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Question

Two fair dice, one red and one blue, are rolled. A score is
calculated to be twice the value of the blue die if
the red
die has an even value, and to be the value of the red die minus the value of the blue die if the red
die has an odd
value. Construct and plot the probability mass function and
the cumulative distribution
function of the score.

Explanation Verified

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Step 1 1 of 11

 Probability Mass Function ( Distribution )  ​

Let X be a discrete random variable and P (X = xi ) = pi , i = 1, 2, … , n . ​ ​
​

The probability mass function (p.m.f.) of X is a set of probability values pi , and

these probability values must satisfy two conditions : 
(1) 0 ≤ pi ≤ 1 ​

n
(2) ∑ pi = 1 ​ ​

i=1

Cumulative Distribution Function 

The cumulative distribution function (c.d.f.) of X is the function 

F (x) = P (X ≤ x)

⎧0, −∞ < x < x1 ​

p1 , ​
x1 ≤ x < x2
​ ​

p1 + p2 , x2 ≤ x < 3
F (x) = P (X ≤ x) = ⎨p1 + p2 + p3 ,
​ ​ ​

⇒ ​
​ ​ ​

​
x3 ≤ x < x4
​ ​

​
(⋆)
⋮

⎩
p1 + p2 + … + pn−1 ,
​ ​ ​
xn−1 ≤ x < xn ​ ​

1, xn ≤ x < ∞
​
Step 2 2 of 11
Step 3 3 of 11
Step 4 4 of 11

More precisely, as we can see in Figure3, X is a discrete random variable which can take values :

x1 = −5 , x2 = −4 , x3 = −3 , x4 = −2 ,
​ ​ ​ ​

x5 = −1 , x6 = 0 , x7 = 1 , x8 = 2 , x9 = 3
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

x10 = 4 , x11 = 6 , x12 = 8 , x13 = 10 , x14 = 12

​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Now, we will calculate the corresponding probabilities of these values.

In other words, firstly we will determine the distribution of X . ​

Step 5 5 of 11

∗ P (X = −5) = P ( (1, 6) )
1
=
36
​

1
⇒ p1 = P (X = x1 ) =
36
​ ​ ​ ​

∗ P (X = −4) = P ( (1, 5) )
1
=
36
​

1
⇒ p2 = P (X = x2 ) =
36
​ ​ ​ ​

∗ P (X = −3) = P ( (1, 4) ) + P ( (3, 6) )

1 1
= +
36 36
​ ​

2
=
36
​

2
⇒ p3 = P (X = x3 ) =
36
​ ​ ​ ​

∗ P (X = −2) = P ( (1, 3) ) + P ( (3, 5) )

1 1
 1 1
= +
36 36
​ ​

2
=
36
​

2
⇒ p4 = P (X = x4 ) =
36
​ ​ ​ ​

∗ P (X = −1) = P ( (1, 2) ) + P ( (3, 4) ) + P ( (5, 6) )

1 1 1
= + +
36 36 36
​ ​ ​

3
=
36
​

3
⇒ p5 = P (X = x5 ) =
36
​ ​ ​
​

∗ P (X = 0) = P ( (1, 1) ) + P ( (3, 3) ) + P ( (5, 5) )

1 1 1
= + +
36 36 36
​ ​ ​

3
=
36
​

3
⇒ p6 = P (X = x6 ) =
36
​ ​ ​ ​

∗ P (X = 1) = P ( (3, 2) ) + P ( (5, 4) )
1 1
= +
36 36
​ ​

2
=
36
​

2
⇒ p7 = P (X = x7 ) =
36
​ ​ ​ ​

∗ P (X = 2) = P ( (2, 1) ) + P ( (3, 1) ) + P ( (4, 1) ) + P ( (5, 3) ) + P ( (6, 1) )

1 1 1 1 1
= + + + +
36 36 36 36 36
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

5
=
36
​

5
⇒ p8 = P (X = x8 ) =
36
​ ​ ​ ​

∗ P (X = 3) = P ( (5, 2) )
1
=
36
​

1
⇒ p9 = P (X = x9 ) =
36
​ ​ ​ ​

∗ P (X = 4) = P ( (2, 2) ) + P ( (4, 2) ) + P ( (5, 1) ) + P ( (6, 2) )

