North south University

MBA Program
MAT501: Business Mathematics

Lecture Plan
Lecture 10: (Introduction to Differential Calculus)
Lecture 11-12: (Application to Differential Calculus)
Lecture 13: (Introduction to Integral Calculus)
Lecture 14: (Application to Integral Calculus)

Course Instructor: Dr. Mohammad Osman Gani

Professor
Department of Mathematics
Jahangirnagar University
Savar, Dhaka-1342.
E-mail: osmanganiju@gmail.com
Mobile: 01712-280-992

Solved by Dr. Mohammad Osman Gani, Professor, Dept. of Mathematics, Jahangirnagar University 1
Lecture-10
Introduction to Differential Calculus

Calculus is the mathematical tool used to measure changes in physical quantities. Many real-
world problems can be solved using calculus.

!"
• !#
is the change of the dependent variable 𝑦 with respect to (w. r. to) the
change of independent variable 𝑥.
• In a straight line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑚 is the slope of the line and
$%&'() +' , .+/) " 1"
𝑚 = $%&'() +' - = .0'
= #! 1#" .
! "
𝑑𝑦
Therefore, for a straight line, slope of the line 𝑚 = 𝑑𝑥 = Marginal Cost
𝑑𝑦
• If total cost, 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, then 𝑚 = 𝑑𝑥
is the Marginal Cost
𝑑𝑦
• For a curve, 𝑑𝑥
at a point is the slope of the tangent line at that point.

Notations:

𝒅
v 𝒅𝒙
means the derivative with respect to 𝑥.
𝒅𝒚
v means the derivative of 𝑦 with respect to 𝑥. It is called first
𝒅𝒙
derivative of 𝑦 with respect to 𝑥.
𝒅
v [𝒇(𝒙)] = 𝒇5 (𝒙).
𝒅𝒙
! 𝑑𝑦 !!"
v . /=
!# 𝑑𝑥 ! 𝑥2
= 𝒇55 (𝒙). It is called second derivative of 𝑦 with respect to 𝑥.
! !!" !#"
v . /=
!# ! 𝑥2 ! 𝑥3
= 𝒇555 (𝒙). It is called third derivative of 𝑦 with respect to 𝑥.

Formulae:
! !
1. (𝑥 6 ) = 𝑛𝑥 617 . For example. (𝑥 8 ) = 5𝑥 817 = 5𝑥4 .
!# !#
! !
2. (𝑐) = 0, where 𝑐 is a constant. Example. (5) = 0
!# !#
! !
3. (𝑘𝑥 6 ) = 𝑘𝑛𝑥 617 . For example. (10𝑥 8 ) = 10 × 5𝑥 817 = 50𝑥4 .
!# !#
! ! !
4. [𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)] = [𝑓(𝑥)] ± [𝑔(𝑥)].
!# !# !#

!
For example. (5𝑥4 + 3𝑥2 − 2𝑥 + 7)
!#

! ! ! !
= !# (5𝑥 9 ) + !# (3𝑥 : ) − !# (2𝑥) + !# (7)

Solved by Dr. Mohammad Osman Gani, Professor, Dept. of Mathematics, Jahangirnagar University 2
 = 20𝑥3 + 6𝑥 − 2 + 0
= 20𝑥3 + 6𝑥 − 2
! !
5. [𝑓(𝑥)]6 = 𝑛[𝑓(𝑥)]617 . [𝑓(𝑥)]
!# !#

!
For example. !#
(2𝑥 − 7)7;

!
= 10(2𝑥 − 7)< . !# (2𝑥 − 7)
= 10(2𝑥 − 7)< . 2
= 20(2𝑥 − 7)<
! ! !
6. [𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑓(𝑥). [𝑔(𝑥)] + 𝑔(𝑥). [𝑓(𝑥)] (Product rule)
!# !# !#
= 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔5 (𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥). 𝑓 5 (𝑥)
= 𝑓𝑔5 + 𝑔𝑓 5

! ! !
Or, [𝑢. 𝑣 ] = 𝑢. [𝑣 ] + 𝑣. [𝑢].
!# !# !#

$ $
! =(#) @(#). [=(#)]1=(#). [@(#)]
7. B C=
!# @(#)
$%
[@(#)]!
$%
(Quotient rule)

$ $
! D E. [D]1D. [E]
Or, !# E
B C= $%
𝑣2
$%
.

