Module Integral Math

Advanced Calculus
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Integral Calculus
Module Page 1 of 8

USMKCC-COL-F-050
 Chapter 2 Rational Fractions

Intended Learning Outcomes: At the end of this chapter, the students are expected to:
1. Explain integration or anti-differentiation concepts and definition
2. Solve integration problems on variety of functions
3. Solve definite integration problems

2.1 Integration of Rational Fractions

Definition: “A rational fraction is a quotient of two polynomials”.

Let 𝑁(𝑥) and 𝐷(𝑥) be two polynomials having real coefficient and no common
factor other than one. Then a rational fraction may be generally represented by

𝑁(𝑥)
𝐷(𝑥)

If the degree of numerator 𝑁(𝑥) is less than the degree of the denominator 𝐷(𝑥),
𝑁(𝑥)
than 𝐷(𝑥) is called a proper rational fraction. Otherwise, it is an improper rational fraction.

2.1.1 Types of Partial Fraction:

1. Linear Partial fraction, not repeated

𝑃 𝐴1 𝐴2
= 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 + 𝑐𝑥+𝑑 where 𝐴1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴2 are constant to be determined.
𝑄

2. Linear Partial fraction, repeated

𝑃 𝐴 𝐵 𝐿
= 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 + (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)2 + ⋯ + (𝑎𝑥+𝑏)𝑛 where A, B…. and L are constant to be
𝑄
determined.

3. Quadratic factors, not repeated

𝑃 𝐴(2𝑎𝑥+𝑏)+𝐵
= where A and B are constant to be determined.
𝑄 𝑎𝑥 2 +𝑏𝑥+𝑐

4. Quadratic factors, repeated

𝑃 𝐴(2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝐵 𝐶 (2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝐷 𝐾 (2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝐿
= 2
+ 2 2
+ ⋯+
𝑄 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 ) (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 )𝑛
Where A, B, C, D…., K and L constant to be determined.

Example. Evaluate the following integrals.

𝑥 2 +𝑥+2 𝑥+3
1.) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (1 + 𝑥2 −1) 𝑑𝑥 divide numerator by the denominator
𝑥 2 −1

Integral Calculus
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USMKCC-COL-F-050
 Solution
𝐵𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙:

𝑥+3 𝐴 𝐵
𝐿𝑒𝑡: 𝑥2 −1 = 𝑥+1 + 𝑥−1 factor denominator, since it is not repeated use formula
above
𝑥 + 3 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 1) multiply whole equation by the LCD
𝑥 + 3 = 𝐴𝑥 − 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐵

@ 𝑥 coefficient:
1 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 ----------(1) take only the coefficient of x in the left and right-
side equation

@ constant:
3 = −𝐴 + 𝐵 ----------(2) take only the constant value in the left and right-
side equation

By elimination;
Add equation (2) to equation (1):
1=𝐴+𝐵
3 = −𝐴 + 𝐵
4 = 2𝐵
𝐵=2
Substitute value of B to equation 1;
1=𝐴+2
1−2=𝐴
𝐴 = −1
𝑥+3
Substitute the value of A and B to the modified equation 𝑥2 −1 ;
𝑥 2 +𝑥+2 𝑥+3
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (1 + 𝑥2 −1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 −1
𝐴 𝐵
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+1 𝑥−1
−1 2
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 − ln(𝑥 + 1) + 2 ln(𝑥 − 1) + 𝑐
= 𝑥 − ln(𝑥 + 1) + ln(𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝑐
(𝑥−1)2
= 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛 [ ] + 𝑐 ---------answer
𝑥+1

2𝑥+1
2.) ∫ 𝑥2 (𝑥2 +) 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

𝐵𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙:
2𝑥+1 𝐴 𝐵 2𝐶𝑥+𝐷
𝐿𝑒𝑡; 𝑥2 (𝑥2 +1) = 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥2 +1 -----------use repeated linear to A and B then
quadratic
2𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 2 + 1) + (2𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷 )𝑥 2
2𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴𝑥 3 + 𝐴𝑥 + +𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐵 + 2𝐶𝑥 3 + 𝐷𝑥 2
3
@𝑥 coefficient:
0 = 𝐴 + 2𝐶 ----------(1)
2
@𝑥 coefficient:
0 = 𝐵 + 𝐷 ----------(2)
@𝑥 coefficient:

Integral Calculus
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USMKCC-COL-F-050
 2 = 𝐴 -----------(3)
@ constant:
1 = 𝐵 ------------(4)
Substitute eqn (3) to eqn (1);
0 = 2 + 2𝐶
−2 = 2𝐶
𝐶 = −1
Substitute eqn (4) to eqn (2);
0=1+𝐷
𝐷 = −1
Substitute all the values to the modified equation;
2𝑥 + 1 𝐴 𝐵 2𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷
∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 (𝑥 +) 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 +1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2(−1)𝑥+(−1)
= 2 ∫ 𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥2 + ∫ 𝑥2 +1 𝑑𝑥
−2𝑥−1
= 2𝑙𝑛𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ----------distribute denominator to
𝑥 2 +1
numerator
𝑥 −1 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑙𝑛𝑥 + −∫ −∫
−1 𝑥 2 +1 𝑥 2 +1
1 2
= 2𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥 − ln(𝑥 + 1) − 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐
1
= 𝑙𝑛𝑥 2 − ln(𝑥 2 + 1) − − 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥
𝑥2 1
= 𝑙𝑛 [ ] − − 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐 ----------answer
𝑥 2 +1 𝑥

𝑑𝑥
3.) ∫ 𝑥(𝑥+2)2

Solution:
𝐵𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙;
1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝐿𝑒𝑡; = + +
𝑥 (𝑥 + 2)2 𝑥 𝑥 + 2 (𝑥 + 2)2
1 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 2)2 + 𝐵𝑥 (𝑥 + 2) + 𝐶𝑥
1 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4) + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 2𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥
1 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 4𝐴𝑥 + 4𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 2𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥
@ 𝑥 2 coefficient:
0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 ---------(1)
@ 𝑥 coefficient:
0 = 4𝐴 + 2𝐵 + 𝐶 ----------(2)
@ constant:
1=4A
1
= 𝐴 ---------(3)
4
Substitute eqn (3) to eqn (1);
1
0=4+𝐵
1
𝐵 = −4
Substitute values of A and B to eqn (2);
1 1
0 = 4 (4) + 2 (− 4) + 𝐶
1
0=1−2+𝐶
1
0= +𝐶
2
1
𝐶=−
2
Substitute all the values to the modified equation;

Integral Calculus
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USMKCC-COL-F-050
 𝑑𝑥 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
∫ 𝑥(𝑥+2)2 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥+2)2 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1
− −
4 4 2
= ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥+2)2 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥
= 4∫ − 4 ∫ 𝑥+2 − 2 ∫ (𝑥+2)2
𝑥
1 1 1
= 4 𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 4 ln(𝑥 + 2) − 2 ∫(𝑥 + 2)−2 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1 (𝑥+2)−1
= 4 𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 4 ln(𝑥 + 2) − 2 +𝑐
−1
1 𝑥 1
= 4 𝑙𝑛 [𝑥+2] + 2(𝑥+2) + 𝑐 ---------answer

𝑥 3 +2 𝑥+2
4.) ∫ 𝑥3 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (1 + 𝑥3 −𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 divide numerator by the denominator
𝐵𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙;
𝑥+2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝐿𝑒𝑡; = + +
𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑥 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 1
𝑥 + 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 − 1) + 𝐵𝑥 (𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶𝑥(𝑥 + 1)
𝑥 + 2 = 𝐴𝑥 2 − 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥
@ 𝑥 2 coefficient:
0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 ---------(1)
@ 𝑥 coefficient:
1 = −𝐵 + 𝐶 --------(2)
@ constant:
2 = −𝐴
𝐴 = −2 --------(3)
Substitute equation (3) to equation (1);
0 = −2 + 𝐵 + 𝐶
2 = 𝐵 + 𝐶 ---------(4)
Add equation (4) to equation (2);
1 = −𝐵 + 𝐶
2=𝐵+𝐶
3 = 2𝐶
3
𝐶 = -------(5)
2
Substitute equation (5) to equation (2);
3
1 = −𝐵 +
2
3
𝐵 = −1
2
1
𝐵=2
𝑥 3 +2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
∫ 𝑥3 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥
1 3
−2 2 2
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 − 2∫ + 2 ∫ 𝑥+1 + 2 ∫ 𝑥−1
𝑥
1 3
= 𝑥 − 2𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 2 ln(𝑥 + 1) + 2 ln(𝑥 − 1) + 𝑐 ---------answer

