Integration of Rational Functions by Partial Fractions

In this section we show how to integrate any rational function (a ratio of polynomials) by
expressing it as a sum of simpler fractions, called partial fractions, that we already know
how to integrate. To illustrate the method, observe that by taking the fractions 2兾共x ⫺ 1兲
and 1兾共x ⫹ 2兲 to a common denominator we obtain

2 1 2共x ⫹ 2兲 ⫺ 共x ⫺ 1兲 x⫹5
⫺ 苷 苷 2
x⫺1 x⫹2 共x ⫺ 1兲共x ⫹ 2兲 x ⫹x⫺2

If we now reverse the procedure, we see how to integrate the function on the right side of
this equation:

yx 2
x⫹5
⫹x⫺2
dx 苷 y 冉 2
x⫺1
⫺
1
x⫹2
冊 dx

ⱍ ⱍ ⱍ
苷 2 ln x ⫺ 1 ⫺ ln x ⫹ 2 ⫹ C ⱍ
To see how the method of partial fractions works in general, let’s consider a rational
function
P共x兲
f 共x兲 苷
Q共x兲

where P and Q are polynomials. It’s possible to express f as a sum of simpler fractions pro-
vided that the degree of P is less than the degree of Q. Such a rational function is called
proper. Recall that if

P共x兲 苷 a n x n ⫹ a n⫺1 x n⫺1 ⫹ ⭈ ⭈ ⭈ ⫹ a 1 x ⫹ a 0

where a n 苷 0, then the degree of P is n and we write deg共P兲 苷 n.

If f is improper, that is, deg共P兲 艌 deg共Q兲, then we must take the preliminary step of
dividing Q into P (by long division) until a remainder R共x兲 is obtained such that
deg共R兲 ⬍ deg共Q兲. The division statement is

P共x兲 R共x兲
1 f 共x兲 苷 苷 S共x兲 ⫹
Q共x兲 Q共x兲

where S and R are also polynomials.

As the following example illustrates, sometimes this preliminary step is all that is
required.

x3 ⫹ x
v EXAMPLE 1 Find y dx.
x⫺1
≈+x +2 SOLUTION Since the degree of the numerator is greater than the degree of the denomina-
x-1 ) ˛ +x tor, we first perform the long division. This enables us to write
˛-≈
≈+x
≈-x
2x
y
x3 ⫹ x
x⫺1
dx 苷 y 冉x2 ⫹ x ⫹ 2 ⫹
2
x⫺1
冊 dx
2x-2
x3 x2
2 苷
3
⫹
2 ⱍ
⫹ 2x ⫹ 2 ln x ⫺ 1 ⫹ C ⱍ
1
 The next step is to factor the denominator Q共x兲 as far as possible. It can be shown that
any polynomial Q can be factored as a product of linear factors (of the form ax ⫹ b兲
and irreducible quadratic factors (of the form ax 2 ⫹ bx ⫹ c, where b 2 ⫺ 4ac ⬍ 0). For
instance, if Q共x兲 苷 x 4 ⫺ 16, we could factor it as

Q共x兲 苷 共x 2 ⫺ 4兲共x 2 ⫹ 4兲 苷 共x ⫺ 2兲共x ⫹ 2兲共x 2 ⫹ 4兲

The third step is to express the proper rational function R共x兲兾Q共x兲 (from Equation 1) as a
sum of partial fractions of the form

A Ax ⫹ B
or
共ax ⫹ b兲 i 共ax 2 ⫹ bx ⫹ c兲 j

A theorem in algebra guarantees that it is always possible to do this. We explain the details
for the four cases that occur.

CASE I The denominator Q共x兲 is a product of distinct linear factors.

This means that we can write

Q共x兲 苷 共a 1 x ⫹ b1 兲共a 2 x ⫹ b 2 兲 ⭈ ⭈ ⭈ 共a k x ⫹ bk 兲

where no factor is repeated (and no factor is a constant multiple of another). In this case the
partial fraction theorem states that there exist constants A1, A2 , . . . , Ak such that

R共x兲 A1 A2 Ak
2 苷 ⫹ ⫹ ⭈⭈⭈ ⫹
Q共x兲 a 1 x ⫹ b1 a2 x ⫹ b2 a k x ⫹ bk

These constants can be determined as in the following example.