ü Page 508: Example problem

Question. Find 𝑓 5 (𝑥) if 𝑓(𝑥) = (3𝑥 : − 2𝑥 + 5)F/: .

𝑑𝑦
Or, Find 𝑑𝑥
if 𝑦 = (3𝑥 : − 2𝑥 + 5)F/: .

Solution.

ü Page 509 : Exercise and Example problem

Exercise. Find 𝑓 5 (𝑥) if 𝑓(𝑥) = (2𝑥 F − 3𝑥2 − 10)9/F . Ans. 8𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 F − 3𝑥2 −
"
10)# .
8; 17;
Example. Find 𝑓 5 (𝑥) if 𝑓(𝑥) = ;.:#H8. [Answer. 𝑓 5 (𝑥) = (;.:#H8)! ].

89
Example. Find 𝑓 5 (1) if 𝑓(𝑥) = 10𝑥 − (8𝑥2H9)"/! . [Answer. 𝑓 5 (1) = 20]

Solved by Dr. Mohammad Osman Gani, Professor, Dept. of Mathematics, Jahangirnagar University 3
ü Page 511 : Problem 1-24 (problem set 7-6)

Find 𝑓 5 (𝑥) if

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = (6𝑥 − 5)8 . 2. 𝑓(𝑥) = (2𝑥 + 6)8 .

[Ans. 30(6𝑥 − 5)9 ] [Ans. 10(2𝑥 + 6)9 ]

3. 𝑓(𝑥) = (2𝑥)F . 4. 𝑓(𝑥) = (6𝑥)7/F .

[Ans. 24𝑥2 ] [Ans. 2/(6𝑥)2/3 ]

5. 𝑓(𝑥) = (4𝑥)7/: . 6. 𝑓(𝑥) = (9𝑥)9/F .

[Ans. 1/√𝑥] [Ans. 12(9𝑥)1/3 ]

7. 𝑓(𝑥) = (8𝑥 − 3)F/: . 8. 𝑓(𝑥) = (12𝑥 − 9)8/F .

Ans. 12(8𝑥 − 3)7/: Answer. 20(12𝑥 − 9):/F .

9. 𝑓(𝑥) = (3𝑥2 − 6𝑥 + 2)8/: . 10. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥3 − 3𝑥2 + 6𝑥)9/F .

Answer. 15(𝑥 − 1)(3𝑥2 − 6𝑥 + 2)F/: . Answer. 4(𝑥2 − 2𝑥 + 2)(𝑥3 − 3𝑥2 + 6𝑥)7/F

11. 𝑓(𝑥) = (2𝑥 − 3)7/: . 12. 𝑓(𝑥) = (3𝑥2 + 5):/F .

Ans. 1/(2𝑥 − 3)7/: Ans. 4𝑥/(3𝑥2 + 5)7/F

9 I
13. 𝑓(𝑥) = :#1F. 14. 𝑓(𝑥) = F#18.

Ans. −8/(2𝑥 − 3): Ans. −18/(3𝑥 − 3):

15. 𝑓(𝑥) = (1/𝑥 − 2): . 16. 𝑓(𝑥) = (5 − 1/𝑥2 )F .

7 7
Ans. (−2/𝑥2 )(# − 2) Ans. (6/𝑥3 )(5 − 𝑥2):

< 7:
17. 𝑓(𝑥) = (F#18)! . 18. 𝑓(𝑥) = (:#H7;)# .

Ans. −54/(3𝑥 − 5)F Ans. −72/(2𝑥 + 10)9

7; 8
19. 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 + F#H:. 20. 𝑓(𝑥) = 0.1𝑥 + 81;.:#.

Ans. 5 − 30/(3𝑥 + 2): Ans. 0.1 + 1/(5 − 0.2𝑥):

7 7
21. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + (8H:#)"/! . 22. 𝑓(𝑥) = (F#1J)"/! − 2𝑥.

Ans. 3 − 1/(5 + 2𝑥)F/: . Ans. −2 − 3/[2(3𝑥 − 7)F/: ]

Solved by Dr. Mohammad Osman Gani, Professor, Dept. of Mathematics, Jahangirnagar University 4
 7K 9
23. Find 𝑔5 (2), if 𝑔(𝑥) = 10𝑥 + (8H:#)"/! . 24. Find ℎ5 (3), if ℎ(𝑥) = 7𝑥 + (𝑥217)"/# .

