LIST OF INTEGRATION

General Solution for an Indefinite Integral: Integration of Logarithmic Functions

1
∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑥 ) + 𝐶 ∫ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑥 | + 𝐶, 𝑛 = −1
𝑥

Power Rule for Integration 1

𝑥 𝑛+1 ∫ 𝑢−1 𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ln|𝑢| + 𝐶, 𝑛 = −1
𝑛
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶 , 𝑛 ≠ −1 𝑢
𝑛+1
Integration of Exponential Functions
Zero Rule for Integration
∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶
∫ 0 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶
𝑎𝑢
∫ 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = + 𝐶, 𝑎 > 0 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎 ≠ 1
Constant Rule for Integration ln 𝑎
∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝐶
Integration of Trigonometric Functions
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 + 𝐶
Constant Multiple Rule for Integration
∫ 𝑘 ∙ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝐶
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢 + 𝐶
Sum & Difference Rule for Integration
∫[𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥 )]𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑢| + 𝐶 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢| + 𝐶

Definite Integral ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑢| + 𝐶

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (FTOC)
𝑏
∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 SST Rule (sec sec tan)
𝑎
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢| + 𝐶

∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑏
∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)
𝑎 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑢 + 𝐶

Integration by Substitution
𝑑𝑢 CCC Rule (- cot csc csc)
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑔 (𝑢 )
𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛 | 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢 | + 𝐶
𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑔(𝑢) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑔(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 = 𝐺(𝑢) + 𝐶
𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢 + 𝐶

∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑢 + 𝐶

Integration of Hyperbolic Functions
∫ tan𝑛 𝑥 sec𝑚 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑢 + 𝐶

If 𝑛 is odd: If 𝑚 is even:
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑢 + 𝐶
1. Strip one tangent
1. Strip two secants
and one secant.
2. Express all secants
∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝑢| + 𝐶 2. Express all tangents
to tangents:
to secants:
sec 2 𝑥 = tan2 𝑥 + 1
tan2 𝑥 = sec2 𝑥 − 1
3. Let 𝑢 = tan 𝑥.
Integration of Inverse Trigonometric Functions 3. Let 𝑢 = sec 𝑥.
𝑑𝑢 𝑢
∫ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝐶
√𝑎2 − 𝑢2 𝑎 If 𝑛 is even & 𝑚 is odd:

𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢 Use Identities and Integration by Parts

∫ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝐶
𝑎2 +𝑢 2 𝑎 𝑎

𝑑𝑢 1 |𝑢|
∫ = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 ( ) + 𝐶 ∫ cot 𝑛 𝑥 csc𝑚 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢√𝑢2 − 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎

If 𝑚 is odd: If 𝑛 is even:
Trigonometric Integrals
1. Strip one cotangent
∫ sin𝑛 𝑥 cos 𝑚 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and one cosecant. 1. Strip two cosecants
2. Express all 2. Express all cosecants
cotangents to to cotangents:
If 𝑛 is odd: If 𝑚 is odd: cosecants: csc 2 𝑥 = cot 2 𝑥 + 1
2
cot 𝑥 = csc2 𝑥 − 1 3. Let 𝑢 = tan 𝑥.
3. Let 𝑢 = sec 𝑥.
1. Strip one sine 1. Strip one cosine
2. Express all sines 2. Express all
If 𝑛 is even & 𝑚 is odd:
to cosines: cosines to sines:
sin2 𝑥 = 1 − cos 2 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 = 1 − sin2 𝑥
3. Let 𝑢 = cos 𝑥. 3. Let 𝑢 = sin 𝑥. Use Identities and Integration by Parts

If 𝑛 & 𝑚 are both even: Sine and Cosine: Different Arguments

Reduce the integral using double angle,

half-angle, and power reducing formulas:
∫ cos 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ sin 𝑚𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ sin 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Half Angles:
1 1
sin2 𝑥 = (1 − cos 2𝑥) cos 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 = [cos(𝑚𝑥 − 𝑛𝑥) + cos(𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛𝑥)]
2 2
1
cos2 𝑥 = (1 + cos 2𝑥) 1
2 sin 𝑚𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 = [cos(𝑚𝑥 − 𝑛𝑥) − cos(𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛𝑥)]
2
Double-Angles: 1
sin 2𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 = [sin(𝑚𝑥 − 𝑛𝑥) + sin(𝑚𝑥 + 𝑛𝑥)]
2
cos 2𝑥 = cos2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥
Integration by Parts
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
Choose 𝑢 in the order L I P E T:

L – Logarithmic Function
I – Inverse Trigonometric Function
P – Polynomial Function
E – Exponential Function
T – Trigonometric Function

NOTE:
• Try IBP if substitution doesn’t apply.
• 𝒅𝒗 must be integrable to find 𝒗.

UNKNOWN INTEGRAL
• It works when both factors integrate
and differentiate forever.

TABULAR INTEGRATION
∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑔(𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
when differentiating 𝑓(𝑥) into zero and
integrating 𝑔(𝑥) repeatedly.