REVIEW of the BASIC INTEGRATION RULES

1. ∫ du=u+C
2. ∫ adu=au+C , where a is any constant
3. ∫ [ f ( u ) + g(u)] du=¿ ∫ f ( u ) du+∫ g ( u ) du ¿
n +1
u
4. ∫ u du=
n
n+1
+ C , n ≠−1
du
5. ∫ u
=ln|u|+C

u
6. ∫ au du= lna a +C , where a> 0and a ≠ 1

7. ∫ eu du=eu +C
8. ∫ sin u du=−cos u+ C
9. ∫ cos u du=sinu+ C
10. ∫ sec
2
u du=tan u+C

11. ∫ csc
2
u du=−cot u+C

12. ∫ sec u tan u du=sec u+C

13. ∫ csc u cot u du=−csc u+C
14. ∫ tan u du=ln|sec u|+C
15. ∫ cot u du=ln|sinu|+C
16. ∫ sec u du=ln|sec u+ tanu|+C
17. ∫ csc u du=ln|csc u−cot u|+C or −ln|cscu+ cot u|+C

Notes in CALCULUS 3
For: BSED MATH 3

Topic 1: Integration by Parts

Objective:
- Apply integration by parts in evaluating the indefinite and definite integral.
- Use tabular method in evaluating integral in the form: ∫ x sin ax dx , ∫ x cos ax dx ,
n n

and ∫ x e dx .
n ax

A. Derivation of the Formula

d
If f and g are differentiable functions, then
dx
[ f ( x ) g (x) ]= f ( x ) g' ( x )+ f ' ( x ) g(x ). By
addition property of equality and symmetric property,
d
f ( x ) g ( x )= [ f ( x ) g( x ) ] −f ( x ) g ¿
' '
dx
Integrating both sides of the preceding equations, we have
∫ f ( x ) g' ( x ) dx=∫ d [ f ( x ) g ( x) ]−∫ g (x) f ' ( x ) dx (equation 1)

¿ f ( x ) g ( x ) −∫ g (x)f ( x ) dx
'

If we let:
u=f ( x ) and v=g ( x )
' '
du=f ( x ) dx dv =g ( x ) dx
By substitution, equation 1 becomes

∫ udv =uv−∫ vdu

The preceding equation is called the formula for integration by parts.
Note:
dv is the most complicated factor of the integrand that can be integrated directly and u is
a function whose derivative is a simpler function.

Illustrative Example 1:
Evaluate ∫ x e dx
x

Solution: ∫ x e x dx=x ( e x +C1 )−∫ ( e x +C 1 ) dx

¿ x e +C 1 x −∫ e dx−∫ C1 dx
x
Let u=x dv =e dx x x

v=∫ e dx
x
du=dx x x
¿ x e +C 1 x −e +C2−C 1 x+C 3
x
v=e +C 1 x x
¿ x e −e +C
 Illustrative Example 2:
Evaluate ∫ x ln x dx

Solution: ∫ x ln x dx=¿
Let u=ln x dv =xdx x
2
1 1
1 ¿ ln x ∙ +ln x ∙ C 1− ∫ xdx−C1∫ dx
du= dx v=∫ xdx 2 2 x
x x
2
1 x
2

x
2 ¿ ln x ∙ +ln x ∙ C 1− ∙ +C 2−C1 ∙ ln x +C 3
v= + C1 2 2 2
2 2
x x
2
¿ ln x ∙ − +C 3
2 4
2 2
x x
¿ ln x − +C
2 4

Note:
When we solve ∫ dv our answer is in the form v+C 1 .Also note that the final answer of
the two illustrative examples doesn’t contain C 1 .This observation is true in general. Why?
∫ udv =u ( v +C 1 )−∫ ( v+ C1 ) du
¿ uv +u ∙C 1−∫ vdu−∫ C 1 du
¿ uv +u ∙C 1−∫ vdu−C 1 ∙ u+C 2
¿ uv−∫ vdu

Therefore, it is not necessary to include the constant of integration in the solution of v .

Illustrative Example 3 1
∫ x 3 e x dx= 2 ∫ x 2 ( e x ∙2 x ) dx
2 2

Evaluate ∫ x 3 e x dx
2

1 2 x
[
x ( e )−∫ e ∙ 2 xdx ]
2 2
x
¿
Solution: 2
1 2 x
1 ¿ [ x ( e )−e +C ]
2 2
x
Note that ∫ x e dx=
x2
∫ x 2 ( e x ∙2 x ) dx
2
3
2 2
1 2 x 1 x
¿ x ( e ) − e +C
2
Let u=x2 dv =e x ∙ 2 xdx
2 2

2
2 2
du=2 xdx v=e x +C1

There are cases where evaluation of the given integrals can only be done by repeated
application of integration by parts. Consider the next example.

