Written Report

In
Integral Calculus

Submitted by:
Baradi, Judy Ann G.
Quimanjan,Menchie B.

Submitted to:
Mr. Richard Pendon
This section aims to:

1. Understand the process of miscellaneous substitution

2. Evaluate integrals using U-substitution and other method

MISCELLANEOUS SUBSTITUTION

If an Integrand is RATIONAL except for a radical of the form:

1. √𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 , then the substitution 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃 = 𝒛𝒏 will replace it with a rational
𝒏

integrand

2. √𝒒 + 𝒑𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 , then the substitution 𝒒 + 𝒑𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 = (𝒛 − 𝒙)𝟐 will replace it

with a rational integrand.

3. √𝒒 + 𝒑𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 = √(𝜶 + 𝒙)(𝜷 − 𝒙) , then the substitution 𝒒 + 𝒑𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 =

(𝜶 + 𝒙)𝟐 𝒛𝟐 or 𝒒 + 𝒑𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 = (𝜷 − 𝒙)𝟐 𝒛𝟐 will replace it with a rational Integrand.

1 + 𝑧2

2𝑧
x
𝑥

1 − 𝑧2

𝟏−𝒛𝟐 2𝑑𝑧
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 =
𝟐𝒛
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 = 𝑑𝑥 =
𝟏+𝒛𝟐 𝟏+𝒛𝟐 1+𝑧 2
 The substitution 𝑥 = 2 arctan 𝑧 will replace any rational function of
sin 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cos 𝑥 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ A rational function of z, since

Example # 1

𝒅𝒙
∫ 𝒙√𝟏−𝒙

Remember: following the rule, the number inside the radicand will be equal
to 𝒛𝟐 .

Let 1 − 𝑥 = 𝑧 2 then 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑧𝑑𝑧

𝒅𝒙
∫ 𝒙√𝟏−𝒙

So now let’s substitute the value

−2𝑧𝑑𝑧
= ∫ (1−𝑧 2 )𝑧

Place the constant outside the integral so;

𝑑𝑧
= −2 ∫
1−𝑧 2

1+𝑧
= −𝑙𝑛 |1−𝑧| + 𝐶

So now substitute the value of z which is √1 − 𝑥

1−√1−𝑥
= 𝑙𝑛 | |+𝐶
1+√1−𝑥

Example 2

𝒅𝒙
∫
𝒙√𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟐
Remember:
Let 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟐 = (𝒛 − 𝒙)𝟐

𝑧 2 −2 2(𝑧 2 +𝑧+2) 𝑧 2 +𝑧+2

𝑥= , 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧 , √𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2 =
1+2𝑧 (1+2𝑧)2 1+2𝑧

𝒅𝒙
∫
𝒙√𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟐

Substitute the value of 𝒅𝒙, 𝒙, √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟐 so we have:

2(𝑧 2 + 𝑧 + 2)
=∫ 2 𝑑𝑧
𝑧 −2 𝑧2 + 𝑧 + 2
1 + 2𝑧 1 + 2𝑧

Move the constant outside the integral

𝑑𝑧
= 2∫
𝑧 2 −𝑧

1 𝑧−√2
= 𝑙𝑛 | |+C
√2 𝑧+√2

1 √𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2 + 𝑥 − √2
= 𝑙𝑛 | |+𝐶
√2 √𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2 + 𝑥 + √2

Example 3: Using u-Substitution

𝟐𝒙
∫ 𝒅𝒙
√𝒙 + 𝟏
Remember: In u-substitution, it’s the same just like an example a while
ago, the number inside the radicand will be represent as u

𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒖 = 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒙 𝒙=𝒖−𝟏

𝑢−1
= 2∫ 𝑑𝑢
𝑢3

𝑢 1 𝑎𝑚
= 2∫ 3
− 3
𝑑𝑢 ; Let’s use the exponent property = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛
𝑢 𝑢 𝑎𝑛