Ans. 28/3 Ans. 13/2

ü Page 514 : Example problem

!
Question. Find !#
J(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥3 + 2)9/F K.

Or, Find 𝑓 5 (𝑥), if 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥3 + 2)9/F .

𝑑𝑦
Or, Find 𝑑𝑥
, if 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥3 + 2)9/F .

Or, Find the first derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥3 + 2)9/F .

𝑑𝑦 !
Solution. 𝑑𝑥
= !#
J(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥3 + 2)9/F K
' '
! !
= (𝑥 − 1) !# (𝑥3 + 2)# + (𝑥3 + 2)# !# (𝑥 − 1)
" '
9
=(𝑥 − 1) F (𝑥3 + 2)# (3𝑥2 ) + (𝑥3 + 2)#

" '
= (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥3 + 2)# (4𝑥2 ) + (𝑥3 + 2)#
"
= (𝑥3 + 2)# (4𝑥3 − 4𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 2)
"
= (𝑥3 + 2)# (5𝑥3 − 4𝑥2 + 2) (Answer).

ü Page 517 : Example and exercise problem

:#H8 1:<
Question. Find the first derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = F#1J. Answer. (F#1J)!
.

8# 78
Question. Find the first derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = F19#. Answer. (F19#)!

𝑥2 #(<#HK)
Question. Find the first derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = (F#H:)"/! . Answer. :(F#H:)#/!
.

𝑥3 𝑥2 (7I#H:J)
Question. Find the first derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = (:#HF)"/# . Answer. F(:#HF)'/#
.

ü Page 518 : Problem 1-20 (problem set 7-7)

Question. Find the first derivative of each of the following functions:

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = (3𝑥 − 2)(2𝑥 + 5). 2. 𝑓(𝑥) = (7𝑥 + 3)(4 − 3𝑥).

3. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 * + 2)(3𝑥 − 5). 4. 𝑓(𝑥) = (3 − 𝑥 * )(5𝑥 + 6).

Solved by Dr. Mohammad Osman Gani, Professor, Dept. of Mathematics, Jahangirnagar University 5
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)+ . 6. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 * (𝑥 + 5), .

7. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 * (𝑥 + 3)-/* . 8. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 , (6𝑥 − 1)*/, .

9. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥(3𝑥 * + 7)-/, . 10. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥(2𝑥 , + 5)-/* .

. ./*
11. 𝑓(𝑥) = ./-. 12. 𝑓(𝑥) = .0-.

.# .$
13. 𝑓(𝑥) = *.0,. 14. 𝑓(𝑥) = ,.01.

. ,.
15. 𝑓(𝑥) = ,0*. #. 16. 𝑓(𝑥) = -/*. #.

. *.
17. 𝑓(𝑥) = . 18. 𝑓(𝑥) = .
(,.0*)%/# (*.0,)%/#

*.0- ,/1.
19. 𝑓(𝑥) = . 20. 𝑓(𝑥) = .
(. # 01)%/$ (. $ 0*)%/$

Lecture:11-12
Applications of Differential Calculus
Stationary point: A stationary point on 𝑓(𝑥) is a point where 𝑓 4 (𝑥) = 0.
Increasing function: A function 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing if 𝑓 4 (𝑥) > 0.
Decreasing function: A function 𝑓(𝑥) is decreasing if 𝑓 4 (𝑥) < 0.
Inflection point: An inflection point is one where the curve changes concavity.

[First Derivative Test] Determination of Maximum and Minimum values of a given function

!"
1. Calculate !# or 𝑓 5 (𝑥), from the given function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).
!"
2. Set !# = 0, and find the values of 𝑥. Say 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐.
3. To test at 𝑥 = 𝑎, let us consider two values for 𝑥, 𝑥L (just to the left of 𝑎) and 𝑥M (just
to the right of 𝑎).
4. (i) If 𝑓 5 (𝑥L ) > 0 and 𝑓 5 (𝑥M ) < 0, there is a local maximum point at 𝑥 = 𝑎.
(ii) If 𝑓 5 (𝑥L ) < 0 and 𝑓 5 (𝑥M ) > 0, there is a local minimum point at 𝑥 = 𝑎.
(iii) If 𝑓 5 (𝑥L ) and 𝑓 5 (𝑥M ) are of same sign, then there is a stationary point of
inflection.
5. Similarly we can test for 𝑥 = 𝑏 and 𝑐.