Illustrative Example 4

Evaluate ∫ x sin x dx
2
Solution:

Let u=x2 ; du=2 xdx and dv =sin x dx ; v=∫ sin x dx ; v=−cos x +C 1

Using integration by parts, we have

∫ x 2 sin x dx=x 2 ¿ ¿ ¿
¿−x cos x +2∫ ¿ ¿ ¿
2

Evaluation of ∫ ¿ ¿
Let u=x ; du=dx
dv =cos x dx ; v=∫ cos x dx=sin x +C2

∫¿¿
¿ x sin x−¿ ¿
¿ x sin x +cos x +¿ C 3 ¿
Finally,
∫ x 2 sin x dx=−x 2 cos x +2∫ ¿ ¿¿ ¿ ¿
¿ −x 2 cos x+2 ( x sin x +cos x )+C
2
¿−x cos x +2 x sin x +2 cos x +C

B. Evaluation of integrals in the form ∫ x sin ax dx , ∫ x cos ax dx , and ∫ x e dx

n n n ax

This group of integrals can be evaluated using repeated application of integration by

parts. The tedious process can be simplified using the tabular method which is illustrated below.

Evaluate ∫ x 2 sin x dx using tabular method.

Solution:
2 '
u=x ; dv =v dx=sin x dx
Alternate Signs u and Its Derivatives v ' and Its Antiderivatives
+¿ x
2
sin x
−¿ 2x −cos x
+¿ 2 −sin x
−¿ 0 cos x

This procedure will only stop until the derivative of u is 0. Finally, in getting the solution
just add the signed products of the diagonal entries (Larson & Edwards, 2017).
Therefore,

∫ x 2 sin x dx=x 2 ¿
 ¿−x cos x +2 x sin x +2 cos x +C

Activity 1: Integration By Parts

Name: _____________________________ Year and Section: __________ Score: _______

General Direction: Write your answer in the space provided after every item. Show your detailed

process.
A. Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.

1.∫ x ln x dx 2. ∫ x sec x tan x dx

2

3. ∫ x cos x dx 4. ∫ x 3 dx
x

B. Solve problem analytically. Using Geogebra, do the following:

(i) graph the given function and the boundaries;
(ii) shade the desired region; and
(iii) compute the area.

1. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve y=ln x, the x -axis, and the line x=e 2 .
C. Derive the reduction formula, where n is any real number.

∫ x n e x dx=x n e x −n∫ x n−1 e x dx

Derivation:

D. Using the formula in item C, evaluate:

1. ∫ x e x dx 2. ∫ x e dx
2 x

End of Activity 1
 Topic 2: Integration of Rational Functions
Objective:
- Evaluate the integral of rational function.

When integrating rational function, we usually decompose a rational expression into

partial fractions. Consider a rational function where the degree of the numerator is less than
the degree of the denominator and the denominator can be written as a product of:

(1) linear factors with real coefficients and no factor is repeated

Illustrative Example:
x−1
Decompose 3 2 into partial fractions.
x −x −2 x
Solution:
x−1 x−1 x−1
= =
x −x −2 x x( x −x−2) x (x−2)(x+ 1)
3 2 2

x−1 A B C
= + +
x( x−2)(x +1) x x−2 x +1

Simplifying the preceding expression, we have

x−1 A ( x−2 )( x +1 ) +B ( x ) ( x+1 )+C (x )(x−2)

=
x( x−2)(x +1) x (x−2)(x +1)

x−1= A ( x −2 )( x +1 ) + B ( x ) ( x+ 1 )+ C(x )( x−2)

When x=0 , we have

1
−1= A (−2)(1) or A=
2
When x=−1 ,we have
−2
−2=C (−1)(−3) or C=
3
When x=2 ,we have
 1
1=B(2)(3) or B=
6

1 1 −2
Therefore, x−1 2 6 3 .
= + +
x( x−2)(x +1) x x−2 x +1

Consequently,
1 1 −2
x−1 2 6 3
∫ x 3−x 2−2 x dx=∫ x dx +∫ x−2 dx +∫ x+1 dx
1 1 2
¿ ln |x|+ ln| x−2|− ln |x+ 1|+C
2 6 3

| |
1 1

x−1 ( x ) 2 ( x−2 )6
∫ x 3−x 2−2 x dx=ln 2
+C
3
( x+ 1 )

(2) linear factor, at least one factor is repeated

Illustrative Example:
1
Decompose 2 into partial fractions.
( t+2 ) (t +1)
Solution:
1 A B C
= + +
2
( t+2 ) (t +1) t+ 2 ( t+ 2 ) 2
t+1

