DAY-3, 7th February, 2022

7.3: Integration of Trigonometric Functions

 There are 7 groups, and there are 3 cases for each group.

Definition:

Logarithmic Derivative:

𝑑 1 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) Derivative of the denominator

[ln(𝑓(𝑥))] = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = = .
𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥) Denominator

We get,

𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝐶.
𝑓(𝑥)

Note that

sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
1. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − ln|cos 𝑥 | + 𝐶.
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥

𝑥 1 −2𝑥 1
2. ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = − ln|1 − 𝑥 2 | + 𝐶
1−𝑥 2 1−𝑥 2

𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 1 2(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 1
2. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶 | + 𝐾
𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 2 𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 2

 There are 7 groups, where each group has 3 sub-groups.

Group -1: All six trigonometric functions with power 1

1) ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
2) ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
sin 𝑥 1
3) ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 𝑥
sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
[Set 𝑢 = cos 𝑥 ⇒ = − sin 𝑥 , that is, 𝑑𝑢 = − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 . Hence, − 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥]
𝑑𝑥
 1 1 1
= ∫ (−1)𝑑𝑢 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑢 ; [Note: When is given, we only know that 𝑢 ≠ 0]
𝑢 𝑢 𝑢

= − ln |𝑢 | + 𝐶

= − ln | cos 𝑥 | + 𝐶

= ln | cos 𝑥 |−1 +𝐶 ; [𝑛 log 𝑏 𝑥 = log 𝑏 𝑥 𝑛 ; ln 𝑥 𝑎 = 𝑎 ln 𝑥]

= ln | (cos 𝑥) −1 | +𝐶

1
= ln |cos 𝑥 | +𝐶

∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln | sec 𝑥 | + 𝐶.

cos 𝑥
4) ∫ cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥
1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑢 ; 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = sin 𝑥 → 𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢
= ln|sin 𝑥 | + 𝐶

sec 𝑥+tan 𝑥
5) ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sec 𝑥 ∙ 1 𝑑𝑥 ; 1=
sec 𝑥+tan 𝑥

sec 𝑥 (tan 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 )

=∫ 𝑑𝑥
tan 𝑥 + sec 𝑥

sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + sec 2 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥

=∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
tan 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + sec 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
[Set 𝑢 = tan 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 , then 𝑑𝑥
= sec 2 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥. Hence,

𝑑𝑢 = (sec 2 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 ]

1
∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢

∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln|tan 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 | + 𝐶.

 6) ∫ csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ csc 𝑥 ∙ 1 𝑑𝑥
cot 𝑥 + csc 𝑥
= ∫ csc 𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝑥
cot 𝑥 + csc 𝑥
csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 + csc 2 𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
cot 𝑥 + csc 𝑥
csc 2 𝑥 + csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
cot 𝑥 + csc 𝑥
−1(csc 2 𝑥 + csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 )
= −1 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
cot 𝑥 + csc 𝑥
− csc 2 𝑥 − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥
= −1 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
cot 𝑥 + csc 𝑥
= − ln|cot 𝑥 + csc 𝑥 | + 𝐶
= ln|cot 𝑥 + csc 𝑥 |−1 + 𝐶
1
= ln | |+𝐶
cot 𝑥 + csc 𝑥
csc 2 𝑥 − cot 2 𝑥
= ln | |+𝐶 ; 1 = csc 2 𝑥 − cot 2 𝑥
csc 𝑥 + cot 𝑥
(csc 𝑥 + cot 𝑥)(csc 𝑥 − cot 𝑥)
= ln | |+𝐶
csc 𝑥 + cot 𝑥

∫ csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln |csc 𝑥 − cot 𝑥 | + 𝐶

[Definition: Logarithmic Derivative

𝑑
𝑑 1 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) (𝐷) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
Since 𝑑𝑥 [ln 𝑓 (𝑥)] = 𝑓(𝑥) ∙ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
= 𝑑𝑥𝐷 , 𝑓(𝑥)
fraction is called the logarithmic derivative. And

hence,

𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝐶. ]
𝑓(𝑥)