Solved by Dr. Mohammad Osman Gani, Professor, Dept. of Mathematics, Jahangirnagar University 6
[Second Derivative Test] Determination of Maximum and Minimum values of a given function

Working rule for finding the maximum and minimum values of a given function:
dy
Step-I: For the given function y = f (x), find .
dx
dy
Step-II: Put = 0 and find the value or values of 𝑥. Let these are: a , b, c,...
dx
d2y
Step-III: Find .
dx 2
d2y
Step-IV: Put x = a in .
dx 2
d2y
(i) If >0, the function f (x ) has minimum value at x = a and ymin = f (a ).
dx 2
d2y
(ii) If <0, the function f (x ) has maximum value at x = a and ymax = f ( a ).
dx 2

Similarly, test other values b, c,… of x found in step II.

d2y d3y
Step-V: When = 0 for a particular value x = a (say), then we find and put x = a in the
dx 2 dx 3
third derivative. If the third derivative is either positive or negative, there is a point of inflection at
x = a.
We tabulate the result as follows:
Maximum Minimum
dy dy
Necessary Condition =0 =0
dx dx
dy d2y dy d2y
Sufficient Condition = 0 and <0 = 0 and >0
dx dx 2 dx dx 2

INFLECTION POINT

Inflection points can occur only where the second derivative equals zero. The sign of the first
derivative is immaterial for an inflection point. For an inflection point at a, the conditions are
dy d2y d3y
(i) = 0 (ii) = 0 at x = a. (iii) ¹ 0 at x = a.
dx dx 2 dx 3

Question No.1: (Page#529)

Find the coordinates of all local maxima, local minima and stationary inflection points
𝒙𝟑
of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑
+ 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖𝒙 + 𝟒 by first derivative test.

##
Solution: Given, 𝑓(𝑥) = F
+ 𝑥 : − 8𝑥 + 4

Solved by Dr. Mohammad Osman Gani, Professor, Dept. of Mathematics, Jahangirnagar University 7
 \ 𝑓 5 (𝑥) = 𝑥 : + 2𝑥 − 8

To get stationary points, Let, 𝑓 5 (𝑥) = 0

Þ 𝑥 : + 2𝑥 − 8 = 0, Þ 𝑥 : + 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 8 = 0

Þ 𝑥(𝑥 + 4) − 2(𝑥 + 4) = 0, Þ (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 2) = 0 \ 𝑥 = 2, −4

So, the stationary points are at 𝑥 = 2, −4

For 𝒙 = 𝟐

Let, 𝑥P = 1 be a point on the left side of 𝑥 = 2, and 𝑥Q = 3 be a point on the right side of
𝑥 = 2.

Now, 𝑓 5 (𝑥P ) = 𝑓 5 (1) = 1: + 2 − 8 = −5 < 0 ,and

𝑓 5 (𝑥Q ) = 𝑓 5 (3) = 3: + 6 − 8 = 7 > 0

So, at 𝑥 = 2, 𝑓(𝑥) has a minimum value and the minimum value is,
K 7I 7I
𝑓RS6 (2) = F + 4 − 16 + 4 = − F
. So, the coordinate of local minima is .2, − F /.

For 𝒙 = −𝟒

Let, 𝑥P = −5 be a point on the left side of 𝑥 = −4, and 𝑥Q = −3 be a point on the right side
of 𝑥 = −4. Now, 𝑓 5 (𝑥P ) = 𝑓 5 (−5) = (−5): − 10 − 8 = 7 > 0 ,and

𝑓 5 (𝑥Q ) = 𝑓 5 (−3) = (−3): − 6 − 8 = −5 < 0

So, at 𝑥 = −4, 𝑓(𝑥) has a maximum value and the maximum value is,
64 92
𝑓RT# (−4) = − + 16 + 32 + 4 =
3 3
<:
So, the coordinate of local maxima is .−4, F /.

<: 7I
Answer: Maximum point is .−4, F / and minimum point is .2, − F /. There is no stationary
inflection point.

ü Page 530 : Exercise problem

Question. Find the coordinates of all local maxima, local minima and stationary
𝒙𝟑
inflection points of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑
− 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟕 by first derivative test.