x 2 ⫹ 2x ⫺ 1
v EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate y 2x dx .
3
⫹ 3x 2 ⫺ 2x
SOLUTION Since the degree of the numerator is less than the degree of the denominator,
we don’t need to divide. We factor the denominator as

2x 3 ⫹ 3x 2 ⫺ 2x 苷 x共2x 2 ⫹ 3x ⫺ 2兲 苷 x 共2x ⫺ 1兲共x ⫹ 2兲

Since the denominator has three distinct linear factors, the partial fraction decomposition
of the integrand 2 has the form

x 2 ⫹ 2x ⫺ 1 A B C
3 苷 ⫹ ⫹
x共2x ⫺ 1兲共x ⫹ 2兲 x 2x ⫺ 1 x⫹2

Another method for finding A, B, and C is To determine the values of A, B, and C, we multiply both sides of this equation by the
given in the note after this example. product of the denominators, x共2x ⫺ 1兲共x ⫹ 2兲, obtaining

4 x 2 ⫹ 2x ⫺ 1 苷 A共2x ⫺ 1兲共x ⫹ 2兲 ⫹ Bx 共x ⫹ 2兲 ⫹ Cx 共2x ⫺ 1兲

2
Expanding the right side of Equation 4 and writing it in the standard form for poly-
nomials, we get

5 x 2 ⫹ 2x ⫺ 1 苷 共2A ⫹ B ⫹ 2C兲x 2 ⫹ 共3A ⫹ 2B ⫺ C兲x ⫺ 2A

The polynomials in Equation 5 are identical, so their coefficients must be equal. The
coefficient of x 2 on the right side, 2A ⫹ B ⫹ 2C, must equal the coefficient of x 2 on the
left side—namely, 1. Likewise, the coefficients of x are equal and the constant terms are
equal. This gives the following system of equations for A, B, and C:

2A ⫹ B ⫹ 2C 苷 1

3A ⫹ 2B ⫺ C 苷 2

⫺2A 苷 ⫺1

Solving, we get A 苷 2 , B 苷 5 , and C 苷 ⫺ 10 , and so

1 1 1

y
x 2 ⫹ 2x ⫺ 1
2x 3 ⫹ 3x 2 ⫺ 2x
dx 苷 y 冋 1 1
2 x
⫹
1 1
5 2x ⫺ 1
⫺
1 1
10 x ⫹ 2
册 dx

ⱍ ⱍ ⱍ ⱍ ⱍ
苷 2 ln x ⫹ 10 ln 2x ⫺ 1 ⫺ 10 ln x ⫹ 2 ⫹ K
1 1 1
ⱍ
In integrating the middle term we have made the mental substitution u 苷 2x ⫺ 1, which
gives du 苷 2 dx and dx 苷 2 du.
1

NOTE We can use an alternative method to find the coefficients A , B , and C in Exam-
ple 2. Equation 4 is an identity; it is true for every value of x . Let’s choose values of x that
simplify the equation. If we put x 苷 0 in Equation 4, then the second and third terms on the
right side vanish and the equation then becomes ⫺2A 苷 ⫺1, or A 苷 2 . Likewise, x 苷 2
1 1

gives 5B兾4 苷 4 and x 苷 ⫺2 gives 10C 苷 ⫺1, so B 苷 5 and C 苷 ⫺ 10 . (You may object
1 1 1

that Equation 3 is not valid for x 苷 0, 2 , or ⫺2, so why should Equation 4 be valid for those
1

values? In fact, Equation 4 is true for all values of x , even x 苷 0, 2 , and ⫺2. See Exercise 71
1

for the reason.)

dx
EXAMPLE 3 Find y , where a 苷 0.
x2 ⫺ a2
SOLUTION The method of partial fractions gives

1 1 A B
苷 苷 ⫹
x2 ⫺ a2 共x ⫺ a兲共x ⫹ a兲 x⫺a x⫹a
and therefore
A共x ⫹ a兲 ⫹ B共x ⫺ a兲 苷 1

Using the method of the preceding note, we put x 苷 a in this equation and get
A共2a兲 苷 1, so A 苷 1兾共2a兲. If we put x 苷 ⫺a, we get B共⫺2a兲 苷 1, so B 苷 ⫺1兾共2a兲.
Thus

3
 y
dx
x ⫺a
2 2 苷
1
2a y 冉 1
x⫺a
⫺
1
x⫹a
冊 dx

1
苷
2a ⱍ ⱍ ⱍ
(ln x ⫺ a ⫺ ln x ⫹ a ⱍ) ⫹ C
Since ln x ⫺ ln y 苷 ln共x兾y兲, we can write the integral as

6 yx 2
dx
⫺a 2
苷
1
2a
ln 冟 冟
x⫺a
x⫹a
⫹C

See Exercises 57–58 for ways of using Formula 6.

