Additional Mathematics

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 Section 1- Quadratics 2
Part 1

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 Objectives 3

At the end of class students should be able to:

• Determine the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation;

• Solve equations in 𝑥 reducible to a quadratic equation;

• Solve two simultaneous equations in 2 unknowns in which one

equation is linear and the other equation is non-linear

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 Nature of Roots of Quadratics 4

• To determine the nature of roots of quadratic recall the quadratic

−𝑏± 𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
formula x = .
2𝑎

• 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 is known as the discriminant.

When
➢ 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0 the roots are real and distinct

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 5

➢ 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0, the roots are real and equal

➢ 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0, the roots are not real (complex roots)

• Roots of a quadratic equation are the value(s) of the variable after

the quadratic has been solved.

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 6

Determine the nature of the roots of the

6± −6 2 − 4(1)(8)
quadratic equation 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8 = 0. 𝑥=
2(1)
• Solution:
6 ± 36 − 32
𝑥=
Method 1- Quadratic Formula 2
𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −6 & 𝑐 = 8 6± 4
𝑥=
2
−𝑏 ± 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎

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 7

6±2 Method 2- PSF

𝑥=
2
𝑷𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 = 𝑎 × 𝑐
6+2 6−2
𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 𝑺𝑢𝑚 = 𝑏
2 2
8 4 𝑭𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠: 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝑥 = 𝑜𝑟
2 2
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡.
∴ 𝑥 = 4 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2

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 8

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 = 1 × 8 = 8 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + −4𝑥 + 8 = 0

𝑆𝑢𝑚 = −6 𝑥 𝑥−2 −4 𝑥−2 =0

𝑥−2 𝑥−4 =0
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠: −4, −2
𝑥 − 2 = 0, 𝑥−4=0
Rewrite the quadratic equation ∴ 𝑥 = 2, 𝑥=4
replacing the b term with the factors.
Notice that the values are real and
𝑥2 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 8 = 0
they are different?

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 9

By using the formula 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐, we can Since 4 > 0, it means that the roots of
determine how the roots behave the quadratic are real and distinct.
without/before solving.
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8 = 0
−6 2 − 4(1)(8)
36 − 32
4

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 10

• Determine the nature of the roots of Since 17 > 0, the roots of the equation
the equation 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 2. are therefore real and distinct.

• Solution:
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = −5 2 − 4(1)(2)

= 25 − 8

= 17

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 11

• Determine the nature of the roots of Since 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0 then the roots of
the equation 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1. the equation are real and equal.

• Solution:
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = −2 2 − 4(1)(1)

=4−4

=0

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 12

• Determine the nature of the roots of Since 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0 then the roots of
the equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 5. the equation are not real or complex.

• Solution: NB. You would write no solution for

𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 1 2 − 4(1)(5) this.

= 1 − 20

= −19

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 Reducing Equations to Quadratic Equations 13

Solve for 𝑥 the equation 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 = 1 × 36 = 36

𝑥 4 − 13𝑥 2 + 36 = 0
Solution:
𝑥2 2 − 13 𝑥 2 + 36 = 0
Let 𝑎 = 𝑥 2
𝑎2 − 13𝑎 + 36 = 0
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𝑠𝑢𝑚 = −13
𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠: −9, −4
𝑎2 − 4𝑎 − 9𝑎 + 36 = 0
𝑎2 − 4𝑎 + −9𝑎 + 36 = 0
𝑎 𝑎−4 −9 𝑎−4 =0
𝑎−4 𝑎−9 =0
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𝑎 − 4 = 0, 𝑎−9=0 Solve for 𝑥 the equation

𝑎 = 4, 𝑎=9 3𝑥 + 8 𝑥 − 3 = 0

Rem 𝑎 = 𝑥 2 Solution:
𝑥 2 = 4, 𝑥2 = 9 3 𝑥 2
+8 𝑥−3=0
𝑥 = 4, 𝑥= 9 Let 𝑘 = 𝑥
∴ 𝑥 = ±2, 𝑥 = ±3 3𝑘 2 + 8𝑘 − 3 = 0

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 15

𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 = 3 × −3 = −9 𝑘 + 3 = 0, 3𝑘 − 1 = 0

𝑠𝑢𝑚 = 8 1
𝑘 = −3, 𝑘=
3
𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠: 9, −1
Rem 𝑘 = 𝑥
3𝑘 2 − 𝑘 + 9𝑘 − 3 = 0
3𝑘 2 − 𝑘 + 9𝑘 − 3 = 0 1
𝑥 = −3, 𝑥=
3
𝑘 3𝑘 − 1 + 3 3𝑘 − 1 = 0
𝑘 + 3 3𝑘 − 1 = 0
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 16

2
2
1
𝑥 = −3 2 , 𝑥 2 =
3

1
∴ 𝑥 = 9, 𝑥=
9

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 Solving Simultaneous Equations 17

• There exist three methods of solving simultaneous equations.

These are:
✓ Elimination

✓ Substitution

✓ Matrix

• Substitution method will be the focus here.