2
1= A ( t +2 ) ( t +1 ) + B ( t+1 ) +C ( t+2 )

When t=−1 ,
2
1=C ( 1 ) or C=1
When t=−2 ,
1=B(−1) or B=−1
When t=0 ,
1= A ( 2 ) + B+C (4 )
By substitution, we have
1= A ( 2 ) + (−1 )+(1)(4) or A=−1

1 −1 −1 1
Therefore, = + + .
( t+2 ) (t +1) t+ 2 ( t+ 2 ) t+1
2 2

Moreover,
 1 −1 −1 1
∫ ( t+ 2 )2 (t+1) dt=∫ t+2 dt+∫ ( t +2 )2 dt +∫ t +1 dt
1 1
¿−∫ dt−∫ ( t +2 ) dt+∫
−2
dt
t +2 t +1

¿−ln |t +2|− [ −2+1 ]

( t +2 )−1
+ln |t +1|+C
1
¿−ln |t +2|+ +ln |t +1|+C
t+2
¿
1
t+2
+ln | |
t+1
t+2
+C

(3) linear and quadratic factor, no factor is repeated

Illustrative Example:
2
9 x +22 x+24
Decompose into partial fractions.
( x−1 ) ( x 2 +2 x+ 2 )
Solution:
2
9 x +22 x+24 A Bx+C
= + 2
( x−1 ) ( x +2 x+ 2 )
2
x−1 x +2 x +2

9 x 2+ 22 x +24= A ( x 2 +2 x +2 ) +( Bx+C)(x −1)

When x=1
9+22+24= A (5) or A=11

When x=0
24=2 A−C and since A=11
24=2 ( 11)−C
C=−2
When x=−1
11=A +2 B−2 C and since A=11 and C=−2
11=11+2 B−2(−2)
B=−2
2
9 x +22 x+24 11 −2 x −2
Therefore, = + 2 .
( x−1 ) ( x +2 x+ 2 )
2
x−1 x +2 x +2

If we have
2
9 x +22 x +24 11 −2 x−2
∫ dx=∫ dx +∫ 2 dx
( x−1 ) ( x +2 x +2 )
2
x−1 x +2 x+2
1 2 x+ 2
¿ 11∫ dx−∫ 2 dx 2
u=x +2 x+ 2 ;
x −1 x +2 x +2
du=¿)dx
 ¿ 11ln |x−1|−ln |x 2 +2 x+2|+ C

|
¿ ln 2
|
( x−1 )11
x + 2 x +2
+C

(4) linear and quadratic factors, at least one is repeated

2
x −3 A B C Dx+ E Fx+G
Example: 2 2
= 2+ + + 2
+ 2
x ( x−2 ) ( x 2−3 x+5 ) x x x−2 ( x 2−3 x +5 ) x −3 x +5

Note:
The process presented in the illustrative examples is valid if the degree of the
numerator is less than the degree of the denominator.

In the next example, the degree of the numerator is equal to the degree of the
denominator. As a consequence, we can’t apply directly the process presented in the illustrative
examples. Dividing the numerator by the denominator, we have
2
9 t −26 t−5 −11t+ 1
2
=3+ 2
3 t −5t−2 3 t −5 t−2

−11t +1
Now, we can decompose 2 into partial fractions and we get
3t −5 t−2

−11t +1 A B −2 −3
= + = +
3t −5 t−2 3 t+1 t−2 3 t+1 t−2
2

Finally,
2
9 t −26 t−5 −11t+ 1 −2 −3
2
=3+ 2 =3+ +
3 t −5t−2 3 t −5 t−2 3 t+1 t−2

So,
2
∫ 93tt 2−26 t−5
−5 t−2
dt =∫ 3 dt +∫
3
−2
t+1
dt+∫
−3
t−2
dt
1 3 1
¿ ∫ 3 dt −2 ∙ ∫ dt −3∫ dt
3 3 t+1 t−2
2
¿ 3 t− ln |3 t+ 1|−3 ln |t−2|+ C
3
Activity 2: Integration of Rational Function

Name: _____________________________ Year and Section: __________ Score: _______

General Direction: Write your answer in the space provided after every item. Show your detailed

process.
A. Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.
dx
1. ∫ 2
x −9

dx
2. ∫ 3 2
x +3x

B. Evaluate the definite integral.

4
x+4
1. ∫ 2 dx
0 2 x +5 x +2

4 2
x
2. ∫ 2
dx
3 x + x −6

C. Derive the formula: ∫ 2

du
2
1
= ln
u −a 2 a | |
u−a
u+a
+C
Derivation:

End of Activity 2

Topic 3: Derivative of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Objective:
- Differentiate inverse trigonometric functions.

