物質的定量

Standards for measurement

王朝正
主要參考：Hein and Arena, “Standards for measurement”, Version 2.0, 12th Edition, Chap. 2.,
Eugene Passer Chemistry Department Bronx Community College© John Wiley and Sons, Inc
• 了解物質量的描述方法(正確呈現數據)、
轉換及經過反應變化之質能轉換
單位：基本量度單位、單位轉換；
數量：莫耳(mole)、打、ppm、ppb…；
溶液的濃度換算、配製方法、物質反應後的
數量轉換

2
Outline
1. Scientific Notation
4. Measurement
2. Significant Figures 4.1 Mass
2.1 Measurement and Uncertainty 4.2 Volume
2.2 Significant Figures 4.3 Density
2.3 Rounding off Numbers 4.4 Temperature
2.4 Significant Figures in Calculations
5. Exercise
3. The Metric System
3.1 Standard Units of Measurement
3.2 Units Conversion

3
1. Scientific Notation 科學記號

•這張鈔票面額多少?

算算看有多少個0

辛巴威10兆元  台幣0.0086元 4
 1. Scientific Notation

• Very large and very small numbers

are often encountered in science.
602200000000000000000000
0.00000000000000000000625
6.022 x 1023
6.25 x 10-21
Scientific notation
有效率、呈現精度
5
 1. Scientific Notation

Write 6419 in scientific notation.

6.419 x 103
小數點在第1個非零數字之後

Write 0.000654 in scientific notation.

power of 10
6.54 x 10-4
decimal after first nonzero digit

6
2. Significant Figures 有效位數
2.1 Measurement and Uncertainty
Measurements
科技的推進，需要：
實驗驗證
量測準度、精度
正確的數據呈現

7
 2. Significant Figures 2.1 Measurement and Uncertainty

• Form of a Measurement 量測數據

數據 = 數值 x 單位
numerical value

70.0 kilograms = 154 pounds

unit

8
 2. Significant Figures 2.1 Measurement and Uncertainty

• Measurement 量測
精度 決定於設備 檢測能力、穩定性

9
 2. Significant Figures 2.1 Measurement and Uncertainty

•Measurement : Reading a Thermometer

Temperature is Temperature is
Temperature is estimated to be
o estimated to be 22.0oC.
estimated to be 21.2 C. 22.11oC. The last
The last 2 is uncertain. The last 0 is uncertain.1 is uncertain.
The temperature
The temperature The temperature
22.0oC is expressed to oC is expressed to
o
21.2 C is expressed to 3 significant figures. 22.11
3 significant figures. 4 significant figures.

10
 2. Significant Figures
2.2 Significant Figures 有效數字
• Known plus one estimated digit
確定值(known) + 1個估計(estimated)數字

5.16143 estimated 6個有效數字

known

6.06320 6 個有效數字
uncertain
certain

11
 2.2 Significant Figures

• Exact Numbers
Exact numbers have an infinite number of
significant figures. 所有數字均為有效

Simple counting operations 於計算時

4 cats
Defined numbers are exact 於單位轉換時
100 centimeters = 1 meter
112
斤inches = 1 foot
= 16 兩 1 打=12個
12
 2. Significant Figures

• Significant Figures
Rule 1：所有Nonzero digits(非零之數字)
均為有效
Rule 2：所有Exact numbers均為有效
Rule 3：Zero. 在非零之數字間的零均為有效
在數字右側結尾的0，如果右方還有
小數點，亦為有效
 2.2 Significant Figures
• Significant Figures

數值 有效位數(個) 數值 有效位數(個)
461 3 55.000 5
401 3 55 2
93.006 5 0.55 2
9.03 3 5000. 4
2.1930 5 68710 4
0.006 1 5.43x103 3
0.709 3 5430 3