CASE II Q共x兲 is a product of linear factors, some of which are repeated.

Suppose the first linear factor 共a 1 x ⫹ b1 兲 is repeated r times; that is, 共a 1 x ⫹ b1 兲r occurs in
the factorization of Q共x兲. Then instead of the single term A1兾共a 1 x ⫹ b1 兲 in Equation 2, we
would use

A1 A2 Ar
7 ⫹ 2 ⫹ ⭈⭈⭈ ⫹
a 1 x ⫹ b1 共a 1 x ⫹ b1 兲 共a 1 x ⫹ b1 兲r

By way of illustration, we could write

x3 ⫺ x ⫹ 1 A B C D E
苷 ⫹ 2 ⫹ ⫹ ⫹
x 2共x ⫺ 1兲3 x x x⫺1 共x ⫺ 1兲2 共x ⫺ 1兲3

but we prefer to work out in detail a simpler example.

x 4 ⫺ 2x 2 ⫹ 4x ⫹ 1
EXAMPLE 4 Find y x3 ⫺ x2 ⫺ x ⫹ 1
dx.

SOLUTION The first step is to divide. The result of long division is

x 4 ⫺ 2x 2 ⫹ 4x ⫹ 1 4x
苷x⫹1⫹ 3
x3 ⫺ x2 ⫺ x ⫹ 1 x ⫺ x2 ⫺ x ⫹ 1

The second step is to factor the denominator Q共x兲 苷 x 3 ⫺ x 2 ⫺ x ⫹ 1. Since Q共1兲 苷 0,

we know that x ⫺ 1 is a factor and we obtain

x 3 ⫺ x 2 ⫺ x ⫹ 1 苷 共x ⫺ 1兲共x 2 ⫺ 1兲 苷 共x ⫺ 1兲共x ⫺ 1兲共x ⫹ 1兲

苷 共x ⫺ 1兲2共x ⫹ 1兲

Since the linear factor x ⫺ 1 occurs twice, the partial fraction decomposition is

4x A B C
苷 ⫹ 2 ⫹
共x ⫺ 1兲 共x ⫹ 1兲
2
x⫺1 共x ⫺ 1兲 x⫹1

Multiplying by the least common denominator, 共x ⫺ 1兲2共x ⫹ 1兲, we get

4
 8 4x 苷 A共x ⫺ 1兲共x ⫹ 1兲 ⫹ B共x ⫹ 1兲 ⫹ C共x ⫺ 1兲2
苷 共A ⫹ C兲x 2 ⫹ 共B ⫺ 2C 兲x ⫹ 共⫺A ⫹ B ⫹ C兲

Another method for finding the coefficients: Now we equate coefficients:

Put x 苷 1 in 8 : B 苷 2. A⫹B⫹ C苷0
Put x 苷 ⫺1: C 苷 ⫺1.
Put x 苷 0: A 苷 B ⫹ C 苷 1. A ⫺ B ⫺ 2C 苷 4
⫺A ⫹ B ⫹ C 苷 0

Solving, we obtain A 苷 1, B 苷 2, and C 苷 ⫺1, so

y
x 4 ⫺ 2x 2 ⫹ 4x ⫹ 1
x3 ⫺ x2 ⫺ x ⫹ 1
dx 苷 y 冋
x⫹1⫹
1
x⫺1
⫹
2
共x ⫺ 1兲2
⫺
1
x⫹1
册 dx

x2 2
苷
2 ⱍ
⫹ x ⫹ ln x ⫺ 1 ⫺ ⱍ
x⫺1 ⱍ
⫺ ln x ⫹ 1 ⫹ K ⱍ

苷
x2
2
⫹x⫺
2
x⫺1
⫹ ln
x⫺1
x⫹1
⫹K 冟 冟
CASE III Q共x兲 contains irreducible quadratic factors, none of which is repeated.
If Q共x兲 has the factor ax 2 ⫹ bx ⫹ c, where b 2 ⫺ 4ac ⬍ 0, then, in addition to the partial
fractions in Equations 2 and 7, the expression for R共x兲兾Q共x兲 will have a term of the form
Ax ⫹ B
9
ax ⫹ bx ⫹ c
2