Solution: Given,
##
𝑓(𝑥) = F
− 𝑥 : − 3𝑥 + 7

Solved by Dr. Mohammad Osman Gani, Professor, Dept. of Mathematics, Jahangirnagar University 8
 \ 𝑓 5 (𝑥) = 𝑥 : − 2𝑥 − 3

To get stationary points,

Let, 𝑓 5 (𝑥) = 0

Þ 𝑥 : − 2𝑥 − 3 = 0

Þ 𝑥 : − 3𝑥 + 𝑥 − 3 = 0

Þ 𝑥(𝑥 − 3) + (𝑥 − 3) = 0

Þ (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1) = 0

\ 𝑥 = 3, −1

So, the stationary points are at 𝑥 = 3, −1

For 𝒙 = 𝟑,

Let, 𝑥P = 2 be a point on the left side of 𝑥 = 3, and 𝑥Q = 4 be a point on the right side of
𝑥 = 3.

Now, 𝑓 5 (𝑥P ) = 𝑓 5 (2) = 2: − 4 − 3 = −3 < 0 ,and

𝑓 5 (𝑥Q ) = 𝑓 5 (4) = 4: − 8 − 3 = 5 > 0

So, at 𝑥 = 3, 𝑓(𝑥) has a minimum value and the minimum value is,
:J
𝑓RS6 (3) = F
− 9 − 9 + 7 = −2

So, the coordinate of local minima is (3, −2).

For 𝑥 = −1

Let, 𝑥P = −2 be a point on the left side of 𝑥 = −1, and 𝑥Q = 0 be a point on the right side
of 𝑥 = −1

Now, 𝑓 5 (𝑥P ) = 𝑓 5 (−2) = (−2): + 4 − 3 = 5 > 0 ,and

𝑓 5 (𝑥Q ) = 𝑓 5 (0) = 0: − 0 − 3 = −3 < 0

So, at 𝑥 = −1, 𝑓(𝑥) has a maximum value and the maximum value is,
1 26
𝑓RT# (−1) = − − 1 + 3 + 7 =
3 3
:I
So, the coordinate of local maxima is .−1, F /.

Solved by Dr. Mohammad Osman Gani, Professor, Dept. of Mathematics, Jahangirnagar University 9
 :I
Answer: Maximum point is .−1, / and minimum point is (3, −2). There is no
F
stationary inflection point.

ü Page 531 : Exercise and example problem

Question. Find the coordinates of all local maxima, local minima and stationary
inflection points of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 by first derivative test.

Solution: Given, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 F − 6𝑥 : + 12𝑥 − 3 \ 𝑓 5 (𝑥) = 3𝑥 : − 12𝑥 + 12

To get stationary points,

Let, 𝑓 5 (𝑥) = 0, Þ 3𝑥 : − 12𝑥 + 12 = 0

Þ 𝑥 : − 4𝑥 + 4 = 0, Þ 𝑥 : − 2. 𝑥. 2 + 2: = 0 Þ (𝑥 − 2): = 0 \ 𝑥 = 2

So, the stationary point is at 𝑥 = 2.

For 𝒙 = 𝟐
Let, 𝑥P = 1 be a point on the left side of 𝑥 = 2, and 𝑥Q = 3 be a point on the right side of
𝑥 = 2.

Now, 𝑓 5 (𝑥P ) = 𝑓 5 (1) = 3.1: − 12 + 12 = 3 > 0 , and

𝑓 5 (𝑥Q ) = 𝑓 5 (3) = 3.3: − 12.3 + 12 = 3 > 0

Since, 𝑓 5 (𝑥P ) = 𝑓 5 (𝑥Q ). So, at 𝑥 = 2, 𝑓(𝑥) does not have any local extremum.

But, 𝑓 5 (𝑥P ) > 0 and 𝑓 5 (𝑥Q ) > 0. So, at 𝑥 = 2, there is an inflection point.

\𝑓(2) = 2F − 6.2: + 12.2 − 3 = 5

So, the coordinate of the inflection point is (2, 5) but no local maxima and no local
minima.

Answer: There is no local extremum at stationary point 𝑥 = 2, and stationary inflection

point is (2, 5).

ü Page 531 : Exercise problem

Question. Find the coordinates of all local maxima, local minima and stationary
inflection points of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓 by first derivative test.

Answer. There is a stationary inflection point at (1, 6), with no local maxima and no
local minima.

Solved by Dr. Mohammad Osman Gani, Professor, Dept. of Mathematics, Jahangirnagar University 10
ü Page 544 : Example problem

Question. Find all local optimum points of the following:

𝟏
(a) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝟎𝒙 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟓. (b) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝟎.

Answer. (a) Local maximum at (5, 100). (b) Local minimum at (9, 11).