Note: (1) ∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝐶 and ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶

(2) ∫ csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −csc 𝑥 + 𝐶 and ∫ csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 + 𝐶

Also, cot 2 𝑥 + 1 = csc 2 𝑥 ⇒ 𝟏 = 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝒙

7) ∫ csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Homework

csc 𝑥 + cot 𝑥
∫ csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ csc 𝑥 ∙ 1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ csc 𝑥 ∙ 𝑑𝑥
csc 𝑥 + cot 𝑥
csc 2 𝑥 + csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
csc 𝑥 + cot 𝑥
csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥+csc2 𝑥
= ∫ csc 𝑥+cot 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 ;
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
set 𝑢 = csc 𝑥 + cot 𝑥 , then = − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 − csc 2 𝑥 → = −(csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 + csc 2 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
→ −𝑑𝑢 = (csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 + csc 2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ (−1) 𝑑𝑢 = − ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢
= − ln|csc 𝑥 + cot 𝑥 | + 𝐶
1
= ln|csc 𝑥 + cot 𝑥|−1 + 𝐶 ; Note: 𝑥 −1 = .
𝑥
1
= ln | |+𝐶 ; Formula: 1 + cot 2 𝑥 = csc 2 𝑥
csc 𝑥 + cot 𝑥
csc 2 𝑥 − cot 2 𝑥
= ln | |+𝐶
csc 𝑥 + cot 𝑥
(csc 𝑥 + cot 𝑥)(csc 𝑥 − cot 𝑥)
= ln | |+𝐶
csc 𝑥 + cot 𝑥

∫ csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln|csc 𝑥 − cot 𝑥 | + 𝐶,

Alternative Method:
1 1
∫ csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sin(2( ))
2

1
= ∫ 𝑥 𝑥 ∙ 1 𝑑𝑥
2 sin(2) cos (2)
𝑥
sec 2 (2)
= ∫ 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 sin(2) cos (2) sec 2 (2)
𝑥
1 sec 2 (2)
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥 𝑥 1
sin( ) cos ( )
2 2 cos2 (𝑥 )
2
 1 𝑥
2 sec 2 (2) 𝑥 1 𝑥
= ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑆𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = tan ( ) , then 𝑑𝑢 = sec 2 ( ) 𝑑𝑥.
tan(2) 2 2 2

1 𝑥
= ∫ 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = ln |tan ( )| + 𝐶
𝑢 2

Group -2: All six trigonometric functions with power 2

Formulas:

1
(i) sin2 𝑥 = [1 − cos(2𝑥)]
2
1
(ii) cos 2 𝑥 = [1 + cos(2𝑥)]
2

(iii) tan2 𝑥 + 1 = sec 2 𝑥 ⇒ tan2 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 − 1

(iv) 𝑐𝑜t 2 𝑥 + 1 = csc 2 𝑥 ⇒ cot 2 𝑥 = csc 2 𝑥 − 1

1 1
(𝑎) ∫ sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [1 − cos(2𝑥 )] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫[1 − cos(2𝑥 )] 𝑑𝑥
2 2

1 sin(2𝑥 )
= [𝑥 − ]+𝐶
2 2

1 sin(2𝑥 )
(𝑏) ∫ cos 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥 + ]+𝐶
2 2

(𝑐 ) ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶

(𝑑 ) ∫ csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 + 𝐶

(𝑒) ∫ tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫[sec 2 𝑥 − 1] 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶

(𝑓 ) ∫ cot 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫[csc 2 𝑥 − 1] 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶

 7 1 1
[ (𝑔) ∫ cos 2 ( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [1 + cos(7𝑥 )] 𝑑𝑥 ; cos 2 𝜃 = [1 + cos(2𝜃 )]
2 2 2

1 1 1
= ∫[1 + cos(7𝑥 )] 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥 + sin(7𝑥 )] + 𝐶
2 2 7
1 1
= 𝑥 + sin(7𝑥 ) + 𝐶 ]
2 14