𝑥 3 −1
5.) ∫ 𝑥(𝑥+1)3 𝑑𝑥

𝐵𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙;

Integral Calculus
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USMKCC-COL-F-050
 𝑥 3 −1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
𝐿𝑒𝑡; = 𝑥 + 𝑥+1 + (𝑥+1)2 + (𝑥+1)3
𝑥(𝑥+1)3
𝑥 3 − 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)3 + 𝐵𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐶𝑥(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐷𝑥
𝑥 3 − 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥
𝑥 3 − 1 = 𝐴𝑥 3 + 3𝐴𝑥 2 + 3𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 3 + 2𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥 +
𝐷𝑥
@ 𝑥 3 coefficient:
1 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 ----------(1)
2
@ 𝑥 coefficient:
0 = 3𝐴 + 2𝐵 + 𝐶 ----------(2)
@ 𝑥 coefficient:
0 = 3𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐷 ----------(3)
@ constant:
−1 = 𝐴
Substitute the value of A to eqn (1);
1 = −1 + 𝐵
𝐵=2
Substitute the value of A and B to eqn (2);
0 = 3(−1) + 2(2) + 𝐶
0 = −3 + 4 + 𝐶
𝐶 = −1
Substitute the value of A, B and C to eqn (3);
0 = 3(−1) + 2 − 1 + 𝐷
0 = −3 + 1 + 𝐷
𝐷=2
𝑥 3 −1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
∫ 𝑥(𝑥+1)3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥+1)2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥+1)3 𝑑𝑥
1 2 1 2
= ∫ − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ − (𝑥+1)2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥+1)3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= −∫ + 2 ∫ 𝑥+1 − ∫ (𝑥+1)2 + 2 ∫ (𝑥+1)3
𝑥
= −𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 2 ln(𝑥 + 1) − ∫(𝑥 + 1)−2 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫(𝑥 + 1)−3 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥+1)−1 (𝑥+1)−2
= −𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 2 ln(𝑥 + 1) − +2 +𝑐
−1 −2
1 1
= −𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 2 ln(𝑥 + 1) + 𝑥+1 − (𝑥+1)2
+ 𝑐 ---------answer

𝑥 2 +4𝑥+10 𝑥 2 +4𝑥+10
6.) ∫ 𝑥3 +2𝑥2 +5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥(𝑥2 +2𝑥+5)
𝐵𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙;
𝑥 2 +4𝑥+10 𝐴 𝐵(2𝑥+2)+𝐶
𝐿𝑒𝑡; =𝑥+
𝑥(𝑥 2 +2𝑥+5) 𝑥 2 +2𝑥+5
2 2
𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 10 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 5) + 𝑥 [𝐵(2𝑥 + 2) + 𝐶 ]
𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 10 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 2𝐴𝑥 + 5𝐴 + 2𝐵𝑥 2 + 2𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥
@ 𝑥 2 coefficient:
1 = 𝐴 + 2𝐵 ----------(1)
@ 𝑥 coefficient:
4 = 2𝐴 + 2𝐵 + 𝐶 -----------(2)