where A and B are constants to be determined. For instance, the function given by
f 共x兲 苷 x兾关共x ⫺ 2兲共x 2 ⫹ 1兲共x 2 ⫹ 4兲兴 has a partial fraction decomposition of the form
x A Bx ⫹ C Dx ⫹ E
苷 ⫹ 2 ⫹ 2
共x ⫺ 2兲共x 2 ⫹ 1兲共x 2 ⫹ 4兲 x⫺2 x ⫹1 x ⫹4
The term given in 9 can be integrated by completing the square (if necessary) and using
the formula

10 y
dx
x ⫹a
2 2
1
苷 tan⫺1
a
x
a
冉冊 ⫹C

2x 2 ⫺ x ⫹ 4
v EXAMPLE 5 Evaluate y dx.
x 3 ⫹ 4x
SOLUTION Since x 3 ⫹ 4x 苷 x共x 2 ⫹ 4兲 can’t be factored further, we write

2x 2 ⫺ x ⫹ 4 A Bx ⫹ C
苷 ⫹ 2
x共x ⫹ 4兲
2
x x ⫹4
Multiplying by x共x 2 ⫹ 4兲, we have
2x 2 ⫺ x ⫹ 4 苷 A共x 2 ⫹ 4兲 ⫹ 共Bx ⫹ C兲x

苷 共A ⫹ B兲x 2 ⫹ Cx ⫹ 4A

5
Equating coefficients, we obtain
A⫹B苷2 C 苷 ⫺1 4A 苷 4
Thus A 苷 1, B 苷 1, and C 苷 ⫺1 and so

y
2x 2 ⫺ x ⫹ 4
x 3 ⫹ 4x
dx 苷 y 冉 1
x
x⫺1
⫹ 2
x ⫹4
冊 dx

In order to integrate the second term we split it into two parts:

x⫺1 x 1
yx dx 苷 y 2 dx ⫺ y 2 dx
2
⫹4 x ⫹4 x ⫹4
We make the substitution u 苷 x 2 ⫹ 4 in the first of these integrals so that du 苷 2x dx.
We evaluate the second integral by means of Formula 10 with a 苷 2:

2x 2 ⫺ x ⫹ 4 1 x 1
y dx 苷 y dx ⫹ y 2 dx ⫺ y 2 dx
x共x ⫹ 4兲
2
x x ⫹4 x ⫹4

ⱍ ⱍ
苷 ln x ⫹ 2 ln共x 2 ⫹ 4兲 ⫺ 2 tan⫺1共x兾2兲 ⫹ K
1 1

4x 2 ⫺ 3x ⫹ 2
EXAMPLE 6 Evaluate y 4x 2 ⫺ 4x ⫹ 3
dx.

SOLUTION Since the degree of the numerator is not less than the degree of the denomi-
nator, we first divide and obtain
4x 2 ⫺ 3x ⫹ 2 x⫺1
苷1⫹
4x ⫺ 4x ⫹ 3
2
4x ⫺ 4x ⫹ 3
2

Notice that the quadratic 4x 2 ⫺ 4x ⫹ 3 is irreducible because its discriminant is

b 2 ⫺ 4ac 苷 ⫺32 ⬍ 0. This means it can’t be factored, so we don’t need to use the
partial fraction technique.
To integrate the given function we complete the square in the denominator:
4x 2 ⫺ 4x ⫹ 3 苷 共2x ⫺ 1兲2 ⫹ 2
This suggests that we make the substitution u 苷 2x ⫺ 1. Then du 苷 2 dx and
x 苷 12 共u ⫹ 1兲, so

y
4x 2 ⫺ 3x ⫹ 2
4x 2 ⫺ 4x ⫹ 3
dx 苷 y 冉 1⫹
x⫺1
4x ⫺ 4x ⫹ 3
2 冊 dx

1
共u ⫹ 1兲 ⫺ 1 u⫺1
苷 x ⫹ 12 y 2
du 苷 x ⫹ 14 y 2 du
u2 ⫹ 2 u ⫹2

u 1
苷 x ⫹ 14 y du ⫺ 14 y 2 du
u ⫹22
u ⫹2

苷 x ⫹ 18 ln共u 2 ⫹ 2兲 ⫺
1
ⴢ
4 s2
1
tan⫺1
u
s2
冉 冊 ⫹C

苷 x ⫹ 18 ln共4x 2 ⫺ 4x ⫹ 3兲 ⫺
1
4 s2
tan⫺1 冉 冊
2x ⫺ 1
s2
⫹C

6
 NOTE Example 6 illustrates the general procedure for integrating a partial fraction of
the form
Ax ⫹ B
where b 2 ⫺ 4ac ⬍ 0
ax ⫹ bx ⫹ c
2