14
 2.2 Significant Figures
• Significant Figures

數據該相信到第幾位數?
電子秤的數值可以完全嗎?
誰說了算?
商品標示、定期校驗 15
2.3 Rounding Off Numbers 數值的修整

• 多次量測後平均且須符合有效位數
• 方便、簡化(不找零)
• 簡化後有效位數改變

16
 2.3 Rounding Off Numbers

•Rules for Rounding Off 數字修整

 四捨五入
保留之最後一位數應保持不變，當次一位數
~ 為 0, 1, 2, 3, 4時  刪除
~ 為 6, 7, 8, 9, 或5且5之後有非零數時  進1
保留之最後位數的次一位數為5，或5之後只有0
~ 最後一位數為偶數(02468)時  刪除
~ 最後一位數為奇數(13579)時  進1
5.65 > 5.6 5.55 > 5.6
17
詳：CNS 2925 規定極限值之有效位數指示法
 2.3 Rounding Off Numbers

• Rules for Rounding Off 數字修整

 特殊事例，如修整至最近之50, 5, 0.5, 0.05等
將觀測值或計算值加倍，修整至最近之
100，10，1.0，0.10等，再除以2。如
6,025修整至最近之50
6025x2=12050  12000，除2，得6,000
6,075修整至最近之50
6075x2=12150
 12200，除2，得6,100
18
詳：CNS 2925 規定極限值之有效位數指示法
2.4 Significant Figures in Calculations

The results of a calculation based on

measurements cannot be more precise
than the least precise measurement.

 不會因為經過計算而增加精度
 所有和不確定數值運算後的數值
都變成不確定數值

19
 2.4 Significant Figures in Calculations

• Multiplication or Division 乘除
In multiplication or division, the answer must
contain the same number of significant
figures as in the measurement that has the least
number of significant figures.
被不確定的數值沾(乘除)過之後的數值，
也變得不確定

沾到污染後的水
就被污染了
20
 2.4 Significant Figures in Calculations

• Multiplication or Division
2.3 has two significant
figures.

(190.6)(2.3) = 438.38
190.6 has four Answer given
significant figures. by calculator.
The answer should have two significant
figures because 2.3 is the number with
the fewest significant figures.

Round off this Drop these three

digit to four. digits.
438.38
The correct answer is 440 or 4.4 x 102 21
 2.4 Significant Figures in Calculations

• Multiplication or Division
5658 x 743 = 4203894
5658
x 743
16974
22632
39606
4203894
5658 x 743 = 4200000 ?? 2個有效位數
= 4.20x106
22
 2.4 Significant Figures in Calculations

• Addition or Subtraction
The results of an addition or a subtraction
must be expressed to the same precision as
the least precise measurement.
The result must be rounded to the same number of
decimal places as the value with the fewest
decimal places.
以最差的精度判定有效數字
加減乘除四則運算 – 最差精度、最少有效數字
23
 2.4 Significant Figures in Calculations

Q: Add 125.17, 129 and 52.2

Least precise number.

125.17
Answer given
129.
by calculator. 52.2
306.37
Round off to the
Correct answer.
nearest unit.

306.37 24
 2.4 Significant Figures in Calculations

1.039 – 1.020
Q : Calculate
1.039

運算前有效位數都是4個
1.039 – 1.020
計算機 = 0.018286814
1.039
 0.01829
分子計算時
1.039 – 1.020 = 0.019 有效位數只剩2個
0.019  1.039 有效位數為2個
∴ 1.039 – 1.020 = 0.018286814  0.018
= 0.01828681
1.039
25
 2.4 Significant Figures in Calculations

想想看：對某個鍍膜進行20次不同位置的鍍
膜厚度量測，各次結果如下表，平均厚度
為(22.5  1.6) m。請問：如果”  ”代表變
異量，是不準確，為何可以是2位數?
24.8 23.9 21.7 23.0 21.1
21.3
23.7
24.9
20.6
22.5
20.2
20.9
20.7
23.4
22.5
22.5 m  1.6 m
23.0 25.0 24.8 20.5 22.3

說明：數值群平均後以ab表示，a代表平均值，
b代表標準差(Standard Deviation)
是統計學的課題
22.5 m  1.6 m精度
都在0.1 m，沒有問題 26
3. The Metric System
3.1 The SI Units
• The metric or International System (SI, Systeme
International) is a decimal (十進位) system of units.
• It is built around standard units.
• It uses prefixes representing powers of 10 to
express quantities that are larger or smaller than the
standard units.

