Lesson 8

Integration by Parts
 INTEGRATION by PARTS

Suppose 𝑢 and 𝑣 are differentiable function of x.

𝑑 𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 (integrating both sides)
or
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
Integration by this formula is called Integration by Parts. The main goal is to choose
𝑢 and 𝑑𝑣 to obtain a new integral that is easier to evaluate than the original. A
strategy that often works is to choose 𝑢 and 𝑑𝑣 so that 𝑢 becomes simpler when
differentiated, while having a 𝑑𝑣 that can be readily integrated to obtain 𝑣.
There is another useful strategy for choosing 𝑢 and 𝑑𝑣 that can be applied when
the integrand is a product of two functions from the different categories

Logarithmic, Inverse trigonometric, Algebraic, Trigonometric, Exponential

Take 𝑢 to be the function whose category occurs earlier in the list and take 𝑑𝑣 to
be the rest of the integrand.
The acronym LIATE will help to remember the order. The method does not work all
the time, but it proves to be useful.
Examples:
1. Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 𝐶

2. Evaluate ∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
!"
∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 0 "
= 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
3. Evaluate ∫ 𝑒 " sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
∫ 𝑒 " sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 " sin 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 " cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑒 " sin 𝑥 − 𝑒 " cos 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 " − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑒 " sin 𝑥 − 𝑒 " cos 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑒 " sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 ∫ 𝑒 " sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 " sin 𝑥 − 𝑒 " cos 𝑥 + 𝐶#
# " # "
∴ ∫ 𝑒 " sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = $
𝑒 sin 𝑥 − $ 𝑒 cos 𝑥 +𝐶
4. Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
# $ # " ! !"
∫ 𝑥 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = $
𝑥 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − $ ∫ "! %#
# # #
= $ 𝑥 $𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − $ ∫ 1 − "! %# 𝑑𝑥
# # # !"
= $ 𝑥 $ 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − $ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + $ ∫ "! %#
# $ # #
= 𝑥 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐶
$ $ $
5. Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 $ + 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:

∫ 𝑥 $ + 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥 $ + 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + ∫ 2𝑥 + 1 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= − 𝑥 $ + 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1 sin 𝑥 − 2 ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= − 𝑥 $ + 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1 sin 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶
 Tabular Method for Repeated Integration by Parts

Integrals of the form ∫ 𝑝 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 where 𝑝 𝑥 is a polynomial can sometimes be evaluated by

repeated integration by parts. A convenient method for organizing the computations into two
columns is called the tabular integration by parts
Steps are as follows:
1. Differentiate 𝑝 𝑥 repeatedly until you obtain 0, and list the results in the first column.
2. Integrate 𝑓 𝑥 repeatedly and list the results in the second column.
3. Draw an arrow from each entry in the first column to the entry that is one row down to the
second column.
4. Label the arrows with alternating + and – signs, starting with a +.
5. For each arrow, form the product of the expressions at its tip and tail and then multiply the
product by +1 or -1 in accordance with the sign on the arrow. Add the results to obtain the
value of the integral.
6. Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 $ + 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (using Tabular Method)

∴ ∫ 𝑥 $ + 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥 $ + 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 1 sin 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶

Exercises:

Evaluate the following:

1. ∫ 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4. ∫ sin ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2. ∫ 2𝑥 & + 𝑥 + 4 sin 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 5. ∫ 𝑥 & 𝑒 $" 𝑑𝑥

3. ∫ 𝑥 sin 4𝑥 cos 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 6. ∫ 𝑥 2𝑥 + 3 ' 𝑑𝑥

 Lesson 9

Integration by Substitution
ALGEBRAIC SUBSTITUTION

The method of algebraic substitution deals with the integrals of irrational

functions (or with irrational integrand). The irrational integrand is
transformed to one that is rational by substitution of a new variable.
The algebraic substitution depends on the irrational integrand under
consideration, and no general rule is given. There is, however, one crude
rule of the thumb which succeeds often enough to make it worth
consideration: Determine what quantity seems to be causing difficulty or
trouble from performing basic integration, then introduce a new variable
for that quantity.
Examples:
1. Evaluate ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin 𝑧 0 2𝑧 𝑑𝑧
= 2 ∫ 𝑧 sin 𝑧 𝑑𝑧

= 2 −𝑧 cos 𝑧 − ∫ − cos 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
= −2𝑧 cos 𝑧 + 2 ∫ cos 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
= −2𝑧 cos 𝑧 + 2 sin 𝑧 + 𝐶
= −2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
 !"
2. Evaluate ∫ #% "
Solution:
!" $( !( ( !(
∫#% " = ∫ #%( = 2∫
(%#
#
= 2∫ 1 − (%# 𝑑𝑧
!(
= 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑧 − 2 ∫ (%#
= 2 𝑧 − 2 ln 𝑧 + 1 + 𝐶
= 2 𝑥 − 2 ln 𝑥 + 1 + 𝐶
 )*%+ !*
3. Evaluate ∫
)*,#
Solution:
"! #$ !" &"
)*%+ !* ) %
%+ %
∫ = ∫ (
)*,#
$
= ∫ 𝑧 $ + 1 + 4 𝑧𝑑𝑧
)
$ & 𝑑𝑧 + $ 0 5 𝑧𝑑𝑧
= )
∫ 𝑧 )
∫
$ (' (!
= 0 +2 $ +𝐶
) +
# + $
= #-
5𝑦 − 1 + 5𝑦 − 1 + 𝐶
# $ + 5𝑦 − 1
= #-
5𝑦 − 1 +𝐶
4. Evaluate ∫ 𝑒 " − 9 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
$( !(
∫ 𝑒" − 9 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑧 ( ! %.
( ! !(
= 2∫ !
( %.
.
= 2∫ 1− ! 𝑑𝑧
( %.
!(
= 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑧 − 18 ∫ !
( %.

# (
=2𝑧 − 18 0 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 +𝐶
& &
/ ( ,.
=2 𝑒" − 9 − 6 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 &
+𝐶
 !"
5. Evaluate ∫
"% ) "
Solution:
!" 0( % !(
∫ = ∫ () % (!
"% ) "
( ) !(
= 6 ∫ (%#
#
= 6 ∫ 𝑧 $ − 𝑧 + 1 − (%# 𝑑𝑧
() (!
=6 − + 𝑍 − ln 𝑧 + 1 + 𝐶
& $
= 2 𝑥 − 3 ) 𝑥 + 6 * 𝑥 − 6 ln *
𝑥+1 +𝐶
Exercises:

Evaluate the following:

$ $
!" " ) ," ' !"
1. ∫ "%# "%&
4. ∫ $
+" !

/ !( !"
2. ∫ 4 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 5. ∫ / ( ,#

!*
3. ∫ 5𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥 6. ∫ *%+ , $