ME 3000303 Engineering Mathematics (I)

Problem Set #1 (Solution)

09/23/2021
1. Determine the order and degree of the following ODEs and determine if the ODEs are linear
and homogeneous?
(a)
1
(sin x) y ′′ + xy ′ + |y| = .
x
Sol: This ODE is second-order nonlinear (due to the term |y|) and nonhomogeneous (due
1
to the term ) ODE of degree one.
x
(b)
y (4) + yy ′ = 0.

Sol: This ODE is fourth-order nonlinear (due to the term yy ′ ) and homogeneous ODE
of degree one.
(c)
1 √
ÿ + tẏ = 1.
t
Sol: This ODE is second-order linear and nonhomogeneous (due to the term 1) ODE of
degree one.
2. Solve the following ODE:
2 sin x + cos x
y′ =
4 cos x + sin x
Sol: Z
2 sin x + cos x
y= dx + C.
4 cos x + sin x
If we let z = 4 cos x + sin x, then
z ′ = −4 sin x + cos x.
By letting
2 sin x + cos x = a(4 cos x + sin x) + b(−4 sin x + cos x),
we obtain
6 7
a= and b=− .
17 17
Thus we know
Z Z 7 ′ Z  
2 sin x + cos x 6
17 z − 17 z 6 7 dz 6 7
y= dx+C = dx+C = dx − +C = x− ln |4 cos x+sin x|+C.
4 cos x + sin x z 17 17 z 17 17

1
3. Solve the following ODE:
y ′ = ex+y sin x.

Sol: The ODE is separable and can be rewritten as

e−y dy = ex sin x dx.

Therefore, integrating both sides with respect to x gives

Z
−e−y = ex sin x dx + C.

Thus we obtain
1 x
−e−y = e (sin x − cos x) + C.
2
4. Solve the following ODE:
y ′ + x2 y 3 = x2 .

Sol: Obviously, the ODE is separable and can be expressed as

y ′ = x2 (1 − y 3 ).

Or
1
dy = x2 dx
1 − y3
Thus we obtain Z
1 x3
dy = +C
1−y 3 3
Or Z
1 x3
dy == + C.
(1 − y)(1 + y + y 2 ) 3
By partial fraction, we have
Z  
a by + c x3
+ dy = + C.
1 − y 1 + y + y2 3

Obviously, a = 13 , b = 13 , and c = 23 . Therefore, we have

Z  
1 y+2
+ dy = x3 + C.
1 − y 1 + y + y2

Furthermore, we know Z
1
dy = − ln |1 − y|
1−y
and
Z Z Z
Z
√
3 √2


y+2 y+2 4 y + 21 + 32 4 2 3
y + 21 + 32
1 + y + y2
dy =
2  √ 2 dy = 3 h
i2 dy = 3 h
i2 dy
y + 12 + 23 1 + √23 y + 12 1 + √23 y + 12
Z
Z
√2 y + 1
2 2 1
= √ h
3

i2 dy + 2 h
i2 dy
3 1 + √23 y + 12 1 + √23 y + 21

2
  
2 1
Substituting z = √ y+ into the above equation gives
3 2
Z Z √ Z √
y+2 z 1 1
2
dy = 2
dz + 3 2
dz = ln(1 + z 2 ) + 3 tan−1 z
1+y+y 1+z 1+z 2
Finally, we have
1 √
− ln |1 − y| + ln(1 + z 2 ) + 3 tan−1 z = x3 + C.
2
Or "  2 #   
1 4 1 √ 2 1
− ln |1 − y| + ln 1 + y+ + 3 tan−1 √ y+ = x3 + C.
2 3 2 3 2

5. Solve the following ODE:

y ′ = cos(x + y) + cos(x − y).

Sol: This ODE can be rewritten as

y ′ = cos x cos y,

and it is obviously separable.

sec y dy = cos x dx
Integrating both sides with respect to x gives
Z
sec y dy = sin x + C.

Since Z Z Z Z
1 cos y dy d sin y
sec y dy = dy = = .
cos y cos2 y 1 − sin2 y
Let z = sin y, we have
Z Z Z  
dz 1 1 1 1 1+z
sec y dy = = + dz = ln
1 − z2 2 1−z 1+z 2 1−z
2 2
1 1 + sin y 1 (1 + sin y) 1 (1 + sin y)
= ln = ln = ln
2 1 − sin y 2 1 − sin2 y 2 cos2 y
 
 (1 + sin y) 
= ln   = ln |sec y + tan y| .
cos y 

Consequently, we obtain
ln |sec y + tan y| = sin x + C.