ü Page 546 : example problem

Question. Determine all local optimum points and all inflection points of

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟒 + 𝟖𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟖𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 by second derivative test.

Solution: Given, 𝑓(𝑥) = 15𝑥 9 + 8𝑥 F − 18𝑥 : + 1

\𝑓 5 (𝑥) = 60𝑥 F + 24𝑥 : − 36𝑥

\𝑓 55 (𝑥) = 180𝑥 : + 48𝑥 − 36 \𝑓 555 (𝑥) = 360𝑥 + 48

To get stationary points,

put, 𝑓 5 (𝑥) = 0

Þ 60𝑥 F + 24𝑥 : − 36𝑥 = 0

Þ 5𝑥 F + 2𝑥 : − 3𝑥 = 0

Þ 𝑥(5𝑥 : + 2𝑥 − 3) = 0

Þ 𝑥(5𝑥 : + 5𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 3) = 0

Þ 𝑥 {5𝑥(𝑥 + 1) − 3(𝑥 + 1)} = 0

F
Þ 𝑥(𝑥 + 1)(5𝑥 − 3) = 0. So, 𝑓(𝑥) has stationary points at, 𝑥 = 0, −1, 8.

For 𝒙 = 𝟎

𝑓 55 (𝑥) = 𝑓 55 (0) = −36 < 0, which is a negative number.

So, 𝑓(𝑥) has a maximum value at 𝑥 = 0 and the maximum value is 𝑓RT# (𝑥) = 𝑓(0) = 1

So, maximum point is (0, 1).

For 𝒙 = −𝟏

𝑓 55 (𝑥) = 𝑓 55 (−1) = 180. (−1): + 48. (−1) − 36 = 180 − 48 − 36 = 96 > 0, which is a

positive number. So, 𝑓(𝑥) has a minimum value at 𝑥 = −1, and the minimum value is
𝑓RS6 (𝑥) = 𝑓(−1) = 15. (−1)9 + 8. (−1)F − 18. (−1): + 1 = 15 − 8 − 18 + 1 = −10

Solved by Dr. Mohammad Osman Gani, Professor, Dept. of Mathematics, Jahangirnagar University 11
So, minimum point is (−1, −10).
𝟑
For 𝒙 =
𝟓

F F : F :KK
𝑓 55 (𝑥) = 𝑓 55 .8/ = 180. .8/ + 48. .8/ − 36 = 8
> 0, which is a positive number. So,
F
𝑓(𝑥) has a minimum value at 𝑥 = 8 and the minimum value is

3 3 9 3 F 3 : 226
𝑓RS6 (𝑥) = 𝑓 | } = 15. | } + 8. | } − 18 | } + 1 = −
5 5 5 5 125
F ::I
So, minimum point is .8 , − 7:8/.
Here,
\absolute minimum point is (−1, −10) 3
𝑓 555 |− } = −168 ≠ 0
Inflection point: Let, 𝑓 55 (𝑥) = 0 5

Þ 180𝑥 : + 48𝑥 − 36 = 0 , and

7
Þ 15𝑥 : + 4𝑥 − 3 = 0 𝑓 555 .F/ = 168 ≠ 0

Þ 15𝑥 : − 5𝑥 + 9𝑥 − 3 = 0

Þ 5𝑥(3𝑥 − 1) + 3(3𝑥 − 1) = 0

Þ (3𝑥 − 1)(5𝑥 + 3) = 0
F 7
\𝑥 = − 8 , F

Coordinates of inflection points:

1 1 9 1 F 1 : 14
𝑓 | } = 15. | } + 8. | } − 18. | } + 1 = −
3 3 3 3 27
7 79
So, an inflection point is .F , − :J/.

3 3 9 3 F 3 : 658
𝑓 |− } = 15. |− } + 8. |− } − 18. |− } + 1 = −
5 5 5 5 125
F I8K
So, another inflection point is .− 8 , − 7:8/.

Answer: Maximum point: (0, 1).

F ::I
Minimum points: (−1, −10), .8 , − 7:8/.

7 79 F I8K
Inflection points: .F , − :J/ , .− 8 , − 7:8/.

Solved by Dr. Mohammad Osman Gani, Professor, Dept. of Mathematics, Jahangirnagar University 12
ü Page 549 : Problem 13, Problem 17

Question. Determine all local optimum points and all inflection points of

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟏.