= 2 ∫(𝑢−2 − 𝑢−3 )𝑑𝑢

𝑥 𝑚+1
so here, we use the power rule :∫ 𝑥 𝑚 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶, 𝑚 ≠1
𝑚+1

𝑢−1 𝑢−2
= 2∫ − +C
−1 −2

Then, we simplify it

−1 1
= 2( + )+𝐶
𝑢 2𝑢2

Then substitute the value of u which is 𝑥+1

−1 1
= 2( + )+𝐶
𝑥 + 1 2 (𝑥 + 1 ) 2

Example #4

∫ 𝒙√𝟏 − 𝒙 dx = 𝒙(𝟏 − 𝒙)𝟏/𝟐 𝒅𝒙

 Remember:
𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒖 = 𝟏 − 𝒙 𝒅𝒖 = −𝒅𝒙
𝒙=𝟏−𝒖 −𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒙

Proceed to the u- substitution

1
= − ∫(1 − 𝑢) 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
1
Here use the distributive property of multiplication, we will multiplied 𝑢 2 by
(1 − 𝑢) then we will come up to this

1 1
= − ∫ 𝑢2 − 𝑢 ∙ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
With the Use of the formula 𝑎𝑚 ∙ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛 we will get:

1 3
= − ∫ (𝑢2 − 𝑢2 ) 𝑑𝑢
Recall the basic formula for integration
𝑥 𝑚+1
∫ 𝑥 𝑚 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶 , 𝑚 ≠ 1 , then we come up to this
𝑚+1

3 5
𝑢2 𝑢2
= −( − ) + 𝐶
3 5
2 2
So here we use the rule of complex fraction
3 5
2 2
= − (3 𝑢 − 5 𝑢 ) + C
2 2 Then substitute the value of u which is 1 − 𝑥

𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 𝟓
= − ( (𝟏 − 𝒙)𝟐 − (𝟏 − 𝒙)𝟐 ) + 𝑪
𝟑 𝟓

THE SUBSTITUTION x=2 arctan z will replace any function of sin x and cos x
with a rational function z, since
 2𝑧
sin 𝑥 =
1+𝑧 2

1−𝑧 2
cos 𝑥 =
1+𝑧 2
and
2𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑥 =
1+𝑧 2

𝑥
In differentiating = 2 arctan 𝑧 , use 𝑧 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2
After integrating to return to the original variable.

Example#5:

𝟏
∫ 𝟏+𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙+𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒅𝒙

1 2
=∫ 2𝑧 1−𝑧2 (1+𝑧 2 )
𝑑𝑧
1+ +
1+𝑧2 1+𝑧2

(Substitute cosx, sinx and dx), (Then,multiply)

2
=∫ 𝑑𝑧
1+𝑧 2 +𝑧𝑡+1−𝑧 2

(Then, simplify before we integrate)

2
=∫ 𝑑𝑧
2+2𝑧

(Factor of 2+2z is 2(1+z) then cancel 2)

1
=∫ 𝑑𝑧
1+𝑡

(Then, integrate)
= ln|1 + 𝑡|
𝑥
(After integrating, use z=tan2 to return to the original variable)

1
= ln |1 + tan | + 𝐶
2

Example#6

1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

(Substitute cosx, sinx and dx)

1 2
=∫ 1−𝑧2
dz
1+
2𝑧
− (1+𝑧 2 )
1+𝑧2 1+𝑧2

(then, multiply)

2
=∫ 𝑑𝑧
1+𝑧 2 +2𝑧−1−𝑧 2

(Then, simplify before we integrate)

2
=∫ 𝑑𝑧
2𝑧

(factor of 2z is 2(z) then, cancel 2)

1
=∫ 𝑑𝑧
𝑧
(then, integrate)

= ln|𝑧|
 𝑥
(After integrating, use z=tan2 to return to the original variable)

𝑥
=ln |𝑡𝑎𝑛 |+𝐶
2
Quimanjan,Menchie B. Baradi, Judy Ann G.