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E (Y ) X 1Z1 g 1Z g 1
Tests for Additive Model
• Relation for group i (i=1,...,g-1): E(Y)=+X+i
• Relation for group g: E(Y)=+X
• H0: 1=...=g-1=0 (Controlling for covariate, no
differences among treatments)
Interaction Model
• Regression slopes between Y and X are
allowed to vary among groups
SSEC 1 RC2
df df
C C
Inference in ANCOVA
• Test for Group Differences, controlling for covariate
E (Y ) X 1Z1 g 1Z g 1
SSEC 1 RC2
df df
C C
Inference in ANCOVA
• Test for Effect of Covariate controlling for qualitative
variable E (Y ) X Z Z
1 1 g 1 g 1
b
tobs ^
b
Adjusted Means
• Goal: Compare the g group means, after
controlling for the covariate
• Unadjusted Means: Y 1 ,..., Y g
' '
• Adjusted Means: Y ,..., Y Obtained by
1 g
^ 2 ^ 2
b b t
i j C / 2 , N g 1 bi b j 2COV (bi , b j )