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

1. Inverse SINE Function

Below is the graph of y=sin x , where x is any real number. y=sin x is not a one-to-one
function by horizontal line test. But, if we restrict the domain of y=sin x to[−π π
,
2 2 ]
the sine
function becomes one-to-one and hence, it can now have its inverse function. For y=sin x to be
one-to-one, the restricted domain is [ −π π
,
2 2 ] and the range is [ −1 ,1 ] .

Graph of y=sin x

Graph of y=sin−1 (x)

INVERSE SINE FUNCTION

The inverse sine function, denoted by sin−1, is defined as follows:

−1 −1 1
y=sin ( x) if and only if x=sin ( y) and π ≤ y ≤ π.
2 2

From the definition, we can say that the domain of sin−1 is [ −1 ,1 ] and the range is [ −π π
]
, .
2 2

Note:
The terminology arc sine is sometime used in place of inverse sine. Hence, sin−1 ( x )can
be read as “arc sine x ”. This notation comes from sin t=u which inverse is t=arc sin (u), where
t is the length of the arc in the unit circle for which the sine is u. Also take note that
−1 1
π ≤ t ≤ π.
2 2
 Illustrative Examples:
Find the following:
a. sin ( )
−1 √ 2
2
=? b. sin
−1
( −12 )=? c. sin
−1
( √23 )=?
Solution: Solution: Solution:
The equation in (a) Please take note of the following:
is equivalent to the
question: What is the arc ( )
7
sin π =
6
−1
2
, sin
−5
6( )
π ¿− ,
1
2 sin−1 ( √23 )= 31 π
length t in the unit circle
for which sin t= ?
√2
2
sin( )
−π −1
6
= , sin
2
11
6( ) −1
π = . There are
2
4 possible values of the arc length t for
−1 −1 1
which sin t= π≤t≤ π ,
( √22 )= 14 π
. Since
Answer: sin
−1 2 2 2
−π
then the only qualified value for t is .
6
Therefore, sin
−1 −1
( )
2
=
−π
6
.

Theorem on Derivative of a Function and Its Inverse

Suppose the function f is continuous and monotonic on the closed interval [ a , b ] , and let
y=f (x ). If f ' (x) exists and is not zero for all x in [ a , b ], then the derivative of the inverse
function f −1 ,defined by x=f −1 ( y ), is given by
dx 1 dy 1
= =
dy dy or dx dx
dx dy

We will apply the theorem in the derivation of the formula for the derivative of the inverse of
trigonometric functions.

Derivation of the Derivative of the Inverse Sine Function

−1 1
Let y=sin−1 x which is equivalent to x=sin y and π ≤ y ≤ π . If we differentiate both
2 2
side of x=sin y with respect to y , we get
dx
dy
=cos y and y is in
−π π
,
2 2 [ ]
(equation 1)
From sin2 y +cos 2 y=1 and replacing sin y by x , we obtain
2 2 2 2
cos y =1−sin y or cos y =1−x

Since y is in [ −π π
]
, , then cos y is nonnegative and
2 2
cos y=√ 1−x 2 (equation 2)
By substitution from equation 1, equation 2 becomes
dx
=√ 1−x
2
dy
dy dx
Since is the reciprocal of , then
dx dy
dy 1 d
= or ( sin−1 x )= 1 2
dx √ 1−x 2 dx √ 1−x

Theorem on Derivative of the Inverse Sine Function

1
If u is a differentiable function of x, then D x ( sin u ) =
−1
D x u.
√1−u2

Illustrative Example 1: Illustrative Example 2:

−1 1 If f ( x )=sin−1 e x , find f ' ( x ) .
If f ( x )=sin x , find f ' ( x ) .
2
Solution:
Solution: 1 d x
'
f ( x )= (e )
∙
f ' ( x )=
1
∙ ( )
d 1
x √
1−( e )
x dx
2

√ (
dx 2
)
2
1 e
x
1− x ¿
2 √1−e 2 x
1 1
¿ ∙
1−
√
1
x2 2
4
¿ 1

√ x or
2
2 1−
4
√ 4−x 2

2. Inverse COSINE Function

At the right is the graph of y=cos x , where x

is any real number. Like sine function, cosine
function is not one-to-one. However, restricting the
domain of cosine function to [ 0 , π ], the cosine
function is now one-to-one and hence, it can now
have its inverse function. Therefore, y=cos x to be
one-to-one, the restricted domain is [ 0 , π ] and the
range is [ −1 ,1 ] .
 Graph of y=cos x

INVERSE COSINE FUNCTION

The inverse cosine function, denoted by cos−1, is
defined as follows:
−1
y=cos (x ) if and only if x=cos ( y )

and 0 ≤ y ≤ π .

