SUBJECT CODE: MATH 126

SUBJECT NAME: Integral Calculus

EDITOR/S: Deomary Angelo B. Franco
EDIT DATE: July 7, 2019

Integration formulas
This is the opposite of Differentiation. It’s like you are given the derivative and then asked for
the original function with an arbitrary constant C added.

Basic Integration Formulas Derived from Differentiation Techniques

1. ∫ 0𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶
2. ∫ 𝑘𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝐶
3. ∫ 𝑘𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
4. ∫[𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑛+1
5. ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1 + 𝐶, 𝑛 ≠ −1
6. ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
7. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐶
8. ∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝐶
9. ∫ csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 + 𝐶
10.∫ csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 + 𝐶
11.∫ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 + 𝐶
Logarithmic-Based Integration Techniques
𝑥1
1. ln 𝑥 = ∫1 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , 𝑥 > 0,
1
2. ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
1
3. ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
4. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
5. ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑎𝑥
6. ∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑎 + 𝐶
𝑎𝑢
7. ∫ 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln 𝑎 + 𝐶
Trigonometric-Based Integration Techniques
1.) ∫ sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −cos 𝑢 + 𝐶
2.) ∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢 + 𝐶
3.) ∫ tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −ln|cos 𝑢| + 𝐶
4.) ∫ cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|sin 𝑢| + 𝐶
5.) ∫ sec 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln|sec 𝑢 + tan 𝑢| + 𝐶
6.) ∫ csc 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − ln|csc 𝑢 + cot 𝑢| + 𝐶
7.) ∫ sec 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tan 𝑢 + 𝐶
8.) ∫ csc 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cot 𝑢 + 𝐶
9.) ∫ sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑢 + 𝐶
10.) ∫ csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − csc 𝑢 + 𝐶

Inverse Trigonometric-Based Integration Techniques

𝑑𝑢 𝑢
1.) ∫ √𝑎2 2 = arcsin + 𝐶
−𝑢 𝑎
𝑑𝑢 𝑢
2.) ∫ − √𝑎2 2 = arccos 𝑎 + 𝐶
−𝑢
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
3.) ∫ = 𝑎 arcsec 𝑎 + 𝐶
𝑢√𝑢2 −𝑎2
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
4.) ∫ − = 𝑎 arccsc 𝑎 + 𝐶
𝑢√𝑢2 −𝑎2
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
5.) ∫ 𝑎2 +𝑢2 = 𝑎 arctan 𝑎 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
6.) ∫ − 𝑎2 +𝑢2 = 𝑎 arccot 𝑎 + 𝐶

Trigonometric Transformation-Based Integration Techniques

Guidelines For Evaluating Integrals Involving Powers of Sine and Cosine

1.) If the power of the sine is odd and positive, save one sine factor and convert the
remaining factors to cosines. Then, expand and integrate.

∫ sin2𝑘+1 𝑥 cos𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(sin2 𝑥)𝑘 cos n 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(1 − cos 2 𝑥)𝑘 cos 𝑛 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2.) If the power of the cosine is odd and positive, save one cosine factor and convert the
remaining factors to sines. Then, expand and integrate.
 ∫ sin𝑚 𝑥 cos2𝑘+1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin𝑚 𝑥 (cos 2 𝑥)𝑘 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin𝑚 𝑥 (1 − sin2 𝑥)𝑘 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

3.) If the powers of both the sine and cosine are even and nonnegative, make repeated
use of the identities
1−cos 2𝑥 1+cos 2𝑥
sin2 𝑥 = & cos 2 𝑥 =
2 2

to convert the integrand to odd powers of the cosine. Then proceed as in guide line 2.

Guidelines For Evaluating Integrals Involving Powers of Secant and Tangent

1.) If the power of the secant is even and positive, save secant-squared factor and
convert the remaining factors to tangents. Then expand and integrate.

∫ sec 2𝑘 𝑥 tan𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(sec 2 𝑥)𝑘−1 tan𝑛 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫(1 + tan2 𝑥)𝑘−1 tan𝑛 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2.) If the power of the tangent is odd and positive, save a secant-tangent factor and
convert the remaining factors to secants. Then expand and integrate.

∫ sec 𝑚 𝑥 tan2𝑘+1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sec 𝑚−1 𝑥 (tan2 𝑥) sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ sec 𝑚−1 𝑥 (sec 2 𝑥 − 1)𝑘 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

3.) If there are no secant factors and the power of the tangent is even and positive,
convert a tangent-squared factor to a secant-squared factor, then expand and
repeat if necessary.

∫ tan𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ tan𝑛−2 𝑥 (tan2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ tan𝑛−2 𝑥 (sec 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥

4.) If the integral is of the form ∫ sec 𝑚 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, where 𝑚 is odd and positive, use
integration by parts.
5.) If none of the first four guidelines applies, try converting to sines and cosines.

Integration by Parts (IBP)

 ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑢

Guidelines For Integration By Parts

1. Try letting 𝑑𝑣 be the most complicated portion of the integrand that fits a basic
integration rule. Then 𝑢 will be the remaining factor(s) of the integrand.
2. Try letting 𝑢 be the portion of the integrand whose derivative is a function simpler
than 𝑢. Then 𝑑𝑣 will be the remaining factor(s) of the integrand.
Note that 𝑑𝑣 always includes the 𝑑𝑥 of the original integrand.
In choosing u, remember LIATE. (Logarithmic, Inverse trigonometric, Algebraic, Trigonometric,
Exponential)

Walli’s Formula
𝜋
2
(𝑚 − 1)(𝑚 − 3) … (2 𝑜𝑟 1) ⋅ (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 3) … (2 𝑜𝑟 1)
∫ sin𝑚 𝑥 cos𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ⋅𝛼
(𝑚 + 𝑛)(𝑚 + 𝑛 − 2) … (2 𝑜𝑟 1)
0

Where : 𝑚 and 𝑛 are nonnegative integers

𝜋
𝛼= If both 𝑚 and 𝑛 are even
2

𝛼=1 If either one or both are odd

Definite Integral (Fundamental Theorem of Calculus)

If a function 𝑓 is continuous on the closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏] and 𝐹 is an antiderivative of 𝑓 on the
interval [𝑎, 𝑏], then

𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)
𝑎

References:

• Calculus Early Transcendental Functions 5th Edition by Larson & Edwards