1
1) (𝑎) ∫ sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [1 − cos(2𝑥 )] 𝑑𝑥
2
1
= ∫[1 − cos(2𝑥 )] 𝑑𝑥
2

1 sin(2𝑥 )
= [𝑥 − ]+𝐶 ;
2 2
sin(𝑘𝑥 )
[ Formula: ∫ cos(𝑘𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 ]
𝑘

1 1
∫ sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − sin(2𝑥 ) + 𝐶
2 4

[ Note:
1 1 1 sin(2𝑢)
∫ sin2 (3𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = [ (𝑢 − )] + 𝐶
3 3 2 2
1
Set 𝑢 = 3𝑥 → 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑥 → 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢 ]
3

(𝑏) ∫ sin2 (3𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

1
= ∫ [1 − cos(6𝑥 )] 𝑑𝑥
2
1
= ∫[1 − cos(6𝑥 )] 𝑑𝑥
2
 1 sin(6𝑥 )
= [𝑥 − ]+𝐶
2 6

2) (𝑎) ∫ cos 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ [1 + cos(2𝑥 )] 𝑑𝑥
2
1 1
= 𝑥 + sin(2𝑥 ) + 𝐶
2 4

(𝑏) ∫ cos 2 (5𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

1
= ∫ [1 + cos(10𝑥 )] 𝑑𝑥
2
1
= ∫[1 + cos(10𝑥 )] 𝑑𝑥
2
1 sin(10𝑥 )
= [𝑥 + ]+𝐶
2 10
1 1
= 𝑥+ sin(10𝑥 ) + 𝐶
2 20

3) ∫ tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫[ sec 2 𝑥 − 1] 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶

4) ∫ cot 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫[ csc 2 𝑥 − 1] 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶

5) ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶

6) ∫ csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 + 𝐶
Trigonometric Co-Functions:
A
sin 𝐴 = cos 𝐵 , sin 𝐵 = cos 𝐴,
tan 𝐴 = cot 𝐵 , tan 𝐵 = cot 𝐴
B
sec 𝐴 = csc 𝐵 , sec 𝐵 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝐴

Group -3: All six trigonometric functions with power 𝒏, 𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐠𝐞𝐫 𝒏 ≥ 𝟐.
Reduction Formulas for Integration:
𝟏 𝒏−𝟏
(1) * ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐧−𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒏 𝒏

1 𝑛−1
(2) ∫ cos n 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛
cos 𝑛−1 𝑥 sin 𝑥 +
𝑛
∫ cos n−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝟏
(3) * ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝒏−𝟏 𝒙 − ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐧−𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒏−𝟏

1
(4) ∫ cot n 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑛−1 𝑥 − ∫ cot n−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑛−1

𝟏 𝒏−𝟐
(5) * ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒏−𝟐 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐧−𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏

1 𝑛−2
(6) ∫ csc n 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑐sc 𝑛−2 𝑥 cot 𝑥 + ∫ 𝑐sc n−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑛−1 𝑛−1

 HINT: To derive the formula [Homework]

1 𝑛−1
(1) ∫ sinn 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − sin𝑛−1 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + ∫ sinn−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑛 𝑛

Start with 𝐼 = ∫ sinn 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ sinn−1 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ; Set 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−1𝑥 , 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢

= − sin𝑛−1 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − ∫ − cos 𝑥 (𝑛 − 1) sin𝑛−2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= − sin𝑛−1 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1) ∫ cos 2 𝑥 sin𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= − sin𝑛−1 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1) ∫ (1 − sin2 𝑥) sin𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= − sin𝑛−1 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1) ∫ (sin𝑛−2 𝑥 − sinn 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

= − sin𝑛−1 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1) ∫ sin𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − (𝑛 − 1) ∫ sin𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

⇒ 𝐼 = − sin𝑛−1 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1) ∫ sin𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − (𝑛 − 1)I

Please complete!