27
 3.1 The SI Units

• 基本量(base quantity)
從已知之量制，依約定選取之子集合中的量，
該子集合中沒有任一量能由其他量表示之。
-- 長度、質量、時間、溫度、電流、
物量、光強度

• 導出量(derived quantity)
依據方程式以基本量定義或表示之其他量。
-- 面積m2、體積cm3、速度km/h、密度g/cm3、

28
 3.1 The SI Units
International System’s
Standard Units of Measurement
基本量之基本單位
Quantity Name of Unit Abbreviation
Length 長度 Meter 公尺 m
Mass 質量 Kilogram 公斤 kg
Time 時間 Second 秒 s
Temperature 熱力學溫度 Kelvin 克耳文 K
Electric Current 電流 Ampere 安培 A
Amount of substance 物量 Mole 莫耳 mol
Luminous Intensity 光強度 Candela 燭光 cd
29
Ref: CNS 80000-1 量 及單位－第 1 部：通則 (ISO 80000-1)
 3.1 The SI Units
• Common Prefixes and Numerical Values
for SI Units 前綴詞 ~ 倍數單位，不可合併使用
Power of 10
Prefix Symbol Numerical Value Equivalent
前綴詞 符號 數值 因子
tera T 1,000,000,000,000 1012
giga G 1,000,000,000 109
mega M 1,000,000 106
kilo K 1,000 103
hecto h 100 102
deca da 10 101
— — 1 100
30
 3.1 The SI Units
• Common Prefixes and Numerical Values
for SI Units 前綴詞 ~ 分數單位，不可合併使用
Prefix Symbol Numerical Value 因子
deci d 0.1 10-1
centi c 0.01 10-2
milli m 0.001 10-3
micro  0.000001 10-6
nano n 0.000000001 10-9
Pico p 0.000000000001 10-12
femto f 0.000000000000001 10-15

飛秒雷射 fs 31
 3.1 The SI Units

•Length - Measurement
The standard unit of length in the SI
system is the meter. 1 meter is the distance that
1
light travels in a vacuum during 299,792,458
of a second*.

• 1 meter = 39.37 inches

• 1 meter is a little longer than a yard

* Paris Academy of Sciences (1791 ):

通過巴黎的子午(經)線，從北極到赤道的長度的千萬分之一是 1公尺 32
 3.1 The SI Units

•Length – Metric Unit 公制長度單位

Exponential
Unit Abbreviation Metric Equivalent Equivalent
kilometer km 1,000 m 103 m
meter m 1m 100 m
decimeter dm 0.1 m 10-1 m
centimeter cm 0.01 m 10-2 m
millimeter mm 0.001 m 10-3 m
micrometer m 0.000001 m 10-6 m
nanometer nm 0.000000001 m 10-9 m
angstrom Å 0.0000000001 m 10-10 m
33
3.2 Units Conversion

Dimensional Analysis 因次分析、量綱分析

Dimensional analysis converts one unit to
another by using conversion factors.
用於單位轉換

unit1 x conversion factor = unit2

單位 ~ 一種有物理義意的數值
34
 3.2 Units Conversion

•Length Conversion
Q: How many millimeters are there in 2.5 meters?

2.5 m = ? mm
1m 1000 mm
m vs mm =1=
1000 mm 1m

任何數乘1都不變，要的單位留分子

2.5 m x 1000 mm = 2500 mm = 2.5x102 mm

1m

35
 3.2 Units Conversion

•Length Conversion
Q: Convert 16.0 inches to centimeters.

