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Homogenous Non-Homogenous
𝑓 𝑥 =0 𝑓 𝑥 ≠0
1. Undetermined coefficient method
2. Variation parameters method
By using this method, the solution is given by
Solution = complimentary solution +particular solution
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
Complimentary solution ( 𝑦𝑐 ) = obtain similar to homogenous
equation.
Particular solution (𝑦𝑝 ) = obtain by looking at 𝑓(𝑥) and solve by using
table. There are only 5 classes of functions.
1. Polynomial
2. Exponential
3. Sine or cosine
4. Linear combination (type 1 +/- type 2 +/- type 3)
5. Multiplication (type 1 × type 2 × type 3)
𝑥 𝑟 [𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 2 + ⋯ ]
Type Classes 𝒚𝒑
1 Polynomial 𝑥 𝑟 𝐵0 + 𝐵1 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝐵𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
2 Exponential 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑥 𝑟 𝑘𝑒 𝑎𝑥
3 Sine or cosine 𝑥 𝑟 𝑝𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥 + 𝑞𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥
2. Solution for 𝒚𝒑
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 𝑟 𝑘𝑒 4𝑥
If 𝑟 = 0; 𝑦𝑐 = 𝐴𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑘𝑒 4𝑥 Eq 2
1
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 4𝑥
9
Find the general solution for
𝑦" = 6𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
Solution for 𝑦𝑐
𝑦𝑐 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥
Solution for 𝑦𝑝 (refer table)
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 𝑟 (𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)
Choose 𝑟 = 0
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
Is 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑦𝑐 ??
Yes. Thus choose 𝑟 = 1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥
Is 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑦𝑐 ??
Yes. Thus choose 𝑟 = 2
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑎𝑥 4 + 𝑏𝑥 3 + 𝑐𝑥 2
Is 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑦𝑐 ?? NO!. Then, solve