Also, for ∫ sec n 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, set

𝐼 = ∫ sec n 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sec n−2 𝑥 ∙ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ;

𝑢 = sec n−2 𝑥 and 𝑑𝑣 = sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Definition: Co-functions
(i) Sine and Cosine are co-functions
(ii) Tangent and Cotangent are co-functions
(iii) Secant and Cosecant are co-functions
1) Evaluate

∫ sec 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

Solution: We know that for 𝑛 ≥ 2,

𝟏 𝒏−𝟐
∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒏−𝟐 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐧−𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 … … … (𝟏)
𝒏−𝟏 𝒏−𝟏
Here

∫ sec 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ; Given 𝑛 = 5, 𝑛 − 1 = 4, 𝑛 − 2 = 3

1 3
∫ sec 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 3 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟑 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 ;
4 4
; [here 𝑛 = 3, 𝑛 − 1 = 2, 𝑛 − 2 = 1]
1 3 1 1
= sec 3 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + [ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ]
4 4 2 2
1 3 3
= sec 3 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 8 8
1 3 3
= sec 3 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + ln | sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 | + 𝐶
4 8 8

Homework:
𝟐) ∫ sec 7 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ sec 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 5
= sec 5 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + ∫ sec 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ sec 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
6 6
1 11
= sec 5 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + ∫ sec 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
6 6

Please complete!

3) ∫ sin6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ sin4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

4) ∫ tan6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ tan5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Exercise: Evaluate
∫ sin7 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ sin5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ sin3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.

Solution: We know that for any integer 𝑛 ≥ 2,

1 𝑛−1
∫ sinn 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − sin𝑛−1 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + ∫ sinn−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
𝑛 𝑛
Here,

∫ sin7 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ sin5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ sin3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑛 = 7, 𝑛 − 1 = 6, 𝑛 − 2 = 5

1 6
= − sin6 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + ∫ sin5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ sin5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ sin3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
7 7
1 13
= − sin6 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + ∫ sin5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ sin3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑛 = 5, 𝑛 − 1 = 4, 𝑛 − 2 = 3
7 7
1 13 1 4
= − sin6 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + [− sin4 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + ∫ sin3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] + ∫ sin3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
7 7 5 5
1 13 52
= − sin6 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin4 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + ∫ sin3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ sin3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
7 35 35
1 13 87
= − sin6 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin4 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + ∫ sin3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑛 = 3, 𝑛 − 1 = 2, 𝑛 − 2 = 1
7 35 35
1 13 87 1 2
= − sin6 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin4 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + [− sin2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥]
7 35 35 3 3
1 13 87 174
= − sin6 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin4 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
7 35 105 105
1 13 87 174
= − sin6 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin4 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + (− cos 𝑥 ) + 𝐶
7 35 105 105
1 13 87 174
= − sin6 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin4 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − sin2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
7 35 105 105

Exercise: Evaluate ∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐 5𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

Solution: We know that for 𝑛 ≥ 2,
1 𝑛−2
∫ sec n 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑛−2 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + ∫ sec n−2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 … … … (1)
𝑛−1 𝑛−1
Here,

∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐 5 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

= ∫ sec 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ sec 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑛 = 5, 𝑛 − 1 = 4, 𝑛 − 2 = 3

1 3
= sec 3 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + ∫ sec 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ sec 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 4
1 1
= sec 3 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − ∫ sec 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥; 𝑛 = 3, 𝑛 − 1 = 2, 𝑛−2=1
4 4
1 1 1 1
= sec 3 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − [ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥]
4 4 2 2
1 1 1
= sec 3 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 8 8
1 1 1
= sec 3 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − ln|sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥| + 𝐶
4 8 8
 DAY-4
Group-4: ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 𝒅𝒙; ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩 𝒅𝒙; ∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 𝒅𝒙 𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐀 ≠ 𝐁.
Formulas:
1
1) sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = [sin(𝐴 − 𝐵 ) + sin(𝐴 + 𝐵 )]
2
1
2) sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = [cos(𝐴 − 𝐵 ) − cos(𝐴 + 𝐵 )]
2
1
3) cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = [cos(𝐴 − 𝐵 ) + cos(𝐴 + 𝐵 )]
2