Graph of y=cos−1 (x )

From the definition, we can say that the domain of cos−1 is [ −1 ,1 ] and the range is
[0,π ].

Illustrative Examples:
Find the following:
a. cos ( )
−1 √ 2
2
=? b. arc cos ( −12 )=? 3. cos
−1
(cos 23π )=?
Solution: Solution: Solution:
π √2 The only arc length From the definition of arc cos
Since cos = , then t on [ 0 , , π ] for which and property of a one-to-one
4 2
−1 5π function and its inverse, the
cos
−1 √
( )
2
2 π
= . It is noted
4
cos t=
Therefore,
2
is
6
.
following is TRUE:
 cos ( cos−1 ( x ) )=x
7 π √2
that cos
4
=
2
. But
arc cos ( )−1 5 π
2
=
6
.
 cos ¿−1
for all x in [ −1 ,1 ]

cos ( )
−1 √ 2
2
≠
7π
4
since
7π
4 for all x in [ 0 , π ]
does not belong on [ 0 , π ].
Therefore,
−1
Therefore, cos cos ( 2π
3) = .
2π
3

( )
cos−1 √ = .
2
2 π
4

Important Theorem for the Derivation of the Derivative of the Inverse Cosine Function

−1 π −1
Theorem:cos x = −sin x where x ε [−1 , 1 ]
2
Proof:
π
(
−1
(1) We want to show that cos −sin x =x .
2 )
 Let x ε [−1 , 1 ] and let t=cos ( π2 −sin x ). Using the cosine of the difference of two
−1

angles identity, we have

t=cos ( π2 −sin x )−1

π π
cos ( sin x ) + sin sin ( sin x )
−1 −1
¿ cos
2 2
¿ sin ( sin x )
−1

¿x
By substitution
x=cos ( π2 −sin x)−1

π −1
(2) We want to show that 0 ≤ −sin x ≤ π .
2
From the definition of sin−1 x ,
−1
π π
− ≤ sin x ≤
2 2
Multiplying −1 to the preceding continued inequality, we have
−1
π π
≥−sin x ≥−
2 2
−1
π π
− ≤−sin x ≤
2 2
π
Adding to the preceding continued inequality, we get
2
π −1
0≤ −sin x ≤ π
2
−1 π −1
Therefore, cos x = −sin x where x ε [−1 , 1 ] .
2

Derivation of the Derivative of the Inverse Sine Function

d
dx ( ) d
( cos−1 x ) = d π −sin−1 x ; recall that dx ( sin x )=
dx 2
−1 1
√ 1−x 2
Therefore,
d
( cos−1 x ) = −1 2
dx √1−x
Theorem on Derivative of the Inverse Cosine Function
−1
If u is a differentiable function of x, then D x ( cos u )=
−1
D x u.
√ 1−u2
 Illustrative Example 1: Illustrative Example 2:
If f ( x )=cos−1 2 x, find f ' ( x ) . If f ( x )=cos−1 e 2 x , find f ' ( x ) .

Solution: Solution:
−1 d −1 d 2x
'
f ( x )= ∙ ( 2 x)
'
f ( x )= (e )
∙
√1−( 2 x ) 2 dx
√
1−( e ) dx
2x 2

1 2x
e (2)
¿− ∙2 ¿−
√1−4 x 2 √1−e2 x 4 x
2
¿− 2e
√1−4 x 2 ¿−
√1−e 4 x

3. Inverse Tangent Function

−π π
Considering the graph of y=tan x on the interval < x < , the tangent function is
2 2
clear to be one-to-one function. Hence, tangent function has an inverse function and it is denote
by y=tan−1 x .

Graph of y=tan−1 x
Domain = range of y=tan x
Graph of y=tan x = set of real numbers
Restricted domain:
−π π
,
2 2 ( ) Range = domain of y=tan x

Range:
INVERSE all set of real
TANGENT numbers
FUNCTION =
−π π
2 2
, ( )
The inverse tangent function, denoted by tan−1, is defined as follows:
−π π
−1
y=tan ( x ) if and only if x=tan y and < y<
2 2

Illustrative Examples:
Find the value of t in the following:
a. tan−1 ¿) = t
Solution:
−1
b. tan
√( )
−1 −1

3
=t
c. tan−1 (−1 ) = t

tan ¿) = t is equivalent to Solution: Solution:

 −π π −π π −1 −π
tant= √3 where <t < ; Since <t < , then tan (−1 )=
2 2 2 2 4
π −π π π the value of t that makes
tan =√ 3 and < < ;
3 2 3 2 −1 −π
tant = is . Hence,
π
thus, tan−1 ¿) = . √3 6
3
tan
( )
−1 −1

√3
=
−π
6
.

