Assignment-2

1. Classify the following 1st order equations into linear / non-linear / quasi-linear.

(a) (𝑥 2 − 𝑧 2 )𝑝 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑞 = 𝑧 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 .

(b) 𝑦𝑝 + 𝑥𝑞 = 𝑧 − 𝑥 2 .

(c) 𝑝𝑞 = 𝑧.

(d) 𝑥𝑝 − 𝑦𝑥𝑞 = 𝑥𝑧 2 .

2. Eliminate the arbitrary constants 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 from

(a) 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥𝑦 + 𝑐𝑦 2 to form a 2nd order PDE.

𝑥2
(b) −𝑧 + = log(𝑎𝑥 2 /𝑦 2 + 𝑏/𝑦) to form a 1st order PDE.
𝑦

3. Eliminate the arbitrary function 𝑓, 𝑔 from

(a) 𝑧 = 𝑓(�𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) to form a 1st order PDE.

(b) 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥𝑦) + 𝑔(𝑥/𝑦) to form a 2nd order PDE.

4. Solve the following PDE’s by Lagrange’s method.

(a) 𝑦𝑧𝑝 − 𝑥𝑧𝑞 = 𝑥𝑦(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ).

(b) (2𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑝 + (𝑧 + 𝑥)𝑞 + 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0.

(c) (𝑥3 − 𝑥2 )𝑝1 + 𝑥1 𝑝2 − 𝑥3 𝑝3 = 𝑥2 (𝑥1 + 𝑥3 ) − 𝑥2 2 .

𝜕𝑢
Here the dependent variable is 𝑢 = 𝑢(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ). 𝑝𝑖 = 𝜕𝑥 𝑖 = 1, 2, 3.
𝑖

𝑥 𝑦
5. Show that the equation 𝑧 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 is compatible with the equation 𝜙 �𝑧 , 𝑧 , 𝑝, 𝑞� = 0.

6. Show that the PDE 𝑝2 𝑥 + 𝑞 2 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0 is compatible with 𝑝2 𝑥 − 𝑞 2 𝑦 = 0 and find their one
parameter of common solutions.

7. Solve the following PDE’s by Charpit’s method.

(a) 2(𝑧 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦) = 𝑦𝑝2 .

(b) 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 − 2𝑝𝑞 tanh 2𝑦 = sech2 2𝑦.

(c) 𝑧 4 = 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 .
(d) 𝑝2 𝑞 − 2𝑥 2 𝑞 = 𝑥 2 𝑦.

8. Check for possible existence of the singular solutions for the following PDE’s . Find the
singular solution(s) if they exist.

(a) 𝑝𝑞 + 𝑧 = 1.

(b) 𝑥 2 𝑝2 + 𝑦 2 𝑞 2 = 1.

9. Find the integral surface of the PDE 𝑥(𝑦 2 + 𝑧)𝑝 − 𝑦(𝑥 2 + 𝑧)𝑞 = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑧 which contains
the straight line 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 1.

10. Find the integral surface of the equation (𝑦 − 𝑧){2𝑥𝑦𝑝 + (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑞} + 𝑧(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) = 0
through the curve 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 𝑡 3 .