We complete the square in the denominator and then make a substitution that brings the
integral into the form
Cu ⫹ D u 1
y du 苷 C y 2 du ⫹ D y 2 du
u2 ⫹ a2 u ⫹ a2 u ⫹ a2
Then the first integral is a logarithm and the second is expressed in terms of tan⫺1.
CASE IV Q共x兲 contains a repeated irreducible quadratic factor.
If Q共x兲 has the factor 共ax 2 ⫹ bx ⫹ c兲 r , where b 2 ⫺ 4ac ⬍ 0, then instead of the single
partial fraction 9 , the sum

A1 x ⫹ B1 A2 x ⫹ B2 Ar x ⫹ Br
11 ⫹ ⫹ ⭈⭈⭈ ⫹
ax 2 ⫹ bx ⫹ c 共ax 2 ⫹ bx ⫹ c兲2 共ax 2 ⫹ bx ⫹ c兲 r

occurs in the partial fraction decomposition of R共x兲兾Q共x兲. Each of the terms in 11 can be
integrated by using a substitution or by first completing the square if necessary.

It would be extremely tedious to work out by EXAMPLE 7 Write out the form of the partial fraction decomposition of the function
hand the numerical values of the coefficients
in Example 7. Most computer algebra systems,
x3 ⫹ x2 ⫹ 1
however, can find the numerical values very
quickly. For instance, the Maple command x 共x ⫺ 1兲共x 2 ⫹ x ⫹ 1兲共x 2 ⫹ 1兲3
convert共f, parfrac, x兲
SOLUTION
or the Mathematica command
Apart[f] x3 ⫹ x2 ⫹ 1
gives the following values: x 共x ⫺ 1兲共x 2 ⫹ x ⫹ 1兲共x 2 ⫹ 1兲3
A 苷 ⫺1, B 苷 18 , C 苷 D 苷 ⫺1,
A B Cx ⫹ D Ex ⫹ F Gx ⫹ H Ix ⫹ J
E苷 15
, F苷⫺ , 1
G 苷 H 苷 34 , 苷 ⫹ ⫹ 2 ⫹ 2 ⫹ 2 ⫹ 2
8 8
x x⫺1 x ⫹x⫹1 x ⫹1 共x ⫹ 1兲2 共x ⫹ 1兲3
I 苷 ⫺ 12 , J 苷 12
1 ⫺ x ⫹ 2x 2 ⫺ x 3
EXAMPLE 8 Evaluate y x共x 2 ⫹ 1兲2
dx.