Derivation of the Derivative of the Inverse Tangent Function

−π π
−1
y=tan x is equivalent to x=tan y and < y < . Differentiating both sides of
2 2
x=tan y with respect to y , we get
dx 2 −π π
=sec y and < y<
dy 2 2

From the identity sec 2 y =1+ tan 2 y and substituting tan yby x, we have

dx 2
=1+tan y
dy
dx 2
=1+ x
dy
dy 1
=
And since dx dx , then
dy
d
( tan−1 x ) = 1 2
dx 1+ x

Theorem on Derivative of the Inverse Tangent Function

1
If u is a differentiable function of x, then D x ( tan u )=
−1
2
D x u.
1+u

Illustrative Example 1: Illustrative Example 2:

If f ( x )=tan−1 ¿, find f ' ( x ) . If f ( x )=tan−1( x +1), find f ' ( x ) .

Solution: Solution:
' 1 d ' 1 d
f ( x )= ∙ (−2 x ) f ( x )= ∙ ( x +1 )
1+ (−2 x ) dx 1+ ( x+1 ) dx
2 2

2 1
¿− 2
¿ 2
1+ 4 x x +2 x+ 2

4. Inverse Secant Function

 Below is the graph of y=sec x and y=sec −1 x .

Graph of y=sec x Graph of y=sec −1 x

Domain: ¿ Domain: (−∞ ,−1 ] ∪ ¿

Range: (−∞ ,−1 ] ∪ ¿ Range: ¿

INVERSE SECANT FUNCTION

The inverse secant function, denoted by sec−1, is defined as follows:
−1
y=sec (x ) if and only if x=sec y and

π π
0≤ y< if x ≥ 1 and < y ≤ π if x ≤−1
2 2

Illustrative Examples:

π 3π
a. sec−1 ¿ ) = b. sec−1 ( −√ 2 ) =
4 4
arccos
( √12 )=¿ arccos
( −1
√2 )

Derivation of the Derivative of the Inverse Secant Function

−1
y=sec x is equivalent to x=sec y and y is in ¿ Differentiating both sides of
x=sec y with respect to y , we get
dx
=sec y tan y (equation 3)
dy
and y is in ¿
From the identity tan 2 y =sec 2 y−1 with sec y =x , we have tan2 y =x2 −1 and
tan y=± √ x 2−1. Substituting the preceding equations to equation 3, we have
 dx dx
=± x √ x −1 or =|x|√ x −1
2 2
dy dy
dy 1
=
And since dx dx , then
dy
d 1
( sec−1 x ) = where |x|>1
dx | x|√ x 2−1

Note:
From the graph of y=sec −1 ( x ), it is clear that the slope of the tangent line is positive at
any values of x in the domain of the said function.

Theorem on Derivative of the Inverse Secant Function

1
If u is a differentiable function of x, then D x ( sec u )=
−1
Dxu
|u|√ u2−1

Illustrative Example 1: Illustrative Example 2:

If f ( x )=sec −1 ¿, find f ' ( x ) . If f ( x )=sec −1 ( √ x ), find f ' ( x ) .

Solution: Solution:
1 d 1 d
'
f ( x )= ∙ (2 x ) '
f ( x )= ∙ (√ x)
|2 x|√ ( 2 x ) −1 dx
2
√
|√ x| ( √ x ) −1 dx
2

2 1 1
−1
¿ ¿ ∙ (x)
2
|2 x|√ 4 x 2−1 √ √
x x −1 2
1 1
¿ ∙
√ x √ x −1 2 √ x
1
¿
2|x|√ x−1

5. Inverse Cotangent Function

Below is the graph of y=cot x and y=cot−1 x .

Graph of y=cot x
Domain: (0 , π )
Range: (−∞ ,+∞ )
 Graph of y=c ot −1 x
Domain:(−∞ ,+∞ )
Range: (0 , π )

INVERSE COTANGENT FUNCTION

The inverse cotangent function, denoted by cot−1, is defined as follows:
−1 π −1
co t ( x )= −ta n (x )
2

where x is any real number.

From the definition,

−1 π −1
tan ( x ) = −cot ( x) (equation 4)
2
Since
−1
π π
− < tan ( x )<
2 2
by substitution in equation 4, we have
−π π −1 π
< −cot (x )¿
2 2 2
π
Subtracting from each member of the continued inequality, we have
2
−1
−π ←cot (x )¿ 0
Multiplying −1 to each member of the preceding continued inequality
−1 −1
π >cot ( x) ¿ 0 or 0< cot ( x )¿ π

Therefore, the range of cot−1 (x) is really ( 0 , π ) .

