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LIEZL C. GALGO December 16, 2019

MA MATH ED Differential Equation
To: PROF. ADRIANO PATAC
A. Substitution Method (Homogenous Equation)
y
By substituting u= solve the following homogeneous equations:
x
dy
xy + y + x 2−x 2 =0(the solution is y=x tan ( ln| x|+ c ) .
2
i.
dx
Solution:
y
u= → y=ux
x
dy =udx+ xdu
dy
xy + y + x 2−x 2 =0
2
dx
xydx + y 2 dx+ x 2 dx−x 2 dy=0
u x 2 dx +u2 x 2 dx + x 2 dx −x2 ( udx+ xdu )=0
x 2 dx ( u+u2 +1−u )−x 3 du=0
( u2 +1 ) x 2 dx =x3 du
dx du
= 2
x u +1
Integrating both sides,
ln |x|+ c=tan −1 u
tan ( ln |x|+c )=u .
y
Since u= ,
x
y
tan ( ln |x|+c )= ,
x
Thus,
y=x tan ( ln| x|+ c ) . ∎

dx x 2 +t √ t 2+ x 2 2
ii.
dy
=
tx √
(the solution is x ( t )=± t ( ln|t |+ c ) −1.
Solution:
x
x=ut → u=
t
dx=udt +tdu
2 2 2
t ( ut )( udt +tdu )=( ut ) dt+ t √ t + ( ut ) d t
u2 t 2 dt+ ut 3 du=u 2 t 2 dt+t 2 √ 1+u2 dt
udu dt
=
√1+u t 2

Integrating both sides,

dv
Let v=1+u2; dv =2udu; =udu
2
1
−1
udu 1 dv 1 1 v2
∫ = ∫ 1 = ∫v 2
dv= ⋅ =√ v =√ 1+u 2
√ 1+ u 2 v 2 2
2 2 1
2

So,
√ 1+u2=ln|t|+ c
x
Since u= ,
t
2
x
√1+ 2 =ln |t |+c
t
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x2 2
2
=( ln|t|+ c ) −1
t
2
x 2=t 2 ( ln|t|+ c ) −1
2
x ( t )=± t 2 ( ln |t |+c ) −1
√
Thus,
2
√
x ( t )=± t ( ln|t |+ c ) −1. ∎
B. Integrating Factors (Higher – Order but Exact)
Use an integrating factor to solve the following differential equations:
dx
i. Use an integrating factor to solve the differential equation: +5 x=t
dt
(find the general solution),
Solution:
Integratng Factor: e∫ 5 dt =e 5t .
Muliply the Integrating Factor to both side of the equation:
dx
e5t ( dt )
+ 5 x =e 5 t t .
Integrating both sides, (the left hand side is always the product of the
dependent variable and the integrating factor.)
e 5 t x=∫ e 5 t t dt
e5 t
Let u=t ; du=dt ; dv=e 5 t dt ; v = +c
5
5t 1 5t 1 5t 1 5t 1 5t
∫ e t dt= 5 e t− 5 ∫ e dt= 5 e t− 25 e +c
Thus,
1 1
e 5 t x= e 5 t t− e5 t + c
5 25
The general solution:
1 1 c
x= t− + 5 t ∎
5 25 e

ii. y ' +2 y cot x=5 (find the solution with y ( π2 )=1)

Solution:
Integratng Factor: e∫ 2 cot xdx =e2 ln |sin x|=sin 2 x.
Muliply the Integrating Factor to both side of the equation:
sin 2 x ( y ' +2 y cot x ) =5 sin 2 x .
Integrating both sides, (the left hand side is always the product of the
dependent variable and the integrating factor.)
y sin 2 x =∫ 5sin 2 x d x
The general solution:
5 1
( )
y= csc 2 x x− sin 2 x +c
2 2
π
At y ()2
=1,