@ constant:
10 = 5𝐴
𝐴=2
Substitute value of A to eqn (1);
1 = 2 + 2𝐵

Integral Calculus
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USMKCC-COL-F-050
 −1 = 2𝐵
1
𝐵 = −2
Substitute value of A and B to eqn (3);
1
4 = 2(2) + 2 (− ) + 𝐶 2
4=4−1+𝐶
𝐶=1
𝑥 2 +4𝑥+10 𝐴 𝐵(2𝑥+2)+𝐶
∫ 𝑥(𝑥2 +2𝑥+5) = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 2 +2𝑥+5
𝑑𝑥
1
2 − (2𝑥+2)+1
2
= ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +2𝑥+5
𝑑𝑥 −(𝑥+1)+1
= 2∫ + ∫ 𝑥2 +2𝑥+5 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
−𝑥−1+1
= 2𝑙𝑛𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥2 +2𝑥+5 𝑑𝑥
−𝑥
= 2𝑙𝑛𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥2 +2𝑥+5 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
= 2𝑙𝑛𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥2 +2𝑥+5 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
= 2𝑙𝑛𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥2 +2𝑥+1+4 𝑑𝑥 by completing square
𝑥
= 2𝑙𝑛𝑥 − ∫ (𝑥2 +2𝑥+1)+4 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
= 2𝑙𝑛𝑥 − ∫ (𝑥+1)2 +(2)2 𝑑𝑥 inverse function
(𝑥+1)−1
= 2𝑙𝑛𝑥 − ∫ (𝑥+1)2 +(2)2 𝑑𝑥
find a way that the numerator has common in denominator
𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑙𝑛𝑥 − ∫ (𝑥+1)2 +(2)2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (𝑥+1)2+(2)2
distribute denominator to numerator
1 2(𝑥+1) 1 𝑥+1
= 2𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 2 ∫ (𝑥+1)2 +(2)2 𝑑𝑥 − 2 arctan 2 --------
use balancing of equation
1 1 𝑥+1
= 2𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 2 𝑙𝑛[(𝑥 + 1)2 + 4] − 2 arctan 2 + 𝑐 ---------answer

𝑥 2 +2𝑥−10
7.) ∫ 𝑥2 (𝑥2 +4𝑥+5) 𝑑𝑥
𝐵𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙;
𝑥 2 +2𝑥−10 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶(2𝑥+4)+𝐷
𝐿𝑒𝑡; = 𝑥 + 𝑥2 +
𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 +4𝑥+5) 𝑥 2 +4𝑥+5
𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 10 = 𝐴𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5) + 𝐵(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5) + 𝑥 2 [𝐶 (2𝑥 + 4) + 𝐷 ]
2

𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 10 = 𝐴𝑥 3 + 4𝐴𝑥 2 + 5𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 4𝐵𝑥 + 5𝐵 + 2𝐶𝑥 3 + 4𝐶𝑥 2 +

𝐷𝑥 2
@ 𝑥 3 coefficient:
0 = 𝐴 + 2𝐶 ---------(1)
2
@ 𝑥 coefficient:
1 = 4𝐴 + 𝐵 + 4𝐶 + 𝐷 -----------(2)
@ 𝑥 coefficient:
2 = 5𝐴 + 4𝐵 -----------(3)
@ constant:
−10 = 5𝐵
𝐵 = −2
Substitute value of B to eqn (3);
2 = 5𝐴 + 4(−2)
2 = 5𝐴 − 8
10 = 5𝐴
𝐴=2
Substitute value of A to eqn (1);

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USMKCC-COL-F-050
 0 = 2 + 2𝐶
𝐶 = −1
Substitute the value of A, B and C to eqn (2);
1 = 4(2) − 2 + 4(−1) + 𝐷
1 =8−2−4+𝐷
1=2+𝐷
𝐷 = −1
𝑥 2 +2𝑥−10 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶(2𝑥+4)+𝐷
∫ 𝑥2 (𝑥2 +4𝑥+5) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 2 +4𝑥+5
𝑑𝑥
2 2 −1(2𝑥+4)−1
= ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ − 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +4𝑥+5
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −2𝑥−4−1
= 2∫ − 2 ∫ 𝑥2 + ∫ 𝑥2 +4𝑥+5 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
(2𝑥+4)+1
= 2𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥2 +4𝑥+5 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 −1 (2𝑥+4) 𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑙𝑛𝑥 − − ∫ 𝑥2 +4𝑥+5 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥2 +4𝑥+5
−1
2 𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥 − ln(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5) − ∫ 𝑥2 +4𝑥+4+1
2 𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥 − ln(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5) − ∫ (𝑥2 +4𝑥+4)+1
2 𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥 − ln(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5) − ∫ (𝑥+2)2+1
2
= 2𝑙𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥 − ln(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5) − arctan(𝑥 + 2) + 𝑐--------answer

Integral Calculus
Module Page 8 of 8

USMKCC-COL-F-050