SOLUTION The form of the partial fraction decomposition is

1 ⫺ x ⫹ 2x 2 ⫺ x 3 A Bx ⫹ C Dx ⫹ E
苷 ⫹ 2 ⫹ 2
x 共x ⫹ 1兲
2 2
x x ⫹1 共x ⫹ 1兲2

Multiplying by x 共x 2 ⫹ 1兲2, we have

⫺x 3 ⫹ 2x 2 ⫺ x ⫹ 1 苷 A共x 2 ⫹ 1兲2 ⫹ 共Bx ⫹ C兲x共x 2 ⫹ 1兲 ⫹ 共Dx ⫹ E兲x

苷 A共x 4 ⫹ 2x 2 ⫹ 1兲 ⫹ B共x 4 ⫹ x 2 兲 ⫹ C共x 3 ⫹ x兲 ⫹ Dx 2 ⫹ Ex

苷 共A ⫹ B兲x 4 ⫹ Cx 3 ⫹ 共2A ⫹ B ⫹ D兲x 2 ⫹ 共C ⫹ E兲x ⫹ A

If we equate coefficients, we get the system

7
 A⫹B苷0 C 苷 ⫺1 2A ⫹ B ⫹ D 苷 2 C ⫹ E 苷 ⫺1 A苷1

which has the solution A 苷 1, B 苷 ⫺1, C 苷 ⫺1, D 苷 1, and E 苷 0. Thus

y
1 ⫺ x ⫹ 2x 2 ⫺ x 3
x共x 2 ⫹ 1兲2
dx 苷 y 冉 1
x
x⫹1
⫺ 2
x ⫹1
⫹ 2
x
共x ⫹ 1兲2
冊 dx

dx x dx x dx
苷y ⫺y 2 dx ⫺ y 2 ⫹y 2
x x ⫹1 x ⫹1 共x ⫹ 1兲2
1
ⱍ ⱍ
苷 ln x ⫺ 12 ln共x 2 ⫹ 1兲 ⫺ tan⫺1x ⫺
2共x 2 ⫹ 1兲
⫹K

We note that sometimes partial fractions can be avoided when integrating a rational func-
tion. For instance, although the integral
x2 ⫹ 1
y x共x 2 ⫹ 3兲
dx

could be evaluated by the method of Case III, it’s much easier to observe that if
u 苷 x共x 2 ⫹ 3兲 苷 x 3 ⫹ 3x, then du 苷 共3x 2 ⫹ 3兲 dx and so

x2 ⫹ 1
y x共x 2 ⫹ 3兲
1
ⱍ
dx 苷 3 ln x 3 ⫹ 3x ⫹ C ⱍ

Exercises

7–38 Evaluate the integral.

2 4y 2 ⫺ 7y ⫺ 12 x 2 ⫹ 2x ⫺ 1
1 x 3 ⫹ 2x x5 ⫹ x ⫺ 1 17. y y共 y ⫹ 2兲共 y ⫺ 3兲
dy 18. y x3 ⫺ x
dx
1. y
0 x ⫹ 4x 2 ⫹ 3
4 dx 2. y x3 ⫹ 1
dx 1

x2 ⫹ 1 x 2 ⫺ 5x ⫹ 16
dx x 4 ⫹ 3x 2 ⫹ 1 19. y 共x ⫺ 3兲共x ⫺ 2兲 2
dx 20. y 共2x ⫹ 1兲共x ⫺ 2兲 2
dx
3. y x共x 2 ⫹ 4兲2
4. y x 5 ⫹ 5x 3 ⫹ 5x
dx
x3 ⫹ 4 ds
x 2 ⫺ 3x ⫹ 7 x 3 ⫹ 2x 2 ⫹ 3x ⫺ 2 21. yx dx 22. y s 共s ⫺ 1兲
5. y dx 6. y dx
2
⫹4 2 2

共x 2 ⫺ 4x ⫹ 6兲2 共x 2 ⫹ 2x ⫹ 2兲2
x4 3t ⫺ 2 10 x2 ⫺ x ⫹ 6
7. y dx 8. y dt 23. y 共x ⫺ 1兲共x 2
⫹ 9兲
dx 24. y x 3 ⫹ 3x
dx
x⫺1 t⫹1
5x ⫹ 1 y 4x x2 ⫹ x ⫹ 1
9. y 共2x ⫹ 1兲共x ⫺ 1兲 dx 10. y 共 y ⫹ 4兲共2y ⫺ 1兲
dy 25. yx 3
⫹x ⫹x⫹1
2 dx 26. y 共x 2 ⫹ 1兲2
dx

1 2 1 x⫺4 x 3 ⫹ x 2 ⫹ 2x ⫹ 1 x 2 ⫺ 2x ⫺ 1
11. y 2x 2 ⫹ 3x ⫹ 1
dx 12. y x 2 ⫺ 5x ⫹ 6
dx 27. y dx 28. y 共x ⫺ 1兲 共x dx
0 0
共x 2 ⫹ 1兲共x 2 ⫹ 2兲 2 2
⫹ 1兲
ax 1 x⫹4 3x 2 ⫹ x ⫹ 4
13. yx 2
⫺ bx
dx 14. y 共x ⫹ a兲共x ⫹ b兲 dx 29. yx dx 30. yx dx
2
⫹ 2x ⫹ 5 4
⫹ 3x 2 ⫹ 2
4 x 3 ⫺ 2x 2 ⫺ 4 1 x 3 ⫺ 4x ⫺ 10 1 1 x
15. y
3 x 3 ⫺ 2x 2
dx 16. y
0 x2 ⫺ x ⫺ 6
dx 31. yx 3
⫺1
dx 32. y
0 x 2 ⫹ 4x ⫹ 13
dx