5 1 π
2 ( 2 )
y= csc 2 x x− sin 2 x +c ; y () 2
=1

5 π 1
2 (
1= csc 2 x− sin 2 x + c
2 2)
5 π 4−5 π
c=1− =
4 4
Therefore, the particular solution:
5 1 4−5 π
( 2 2 )
y ( x ) = csc 2 x x − sin2 x +
4
.∎
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C. Exact Equation
Check that the following equations are exact and hence solve them.
2 2 dy
i. ( 2 xy−sec x ) + ( x +2 y ) =0
dx
Solution:
∂f
f ( x , y )=2 xy−sec 2 x =2 x
∂y
∂g
g ( x , y )=x 2 +2 y =2 x
∂x

∂f ∂ g
Since = , the given Differential Equation is Exact.
∂ y ∂x
F ( x , y ) =c for some F with
∂F ∂F
=2 xy−sec 2 x and =x 2+ 2 y
∂x ∂y
∂F
Integrating =2 xy−sec 2 x with recpect to x, we get
∂x
F ( x , y ) =x 2 y−tan x=C ( y ) .
To find C ( y) , we differentiate this partially with respect to y :
x 2+ C' ( y )=x 2+2 y
'
C ( y )=2 y
C ( y ) = y2 .
Therefore,
F ( x , y ) =x 2 y−tan x+ y2 =c . ∎

dy
ii. ( x cos y+ cos x ) + sin y− y sin x=0
dx
Solution:
∂f
f ( x , y )=sin y− y sin x =cos y−sin x
∂y
∂g
g ( x , y )=x cos y +cos x =cos y−sin x
∂x
∂f ∂ g
Since = , the given Differential Equation is Exact.
∂ y ∂x
F ( x , y ) =c for some F with
∂F ∂F
=sin y− y sin x and =x cos y +cos x
∂x ∂y
∂F
Integrating =x cos y +cos x with recpect to y, we get
∂y
F ( x , y ) =x sin y + y cos x +C ( x ) .
To find C ( y) , we differentiate this partially with respect to x :
sin y− y sin x +C' ( x ) =sin y− y sin x
C ' ( x )=0
C ( y ) =c , c is constant .
Therefore,
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F ( x , y ) =x sin y + y cos x=c . ∎

D. Integrating Factors and Linear Ordinary Differential Equations.

Use an integrating factor to solve the following differential equations:
dx
i. +tx=4 t (find the solution with x ( 0 )=2).
dt
Solution:
The given Differential Equation is Linear.
2
t
Integratng Factor: e∫ t dt =e 2 .
Muliply the Integrating Factor to both side of the equation:
2 2
t t
2 dx
e
dt(+tx =4 t e 2 . )
Integrating both sides, (the left hand side is always the product of the
dependent variable and the integrating factor.)
2 2
t t
2 2
e x=4 ∫ t e dt
t2
Let u= ; du=tdt
2
2 2
t t
2 u 2
4 ∫ t e d t=4 ∫ e du=4 e +c
Thus,
2 2
t t
2 2
e x=4 e + c
The general solution:
2
−t
2
x=4+c e
At t=0 ,
2=4+ c
c=−2.
The particular solution;
2
−t
x ( t )=4−2 e 2
. ∎

dz
ii. =z tan y+ sin y (find the general solution).
dy
Solution:
The given Differential Equation is Linear equation in standard form.
Integratng Factor: e (∫−tan y dy )=e (−ln|sec y|)=cos y .
Muliply the Integrating Factor to both side of the equation:
dz
cos y (
dy )
−z tan y =cos y sin y .
Integrating both sides, (the left hand side is always the product of the
dependent variable and the integrating factor.)
z cos y=∫ cos y sin y dy .
Let u=sin y ; du=cos y dy
2
∫ cos y sin y dy=∫ udu= u2 +c = sin2 y +c
Thus,
sin y
z cos y= +c.
2
General solution:
1
z ( y ) = sin 2 y sec y +c sec y
2
1
z=sec y sin 2 y + c .
2 ( ∎ )