Illustrative Examples:
 π −1 π −1
a. cot−1 ¿) = −tan (1) b. cot−1 ¿ ) = −tan (−1)
2 2
π π
¿ −
2 4
¿ −
2 ( )
π −π
4
π 3π
¿ ¿
4 4

Derivation of the Derivative of the Inverse Cotangent Function

d
dx (
( cot−1 x )= d π −tan−1 (x )
dx 2 )
1
¿− 2
1+ x

Theorem on Derivative of the Inverse Cotangent Function

−1
If u is a differentiable function of x, then D x ( cot u )=
−1
2
∙ Dxu
1+ u

Illustrative Example 1: Illustrative Example 2:

If f ( x )=cot−1 ¿, find f ' ( x ) .
If f ( x )=cot
−1 2
x ()
, find f ' ( x ) .
Solution:
' −1 d Solution:
f ( x )= ∙ (−x )
1+ (−x ) dx
()
2
−1 d 2
f ' ( x )= ∙
−1
()
2 dx x
2
¿− 2 1+
1+ x x
1 1 d
¿ 2 ¿− ∙ (2 x )
−1
1+ x 4 dx
1+ 2
x
1 −2
¿− 2 ∙ 2
x +4 x
2
x
2
¿ 2
x +4

5. Inverse Cosecant Function

Below is the graph of y=csc x and y=csc−1 x .

Graph of y=csc x

Domain: [ −π
2
,0 ¿ ∪ ¿
 Graph of y=csc−1 x
Domain: (−∞ ,−1 ] ∪ ¿

Range: [ −π
2
,0 ¿ ∪ ¿

INVERSE COSECANT FUNCTION

The inverse cosecant function, denoted by csc −1, is defined as follows:
−1 π −1
csc ( x )= −sec ( x)
2

where x is in (−∞ ,−1 ] ∪ [ 1,+ ∞ ) or |x|≥ 1.

Basing from the definition

−1 π π −1
0 ≤ sec x < and < sec x ≤ π
2 2
−π −1 −1 π
<−sec x ≤ 0 −π ≤−sec x ←
2 2
 −1 −1
π π −π π
0< −sec x ≤ ≤ −sec x <0
2 2 2 2

Illustrative Examples:

π −1 π −1
a. csc −1 ¿) = −sec (2) b. csc −1 ¿) = −sec (−2)
2 2
π π
¿ −
2 3
π
¿ −
2 3( )
2π

π −π
¿ ¿
6 6

Derivation of the Derivative of the Inverse Cosecant Function

d
dx (
( csc −1 x )= d π −sec −1 (x )
dx 2 )
1
¿− where |x|>1
|x|√ x 2−1

Theorem on Derivative of the Inverse Cotangent Function

−1
If u is a differentiable function of x, then D x ( csc u ) =
−1
∙ Dx u
|u|√ u2−1

Illustrative Example 1: Illustrative Example 2:

If f ( x )=csc−1 ¿, find f ' ( x ) . If f ( x )=csc−1 ( e 3 x ), find f ' ( x ) .

Solution: Solution:
' −1 d −1 d 3x
f ( x )= ∙ (2 x ) '
f ( x )= (e ) ∙
|2 x|√(2 x ) −1
2 dx |e |√(e ) −1 dx
3x 3x 2

2 3e
3x
¿− ¿− 3 x 6 x
|2 x|√ 4 x 2−1 e √ e −1
3
¿− 6 x
√e −1

Activity 3: Derivative of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Name: _____________________________ Year and Section: __________ Score: _______

General Direction: Write your answer in the space provided after every item. Show your detailed

process.
A. Find the following without using a calculator.

1. Find the exact value of sec [ tan−1 (−3) ]

Solution: From the figure,

the distance of P from the
Let θ=tan−1 (−3). Since the range of
inverse tangent function is
−π π
2 2
,( )
and θ is origin is
√ 12+ (−3 )2=√ 10
−π
negative, then <θ< 0. Therefore, Therefore,
2
sec θ=√ 10 and
tanθ=−3
sec [ tan (−3) ] =√10 .
−1

π
2. Given y=arc sin x , where 0< y< , find cos y .
2

3. Find the exact value of cos sin

−1
[ ( −12 )] .