1 in = 2.54 cm
1 in 2.54 cm
2.54 cm = 1 = 1 in

結果要的單位放在分子

2.54 cm
16.0 in x = 40.6 cm
1 in
36
 3.2 Units Conversion

•Length Conversion
Q: Convert 16.0 inches to centimeters.

查表(標準)最正確，
CNS 15755 單位換算表 系列標準 37
 3.2 Units Conversion

•Length Conversion
Q: Convert 3.7 x 103 cm to micrometers (cm  m)

找出共同點(單位)來轉
cm  m  meters
1 m 10 6 m
3.7x103 cm x 100 cm x 1 m = 3.7x107 m

38
4. Measurement
4.1 Mass
The standard unit of mass in the SI
system is the kilogram. 1 kilogram is equal to
the mass of a platinum-iridium cylinder kept in
a vault at Sevres, France.

1 kg = 2.205 pounds

39
 3.1 The SI Units
•Mass – Metric Unit 公制質量單位
Exponential
Unit Abbreviation Metric Equivalent Equivalent
ton* t 1,000,000 g 106 g
kilogram kg 1,000 g 103 g
gram g 1g 100 g
decigram dg 0.1 g 10-1 g
centigram cg 0.01 g 10-2 g
milligram mg 0.001 g 10-3 g
microgram g 0.000001 g 10-6 g
* ton 除公噸外，還有英噸、美噸
ton (UK): long ton, 2,240 lb (1,016.0469 kg)
ton (US): short ton, 2,000 lb (907.18474 kg) 40
 4.1 Mass
•Mass Conversion
Q : An atom of hydrogen weighs 1.674 x 10-24 g.
How many ounces (oz) does the atom weigh?

16 oz = 1 lb 1 lb = 454 g
16 oz 1 lb 1 lb 454 g
= 16 oz = 1 = 454 g = 1 lb
1 lb
16 oz 1 lb
1.674x10-24 g x 1 lb x 454 g = 5.8999x10-26 oz
= 5.900x10-26 oz

41
4.2 Volume
• Volume is the amount of space occupied by
matter.
• In the SI system the standard unit of
volume is the cubic meter (m3).
• The liter (L) and milliliter (mL) are the
standard units of volume used in most
chemical laboratories.

42
 4.2 Volume
•Volume - Measurement

43
 4.2 Volume

Q : Convert 4.61 x 102 microliters to milliliters.

L  L  mL

2 1L 1000 mL
4.61x10 μL x 6 x = 4.61 x 10-1 mL
10 μL 1L

44
4.3 Density
Density is the ratio of the mass mass
of a substance to the volume d=
occupied by that substance. volume

g g g
d= 3
d= gas d =
cm mL L

45
 4.3 Density

• Density varies with temperature

4oC 1.0000 g g
d H 2O = = 1.0000
1.0000 mL mL

80oC 1.0000 g g
d H 2O = = 0.97182
1.0290 mL mL

46
 4.3 Density

• Density in fix mass, volume

47
Propane 1.83 g/L
Propene 1.74 g/L
48
 4.3 Density

Q : A 13.5 mL sample of an unknown liquid has a

mass of 12.4 g. What is the density of the liquid?

M
D
V
12.4g
Density  = 0.919 g/mL
13.5mL

49
 4.3 Density

Q : The density of ether (醚) is 0.714 g/mL. What is

the mass of 25.0 milliliters of ether?
Method 1
mass mass = density x volume
d=
volume 0.714 g
= 1 mL x 25.0 mL = 17.9 g

Method 2 Dimensional analysis

0.714 g 1 mL_
1 mL ? 0.714 g
?
0.714 g
25.0 mL x = 17.9 g
1 mL 50
 4.3 Density
Q : A graduated cylinder is filled to the 35.0 mL mark
with water. A copper nugget weighing 98.1 grams
is immersed into the cylinder and the water level
rises to the 46.0 mL. What is the volume of the
copper nugget? What is the density of copper?

