VIVA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, VIRAR

DEPT:MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SECOND YEAR/SEM-III
SUBJECT:ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-III
MODULE-III FOURIER SERIES LEC NO. 4
SUBJECT IN CHARGE
DR.J.C.JAIN
Problem1:
Find the Fourier expansion of f(x) = 2x-𝑥 2 , 0≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑖𝑠 3.
3
Solution:Here the period 2l = 3 ∴ 𝑙 =
2
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
Let f(x)=𝑎0 +σ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 +σ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑙 𝑙

2𝜋𝑥 2𝜋𝑥
= 𝑎0 +σ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 +σ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ………………….(1)
3 3
Now,
1 2𝑙 1 3
𝑎0 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬0 2x−𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2𝑙 3

3
1 2 𝑥3 1 27
= 𝑥 − = 9− =0
3 3 0 3 3
 1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙

1 3 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
= ‫׬‬0 2x−𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
3/2 3

2 3 2𝜋𝑛𝑥 9 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
= ൤ 2x−𝑥 2 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 2 − 2𝑥 − 2 2 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 +
3 2𝑛𝜋 3 4𝑛 𝜋 3
3
27 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
(−2) − 3 3 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ൨
8𝑛 𝜋 3 0

2 9 9
= 0 − 4. 2 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑛𝜋 +0 − 0+ 2. 2 2 +0
3 4𝑛 𝜋 4𝑛 𝜋

2 9 9
= . 2 2[-4-2] = - 2 2
3 4𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝜋
 1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙

1 3 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
= ‫׬‬0 2x−𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
3/2 3

2 3 2𝜋𝑛𝑥 9 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
= ൤ 2x−𝑥 2 − . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 2 − 2𝑥 − 2 2 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 +
3 2𝑛𝜋 3 4𝑛 𝜋 3
3
27 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
(−2) 3 3 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ൨
8𝑛 𝜋 3 0

2 9 27 27
= −0− − 0−0−
3 2𝑛𝜋 4𝑛3 𝜋3 4𝑛3 𝜋3

2 9 3
= . =
3 2𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
Putting these values in (1)
9 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 3 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
f(x)=0+σ − 2 2 cos +σ sin
𝑛 𝜋 3 𝑛𝜋 3

9 1 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 3 1 2𝑛𝜋𝑥
=- 2 σ 2 cos + σ sin .
𝜋 𝑛 3 𝜋 𝑛 3
 𝜋𝑥 0 < 𝑥 < 1
Problem2:Expand f(x)=ቊ period 2 into a Fourier Series.
0 1<𝑥<2

Solution:Here 2l=2 ∴ 𝑙 = 1
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
Let f(x)=𝑎0 +σ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 +σ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑙 𝑙
1 2𝑙
𝑎0 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2𝑙

1 1 2
=
2
‫׬‬0 𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ‫׬‬1 0 𝑑𝑥

1
1 𝜋𝑥 2
=
2 2 0
𝜋
=
4
 ‫𝑙‪1 2‬‬ ‫𝑥𝜋𝑛‬
‫𝑓 ‪0‬׬ = 𝑛𝑎‬ ‫𝑠𝑜𝑐 𝑥‬ ‫𝑥𝑑‬
‫𝑙‬ ‫𝑙‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫𝑥𝜋𝑛‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫𝑥𝜋𝑛‬

‫=‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫𝑥𝜋 ‪0‬׬‬ ‫𝑠𝑜𝑐‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫𝑥𝑑‬ ‫𝑠𝑜𝑐 ‪1 0.‬׬ ‪+‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫𝑥𝑑‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫𝑥𝜋 =‬ ‫𝑥𝜋𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑠‬ ‫)𝜋( ‪−‬‬ ‫𝑥𝜋𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑐 ‪− 2 2‬‬
‫𝜋𝑛‬ ‫𝜋 𝑛‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪=𝜋.‬‬ ‫‪(−1)𝑛 −1‬‬
‫‪𝑛2 𝜋 2‬‬

‫𝑛)‪1 1−(−1‬‬
‫‪=-‬‬
‫𝜋‬ ‫‪𝑛2‬‬
 1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙

1 1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
=
1
‫׬‬0 𝜋𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛
1
𝑑𝑥 + ‫׬‬1 0. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 1 𝑑𝑥

1 1 1
= 𝜋𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋𝑥 − (𝜋) − 2 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑛𝜋 𝑛 𝜋 0

