4 − 2 2+ 2 2 = 2 2 1 − −1 𝑛
4n π 4n π n π

1 1 ∞ 1− −1 𝑛
f(x)= + σ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑛𝜋𝑥.
4 𝜋2 𝑛=1 𝑛2