Vcopper nugget = Vfinal - Vinitial = 46.0 mL - 35.0mL = 11.0 mL

M 98.1 g 46.0 mL

D   8.92 g/mL
35.0 mL
V 11.0 mL
98.1 g 51
 4.3 Density

Q : The density of oxygen at 0 oC is 1.429 g/L.

What is the volume of 32.00 grams of oxygen at
this temperature?

(a) Solve the density equation for volume.

d = mass/volume volume = mass/density

(b) Dimensional analysis

1L
32.00 g O 2 x = 22.40 L O 2
1.429 g O 2

52
4.4 Temperature
• A measure of the intensity of heat.
• It does not depend on the size of the system.
• Heat always flows from a region of higher
temperature to a region of lower temperature.

地震震度：由地震晃動的加速度作為分級
~ 似 temperatuire
地震規模：地震所釋放的能量，一次地震的規模只會
有一個數值 ~ 似 heat
銲接12 V會電死人(電流很大)；捕蚊拍 >2000 V，但不會死人
53
 4.4 Temperature

• Heat
A form of energy
that is associated with
the motion of small
particles of matter.
Heat refers to the
quantity of this energy
associated with the system.
The system is the entity
that is being heated or
cooled. 54
 4.4 Temperature

• Degree Symbols
degrees Celsius = oC
Kelvin (absolute) = K
degrees Fahrenheit = oF

• Temperature Measurement
The SI unit of temperature is the Kelvin.
Commonly measured with a thermometer.

55
 4.4 Temperature

• Gas Volume vs Temperature

所有氣體在0 K(絕對零度)的體積為0
PV=nRT

56
 4.4 Temperature

180 Farenheit Degrees

= 100 Celcius degrees
180
=1.8
100

-40 °F = -40 °C
57
 4.4 Temperature
Q : It is not uncommon for temperatures in the
Canadian plains to reach –60oF and below during
the winter. What is this temperature in oC and K?

°F = 1.8° x °C +32
°C = (°F - 32°)/1.8
K = °C + 273.15
oC = (-60 oF- 32°)/1.8 = 51.111 oC  51 °C
K = °C + 273.15 = 324.261 oC  324 K

58
5. Exercise

Further Studies:
• 絕對溫度的定義(物理義意)
0 K時的物質情境
• Pressure (壓力)的定義(物理義意)
• CNS 15755 單位換算表系列標準

59
 5. Exercise
Q : 單位換算 公制/英制轉換
1英哩(mile)＝1760英碼(yr) 1 yr = 0.9144 m
波音777巡航時速為562 mile/h，換算為時速? km/h

60
 5. Exercise
Q : 單位換算 密度(g/cm3)
Fe 7.8 g/cm3，56.0 g的Fe的體積為 ? cm3 ?

61
 5. Exercise
Q :單位換算 公制/英制轉換
1英吋(in)＝25.4 mm 1 ft = 12 in
王建民身高190公分，英制講法為幾呎幾吋?

62
 5. Exercise
Q :單位換算 公制/英制轉換
1英吋(in)＝25.4 mm 1 ft = 12 in
棒球場上投手板距本壘板為60 ft又6 in，投手
球速145 km/h時，從出手到進壘時間為幾秒?

63
 5. Exercise
Q :單位換算 原子量(g/mol)每mole原子的質量
1 mole = 6.022x1023 Fe的原子量 55.86 g/mol，
100.0 g的Fe有多少mole的原子? 多少個原子?

64
 5. Exercise
Q : 反應換算 液化瓦斯(丙烷C3H8，分子量 44 g/mol)
的燃燒式為C3H8+ 5O2 = 3CO2 + 4H2O。
請問燒完一桶20公斤液化瓦斯，會形成多少公斤的CO2
(分子量 44 g/mol) ?

65