Smith and Van Ness: Chapter 1

CHE123
 “ The first and second law of
thermodynamics have no mathematical proof
their validity lies in the absence of contrary
evidence”
-Smith and Van Ness
 International system of units (SI)
• Time s
• Length m
• Mass kg
• Temperature K
 Meter, m
• Distance light travel in a vacuum in 1/299,792,458 seconds.
 Kilogram, kg
• The mass of iridium-platinum cylinder kept in Sevres, France.
Force: 1lbf = 1lbm
Example 1.1 Van Ness
temperature
 Problem 1.4 van Ness

At what absolute temperature do the

Celsius and Fahrenheit temperature
scales give the same numerical value?
What is the value?
Problem 1.4 van Ness solution
 Pressure
• P = F/A
• SI N/m2 or Pa
• English psi
Example 1.2 Van Ness
 Problem 1.5 van Ness

Pressures up to 3000 bar are

measured with a dead-weight gauge.
The piston diameter is 4 mm. What is
the approximate mass in kg of the
weight required?
 Problem 1.10 van Ness

The first accurate measurements of high-

pressure gases were made by E.H. Amagat in
France between 1869 and 1893. He used
mercury manometer to measure pressure more
than 400 bar. Estimate the height of manometer
required.
 Problem 1.7 van Ness

The reading on a mercury manometer at 25°C

(open to the atmosphere at one end) is
56.38 cm. The local acceleration of gravity is
9.832 m/s2. Atmospheric pressure is 101.78 kPa.
What is the absolute pressure in kPa being
measured? The density of mercury at 25°C is
13.534 g/cm3.
work
Kinetic energy, KE
KE, English Unit
Potential Energy, PE

PE = mgh
 Problem 1.17 van Ness

1.17. Verify that the SI unit of kinetic and

potential energy is the Joule.
 heat
• BTU – amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 lb of water 1°F
• calorie – amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water
1°C.
• 1 calorie = 4.1858 or 4.184 or 4.18 J
• 1btu = 1055 J
• 1 lbf.ft = 1.35 J
 Problem 1.18 van Ness
An automobile having a mass of 1250 kg is
traveling at 40 m/s. What is the kinetic energy in
kJ? How much must be done to bring it to stop?
In Defense of Coal
(Problem 1.22 van Ness)
Energy costs vary greatly with energy source:
coal @ $25.00/ton, gasoline @ a pump price of
$2.00/gal and electricity @ $0.1000/kWh.
Conventional practice is to put these on a
common basis by expressing them in $/GJ. For
this purpose assume gross heating values of 29
MJ/kg for coal and 37 GJ/m3 for gasoline.
A. Rank order the three energy sources with
respect to energy cost in $/GJ.
B. Discuss the advantage and disadvantage of
In defense of coal…
A windmill converts the kinetic energy of the moving
air into electrical energy at an efficiency of about
30%, depending on the windmill design and speed of
the wind. Estimate the power in kW for a wind
flowing perpendicular to a windmill with blades 15 m
in diameter when the wind is blowing at 20 mi/hr at
27°C and 1 atm. ( hint: you need to calculate the
mass of air passing thru the windmill per hour by
finding the volume of air passing thru the wind mill
and also the velocity of air)
Understanding the windmill
 The Potential of Solar Panels
Solar energy has been suggested as a source of
renewable energy. If in our backyard direct
radiation from the sun (say 320 days) is 975
W/m2 between 10 AM and 3 PM, and the
conversion efficiency to electricity is 21.0%.
How many m2 are needed to collect the amount
of energy equivalent to an electrical
consumption of 200 kWh per month? If a m2 of
solar panel costs 5000 pesos do you think it’s
practical to install solar panels in our homes?
Why or why not?
 Problem 1.14 van Ness
A 70-watt outdoor security light burns, on
average, 10 hours a day. A new bulb costs
$5.00, and the lifetime is about 1,000 hours. If
electricity costs $0.10 per kWh, what is the
yearly price of “security” per light.
Problem Set