B. Find the derivative of the function.

1. f ( x )=tan−1 ( e x ) 2. g ( x )=sec −1 ( 5 x ) +csc −1 (5 x )
2

3. f ( x )=x si n−1 x + x co s−1 x

4. Solve the following problems below.
1. Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of the equation y=sec −1 ( 2 x +1 ) at the

( )
1 π
point , .
2 3

2. A sign 3 feet high is placed on the wall with its base 2 feet above the eye level of a woman
attempting to read it. (a) How far from the wall the woman should stand to get the best view of
the sign; that is, the angle subtended at her eye by the sign is a maximum?

End of Activity 3
Real Life Application of Derivative of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
The concept of the “best view” of a picture is one of the many real life applications of the
derivative of the inverse trigonometric functions.
When an observer is looking at a picture placed on a wall at a far away distance, the
angle subtended at the observer’s eye by the picture is small. As the observer gets closer to the
wall, the angle increases until it reaches a maximum value. Then as the observer gets even closer
to the wall, the angle gets smaller. When the angle is a maximum, then the observer has the “best
view” of the picture (Leithold, 1996).

Example:
A picture 7 ft high is placed on a wall
with it base 9 ft above the level of the eye of an 7 ft

9 ft
θ β
α
observer. How far the observer should stand to
have the “best view” of the picture?
Solution:
Let x feet be the distance of the observer
from the wall, θ be the radian measure of the
angle subtended at the observer’s eye by the
portion of the wall above eye level and below
the picture, and β=θ+ α . From the figure,
x x x
cot β= = and cot α =
9+7 16 9

( )
π
Since α and β are in 0 , , then
2
−1 x −1 x
β ¿ cot and α ¿ cot
16 9
And it follows that
−1 x −1 x
θ=cot −cot
16 9
To find the maximum value of θ on 0 , ( )
π
2
we Definition of an Absolute Maximum Value on an
Interval
proceed as follows: The function f has an absolute maximum value
on an interval if there is some number c such that
−1 x −1 x
θ=cot −cot f (c )≥ f (x) for all x in the interval. The number f (c )
16 9 is then the absolute maximum value of f on the interval.

( ( ))
1 1
− − Definition of a Critical Number
dθ 16 9 If c is a number in the domain of the function f,
= −
( )
2 2
dx x x and if either f ' ( c )=0 or f ' ( c ) does not exist, then c is a
1+ 1+
16 9 critical number of f.

dθ − 16 9
= +
dx 162 + x 2 92 + x 2

To solve for the critical number, we have

dθ xε( 0 ,+ ∞) dθ
=0 Conclusion
dx dx
0< x <12 + θ is increasing
−16 ( 92 + x 2 )+ 9 ( 162 + x 2 )
2 2 2
=0 x=12 0 θ has relative maximum value
(16+ x )(9 + x ) x >12 −¿ θ is increasing
2
−7 x + ( 9 ) ( 16 ) ( 16−9 )=0
x=± 12
Since xε(0 ,+ ∞), then we consider x=12. The table at the right shows the first derivative test and
θ has an absolute maximum value when x=12.
Therefore, to have a “best view” of the picture, the observer should be 12 feet from the
wall.
Therefore, the maximum value of θ on 0 ,
π
2( )will be
−1 12 −1 12
θ=cot −cot
16 9
 π
¿ −tan−1
2 ( )
12
16
π
[
− −tan−1
2
12
9 ( )] −1 π
2
−1
; co t ( x )= −ta n (x )
π π - Use your calculator in
≈ − ( 0.6435 )− +(0.9273)
2 2 evaluating the expression
- Set the angle measure to
≈ 0.2838 radian mode

Therefore, the maximum measure of θ is 0.2828 radian or 16.260 and it happens when the
observer is at 12 feet away from the wall.

Therefore, the maximum value of θ on 0 , ( π2 ) will be

12
−1 −1 12
θ=cot −cot
16 9
π
¿ −tan−1
2 ( )
12
16 [
π
− −tan−1
2
12
9 ( )] −1 π
2
−1
; co t ( x )= −ta n (x )
π π - Use your calculator in
≈ − ( 0.6435 )− +(0.9273)
2 2 evaluating the expression
- Set the angle measure to
≈ 0.2838 radian mode

Therefore, the maximum measure of θ is 0.2838 radian or 16.260 and it happens when the
observer is at 12 feet away from the wall.

−1x −1 x
Below is the graph of θ=cot −cot . In graphing let θ= y . Since,
16 9
−1 π −1
co t ( x )= −ta n (x )
2
Geogebra will automatically transformed
cot
−1 x
16
−cot
−1 x
9
π
to −tan
2
−1 x
( )
16
π
[
− −tan−1
2 ( )]
x
9

as shown below. The x - coordinate of A will give us the distance of the observer from the wall to
have the “best view” of the picture and y – coordinate is the maximum angle.