1 1 1 1
= + + +
36 36 36 36
​ ​ ​ ​

4
=
36
​

4
⇒ p10 = P (X = x10 ) =
36
​ ​ ​ ​

∗ P (X = 6) = P ( (2, 3) ) + P ( (4, 3) ) + P ( (6, 3) )

1 1 1
= + +
36 36 36
​ ​ ​

3
=
36
​

3
⇒ p11 = P (X = x11 ) =
​ ​ ​ ​
 ⇒ p11 ( 11 )
36

∗ P (X = 8) = P ( (2, 4) ) + P ( (4, 4) ) + P ( (6, 4) )

1 1 1
= + +
36 36 36
​ ​ ​

3
=
36
​

3
⇒ p12 = P (X = x12 ) =
36
​ ​ ​ ​

∗ P (X = 10) = P ( (2, 5) ) + P ( (4, 5) ) + P ( (6, 5) )

1 1 1
= + +
36 36 36
​ ​ ​

3
=
36
​

3
⇒ p13 = P (X = x13 ) =
36
​ ​ ​ ​

∗ P (X = 12) = P ( (2, 6) ) + P ( (4, 6) ) + P ( (6, 6) )

1 1 1
= + +
36 36 36
​ ​ ​

3
=
36
​

3
⇒ p14 = P (X = x14 ) =
36
​ ​ ​ ​
Step 6 6 of 11

Notice that probabilities p1 , p2 , … , p14 satistfies condition (1) .

​ ​ ​

What about condition (2)?

14
1 1 3 36
∑ pi = + +…+ = =1 ✓
36 36 36 36
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

i=1

Therefore, this is a valid probability mass function.

∙ The probability mass function of a random variable X is given in tabular form in Figure4 .
Step 7 7 of 11

∙ Line graph of the probability mass function for the final score is given in Figure5 .

Step 8 8 of 11

∙ We can construct cumulative distribution function of X using probability mass function given in
Figure5 and using (⋆) . We get :

−∞ < x < −5 ⇒ F (x) = P (X ≤ x) = 0

1
−5 ≤ x < −4 ⇒ F (x) = P (X ≤ x) =
36
​

2
−4 ≤ x < −3 ⇒ F (x) = P (X ≤ x) =
36
​

4
−3 ≤ x < −2 ⇒ F (x) = P (X ≤ x) =
36
​

6
−2 ≤ x < −1 ⇒ F (x) = P (X ≤ x) =
36
​

9
−1 ≤ x < 0 ⇒ F (x) = P (X ≤ x) =
36
​

12
0 ≤ x < 1 ⇒ F (x) = P (X ≤ x) =
36
​
Step 9 9 of 11

14
1 ≤ x < 2 ⇒ F (x) = P (X ≤ x) =
36
​

19
2 ≤ x < 3 ⇒ F (x) = P (X ≤ x) =
36
​

20
3 ≤ x < 4 ⇒ F (x) = P (X ≤ x) =
36
​

24
4 ≤ x < 6 ⇒ F (x) = P (X ≤ x) =
36
​

27
6 ≤ x < 8 ⇒ F (x) = P (X ≤ x) =
36
​

30
8 ≤ x < 10 ⇒ F (x) = P (X ≤ x) =
36
​

33
10 ≤ x < 12 ⇒ F (x) = P (X ≤ x) =
36
​

36
12 ≤ x < ∞ ⇒ F (x) = P (X ≤ x) = =1
36
​
Step 10 10 of 11

So,

⎧0, −∞ < x < −5

1
36
, ​ −5 ≤ x < −4
2
36
, ​ −4 ≤ x < −3
4
36
, ​ −3 ≤ x < −2
6
36
, ​ −2 ≤ x < −1
9
36 , ​ −1 ≤ x < 0
12
36 , 0≤x<1
⎨ 14
​

F (x) = P (X ≤ x) = 36 ,
​
​
​
1≤x<2 ​

19
36 , 2≤x<3
​

20
36 , 3≤x<4
​

24
36
, ​ 4≤x<6
27
36
, ​ 6≤x<8
30
36
, ​ 8 ≤ x < 10
33
, 10 ≤ x < 12
⎩1,
36
​

12 ≤ x < ∞

The function F (x) is illustrated in Figure6 .

Result 11 of 11

See inside for solutions and graphs.

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