Definitions
1) 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 is an odd function, that is, sin(−𝑥 ) = − sin 𝑥
[𝑓 (−𝑥 ) = −𝑓(𝑥)]
2) 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 is an even function, that is, cos(−𝑥 ) = cos 𝑥
[𝑓 (−𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥)]

Here, application of formulas:

i) cos(5𝑥 ) sin(2𝑥 ) = sin(2𝑥 ) cos(5𝑥 )
1 1
= [sin(−3𝑥 ) + sin(7𝑥 )] = [− sin(3𝑥 ) + sin(7𝑥 )]
2 2

ii) sin(4𝑥 ) sin(2𝑥 )

1 1
= [cos(4𝑥 − 2𝑥 ) − cos(4𝑥 + 2𝑥 )] = [cos(2𝑥 ) − cos(6𝑥 )]
2 2

Example:1 Evaluate
𝝅
𝟐

∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟑𝒙) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟔𝒙) 𝒅𝒙

𝟎

Solution:
𝜋
2

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (3𝑥 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (6𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

0
 𝜋
2
1
= ∫ [cos(3𝑥 − 6𝑥 ) − cos(3𝑥 + 6𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
2
0
𝜋
2
1
= ∫ [cos(−3𝑥 ) − cos(9𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 ; cos(−3𝑥 ) = cos(3𝑥)
2
0
𝜋
2
1
= ∫ [cos(3𝑥 ) − cos(9𝑥 )] 𝑑𝑥
2
0
𝜋
1 sin(3𝑥 ) sin(9𝑥 ) 2
= [ − ]
2 3 9 0
𝜋
1 1 2
= [ sin(3𝑥 ) − sin(9𝑥 )]
6 18 0

1 𝜋 1 𝜋
= sin (3 ) − 0 − sin (9 ) − 0 ;
6 2 18 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
[ sin 0 = 0, sin (9 ) = sin (2𝜋 ) = sin ( ) = 1, sin (3 ) = −1]
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
= (−1) − (1) = − −
6 18 6 18
4 2
= − = −
18 9
Example: 2 Evaluate
𝝅
𝟐

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (3𝑥 )𝑐𝑜𝑠(6𝑥 ) 𝒅𝒙

𝟎
𝜋
1
= ∫02 [cos(3𝑥 − 6𝑥 ) + cos(3𝑥 + 6𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
2
 𝜋
2
1
= ∫ [cos(−3𝑥 ) + cos(9𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
2
0
𝜋
2
1
= ∫ [cos(3𝑥 ) + cos(9𝑥 )] 𝑑𝑥
2
0
𝜋
1 sin(3𝑥 ) sin(9𝑥 ) 2
= [ + ]
2 3 9 0

1 𝜋 1 𝜋
= sin (3 ) − 0 + sin (9 ) − 0
6 2 18 2
1 1 1 1
= (−1) + (1) = − +
6 18 6 18
2 1
= − = −
18 9

𝟑. Solve ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (3𝑥 ) cos(6𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

0

Solution: Given Integral:

𝜋

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (3𝑥 ) cos(6𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

0
𝜋
1
= ∫ [sin(3𝑥 − 6𝑥 ) + sin(3𝑥 + 6𝑥 )] 𝑑𝑥
2
0
𝜋
1
= ∫ [sin(−3𝑥 ) + sin(9𝑥 )] 𝑑𝑥
2
0
𝜋
1
= ∫[− sin(3𝑥 ) + sin(9𝑥 )] 𝑑𝑥
2
0
 𝜋
1 − cos(3𝑥 cos(9𝑥 )
= [− + (− )]
2 3 9 0
𝜋
1 1
= [ cos(3𝑥 ) − cos(9𝑥 )]
6 18 0

1 1 1 1
= ( cos(3𝜋) − cos(9𝜋)) − ( cos(0) − cos(0))
6 18 6 18
1 1 1 1
= ( (−1) − (−1)) − ( (1) − (1))
6 18 6 18
1 1 1 1
= − + − +
6 18 6 18
1 1
=− +
3 9
6
=−
27
2
=−
9

𝟒. Evaluate ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (3𝑥 ) cos(4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