1
= - (−1)𝑛
𝑛
𝜋 2 1 1 1 1 1
f(x)= - 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋𝑥 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝜋𝑥 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝜋𝑥 + ⋯.. +ቂ 𝑠𝑖𝜋𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋𝑥 +
4 𝜋 1 3 5 1 2
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜋𝑥 − ⋯ . . ቃ
3
 2 −2<𝑥 <0
Problem 3:Find the Fourier expansion of f(x)=ቊ
𝑥 0<𝑥<2

Solution: Comparing the interval (-2,2) with (-l,l)we find that here l=2.
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
Let f(x)=𝑎0 +σ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 +σ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑙 𝑙
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= 𝑎0 +σ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 +σ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 2
1 𝑙 1 2
𝑎0 = ‫׬‬−𝑙 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬−2 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2𝑙 4

2
1 0 2 1 0 𝑥2
=
4
‫׬‬−2 2 𝑑𝑥 + ‫׬‬0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
4
2𝑥 −2 +
2 0
1 3
= [(0+4)+(2-0)]=
4 2
 1 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ‫׬‬−𝑙 𝑓 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬−2
𝑓 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 dx
𝑙 2 2 2

1 0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
=
2
‫׬‬−2 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 dx + ‫׬‬0 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠
2
dx

1 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 0 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 4 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2

= 2. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝑥 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 − (1) − 2 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2 𝑛𝜋 2 −2 𝑛𝜋 2 𝑛 𝜋 2 0

1 4 4
= 0−0 + 0+ 2 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 −
2 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋 2

2 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 − 1 =ቊ
𝑛2 𝜋 2 −4 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
 1 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 1 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ‫׬‬−𝑙 𝑓 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬−2 𝑓 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 dx
𝑙 𝑙 2 2

1 0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
=
2
‫׬‬−2 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 dx + ‫׬‬0 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 dx

1 −2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 0 −2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 4 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2

= 2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑥 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 − (1) − 2 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2 𝑛𝜋 2 −2 𝑛𝜋 2 𝑛 𝜋 2 0

1 −4 4 −2
= + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 +0
2 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋

1 −4 4 4 −2
= + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 =
2 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋

Putting the above value in (1)

3 4 1 𝜋𝑥 1 3𝜋𝑥 1 5𝜋𝑥
f(x)= - 2 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + ⋯…
2 𝜋 1 2 3 2 5 2
2 1 𝜋𝑥 1 2𝜋𝑥 1 3𝜋𝑥
- 𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 + ⋯..
𝜋 1 2 1 2 1 2
Even and Odd functions in (-𝜋, 𝜋)
1.If f(x) is an even function in (-𝜋, 𝜋):

1 𝜋 2 𝜋
𝑎0 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑎𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 , 𝑏𝑛 =0
𝜋 𝜋

2.If f(x) is an odd function in (-𝜋, 𝜋):

2 𝜋
𝑎0 =0 , 𝑎𝑛 =0 , 𝑏𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
Problem1:Obtain the Fourier series expansion of
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝜋 < 𝑥 < 0
f(x)=ቊ and f(x+2𝜋) = 𝑓(𝑥)
−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 0<𝑥<𝜋

Solution:Here f(x) is an odd function because

cos −𝑥 − 𝜋 < −𝑥 < 0 cos 𝑥 𝜋 > 𝑥 > 0
f(-x)= ቊ =ቄ =-f(x)
− cos −𝑥 0 < −𝑥 < 𝜋 − cos 𝑥 0 > 𝑥 > −𝜋
∴ 𝑎0 =0 , 𝑎𝑛 =0 ,
2 𝜋 2 𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 𝑓 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬0 −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥------------(1)
𝜋 𝜋

1 𝜋
=- ‫׬‬0 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋

1 𝜋
=- ‫׬‬0 sin 𝑛 + 1 𝑥 + sin 𝑛 − 1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
 1 cos 𝑛+1 𝑥 cos 𝑛−1 𝑥 𝜋
=- − −
𝜋 𝑛+1 𝑛−1 0
1 cos 𝑛+1 𝜋 cos 𝑛−1 𝜋 1 1
=- − − + +
𝜋 𝑛+1 𝑛−1 𝑛+1 𝑛−1
1 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋
=- +
𝜋 𝑛+1 𝑛−1
2𝑛 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜋
=- 2 if n≠ 1
𝜋 𝑛 −1
0 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ≠ 1
∴ 𝑏𝑛 =ቐ 4𝑛
− 2 if n 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
𝜋 𝑛 −1

Now we put n =1 we get

𝑏1 =0
4 2 4 6 4 ∞ 2𝑛
∴𝑓 𝑥 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛6𝑥 … … . =− σ sin2nx.
𝜋 3 15 35 𝜋 𝑛=1 4𝑛2 −1