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 18

Solve for 𝑥 and 𝑦 the simultaneous 𝑦 = 11 − 4𝑥

equations: 4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 11 Step 2: substitute this new equation
3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 21 into the non-linear equation
3𝑥 2 + 11 − 4𝑥 2 = 21
Solution:

Step 1: transpose the linear equation Step 3: Solve the quadratic equation

for one variable 3𝑥 2 + 121 − 88𝑥 + 16𝑥 2 = 21

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 19

3𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 2 − 88𝑥 + 121 = 21

88 ± 7744 − 7600
3𝑥 2 + 16𝑥 2 − 88𝑥 + 121 − 21 = 0 𝑥=
38
19𝑥 2 − 88𝑥 + 100 = 0
88 ± 144
𝑥=
Where a = 19, b = -88 and c = 100 38

Using the quadratic formula : 88 ± 12

𝑥=
38
88 ± −88 2 − 4(19)(100) 88 + 12 88 − 12
𝑥= 𝑥= 𝑜𝑟
2(19) 38 38
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 20

50
100 76 When 𝑥 =
𝑥= 𝑜𝑟 19
38 38
50
50 𝑦 = 11 − 4
∴𝑥= , 𝑥=2 19
19

Step 4: find the other variable 200

𝑦 = 11 −
19
When x = 2
9
𝑦 = 11 − 4 2 = 3 𝑦=
19
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 21

Hence the solutions are: Solve for 𝑥 and 𝑦 the simultaneous

𝑥 = 2 and 𝑦 = 3 equations: 𝑦 + 4𝑥 = 1

50 9
2𝑥 2 − 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 5
𝑥= and 𝑦 =
19 19
Solution:

𝑦 = 1 − 4𝑥

2𝑥 2 − 1 − 4𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 5

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 22

2𝑥 2 − 1 + 4𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 5 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 6 = 0

2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 1 − 5 = 0 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + −3𝑥 − 6 = 0

2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6 = 0 2𝑥 𝑥 + 2 − 3 𝑥 + 2 = 0

𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 = −6 × 2 = −12 2𝑥 − 3 𝑥 + 2 = 0

𝑠𝑢𝑚 = 1 2𝑥 − 3 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 2 = 0

𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠: 4, −3

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 23

3
∴ 𝑥 = , 𝑥 = −2 When 𝑥 = −2
2
𝑦 = 1 − 4(−2)
3
When 𝑥 =
2
=1+8=9
3
𝑦 =1−4 Hence the solutions are:
2

= 1 − 2(3) 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑦 = 9

=1−6=5 𝑥=
3
and 𝑦 = 5
2

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 Class Activity 24

2 1
1. Solve the equation 𝑧 − 𝑧 − 6 = 0.
3 3

2. Solve the equation for 𝑥, 𝑥 4 − 25𝑥 2 + 144 = 0.

3. Solve the simultaneous equations 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 5

𝑥𝑦 = 36

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 25

4. Solve the simultaneous equations 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 5

2𝑦 = 𝑥 − 3

5. Determine the nature of the roots of the following:

a. 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1

b. 6 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2
c. 3𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 + 4
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 Solution to Class Activity 26

Question 1 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠: −3 & 2

1 2 1 𝑎2 + 2𝑎 − 3𝑎 − 6 = 0
𝑧3 − 𝑧3 −6=0
𝑎2 + 2𝑎 + −3𝑎 − 6 = 0
1
let 𝑎 = 𝑧 3
𝑎 𝑎+2 −3 𝑎+2 =0
𝑎2 − 𝑎 − 6 = 0 𝑎+2 𝑎−3 =0

𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 = 1 × −6 = −6 𝑎 + 2 = 0, 𝑎−3=0

𝑠𝑢𝑚 = −1 𝑎 = −2, 𝑎=3

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 27

1
Question 2
Rem: 𝑎 = 𝑧 3

1 1
𝑥−𝑦 =5
𝑧3 = −2, 𝑧3 =3
𝑥𝑦 = 36
1 3 1 3
𝑧3 = −2 3 , 𝑧3 = 3 3 𝑥 =𝑦+5

𝑧 = −8, 𝑧 = 27 𝑦 + 5 𝑦 = 36

𝑦 2 + 5𝑦 − 36 = 0

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 28

𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 = 1 × −36 = −36 𝑦−4 𝑦+9 =0

𝑠𝑢𝑚 = 5 𝑦 − 4 = 0, 𝑦+9=0

𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠: 9, −4 𝑦 = 4, 𝑦 = −9

𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 9𝑦 − 36 = 0 When 𝑦 = 4

𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 9𝑦 − 36 = 0 𝑥 =4+5=9

𝑦 𝑦−4 +9 𝑦−4 =0

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 29

When 𝑦 = −9 Question 3

𝑥 = −9 + 5 = −4 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 5
2𝑦 = 𝑥 − 3
Hence the solutions are:
𝑥 = 2𝑦 + 3
𝑥 = −4 and 𝑦 = −9
2
2𝑦 + 3 + 𝑦2 = 5
𝑥 = 9 and 𝑦 = 4
4𝑦 2 + 12𝑦 + 9 + 𝑦 2 = 5

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 30

5𝑦 2 + 12𝑦 + 9 − 5 = 0 5𝑦 2 + 10𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 4 = 0

5𝑦 2 + 12𝑦 + 4 = 0 5𝑦 𝑦 + 2 + 2 𝑦 + 2 = 0

𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 = 5 × 4 = 20 5𝑦 + 2 𝑦 + 2 = 0

𝑠𝑢𝑚 = 12 5𝑦 + 2 = 0, 𝑦+2=0

𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠: 10, 2 𝑦=− ,

2
𝑦 = −2
5
5𝑦 2 + 10𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 4 = 0

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 31

When 𝑦 = −
2 When 𝑦 = −2
5
𝑥 = 2 −2 + 3
2
𝑥=2 − +3
5
= −1
4 15
=− + Hence the solutions are:
5 5

11 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑦 = −2
=
5
11 2
𝑥= and 𝑦 = −
5 5

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 References 32

• Additional Mathematics Syllabus

• Developing Mathematical Minds for CSEC Additional Mathematics

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