Solution: Given, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 F − 6𝑥 : + 9𝑥 + 1

\𝑓 5 (𝑥) = 3𝑥 : − 12𝑥 + 9 \𝑓 55 (𝑥) = 6𝑥 − 12

\𝑓 555 (𝑥) = 6.

To get stationary points,

Let, 𝑓 5 (𝑥) = 0

Þ 3𝑥 : − 12𝑥 + 9 = 0 Þ 𝑥 : − 4𝑥 + 3 = 0

Þ 𝑥 : − 3𝑥 − 𝑥 + 3 = 0

Þ 𝑥(𝑥 − 3) − 1(𝑥 − 3) = 0 Þ (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 1) = 0

\ 𝑥 = 3, 1. So, the stationary points are at, 𝑥 = 3, 1.

For 𝒙 = 𝟑

𝑓 55 (𝑥) = 𝑓 55 (3) = 6.3 − 12 = 6 > 0, which is a positive number. So, 𝑓(𝑥) has a minimum
value at 𝑥 = 3, and the minimum value is 𝑓RS6 (𝑥) = 𝑓(3) = 3F − 6.3: + 9.3 + 1 = 1.

So, minimum point is (3, 1).

For 𝒙 = 𝟏

𝑓 55 (1) = 6.1 − 12 = −6 < 0, which is a negative number. So, the function has a
maximum value at 𝑥 = 1, and the maximum value is 𝑓RT# (𝑥) = 𝑓(1) = 1F − 6.1: +
9.1 + 1 = 5.

So, maximum point is (1, 5).

Inflection point:
Here,
55 (𝑥)
Let, 𝑓 =0
𝑓 555 (2) = 6 ≠ 0
Þ 6𝑥 − 12 = 0

Þ𝑥−2=0\𝑥 =2

Coordinates of inflection point:

𝑓(2) = 2F − 6.2: + 9.2 + 1 = 3

Solved by Dr. Mohammad Osman Gani, Professor, Dept. of Mathematics, Jahangirnagar University 13
So, the inflection point is (2, 3).

Answer: Maximum point (1,5). Minimum point (3, 1). Inflection point (2, 3).

ü Page 549 : Problem 17

Question. Determine all local optimum points and all inflection points of

𝒇(𝒙) = −𝒙𝟑 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐.

ü Page 561 : Example problem

Question No.6:

When x gallons of olive oil are produced, the average cost per barrel is 𝑨(𝒙), where
𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑨(𝒙) = 𝟎.𝟏𝒙H𝟐𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝒙, 𝒙 > 𝟎.

(a) Find the value of x that minimizes average cost per barrel.

(b) Compute the minimum average cost per barrel.

Solution:

(a) Given,

4000
𝐴(𝑥) = + 0.25𝑥, 𝑥>0
0.1𝑥 + 20
= 4000(0.1𝑥 + 20)17 + 0.25𝑥

Now, 𝐴5 (𝑥) = 4000 (−1)(0.1𝑥 + 20)1: (0.1) + 0.25

400
=− + 0.25
(0.1𝑥 + 20):

∴ 𝐴55 (𝑥) = −400 (−2)(0.1𝑥 + 20)1F (0.1) = 80(0.1𝑥 + 20)1F

For stationary points,

Let, 𝐴5 (𝑥) = 0
9;; 9;;
Þ − (;.7#H:;)! + 0.25 = 0 Þ (;.7#H:;)! = 0.25

;.:8 7 7 :
Þ (0.1𝑥 + 20)1: = 9;;
= 7I;; = .9;/

Solved by Dr. Mohammad Osman Gani, Professor, Dept. of Mathematics, Jahangirnagar University 14
 7 :
Þ (0.1𝑥 + 20)1: = .9;/

7 7
Þ (0.1𝑥 + 20)17 = .9;/ (by taking square root on both sides)

7 7
Þ ;.7#H:; = 9; Þ 0.1𝑥 + 20 = 40 Þ 0.1𝑥 + 20 = 40

\ 𝑥 = 200.

Now,
(8.200) + 1600 1
𝐴55 (200) = = > 0, which is positive.
(20 + 20)9 800

So, the given function has a minimum value at 𝑥 = 200. (Answer)

(b)

Since, for 𝑥 = 200, 𝐴(𝑥) has minimum value. [From (a)]

So, the minimum average cost per barrel will be,

4000
𝐴RS6 (200) = + {(0.25).200}
{(0.1). 200} + 20

4000
= + 50
40
= 150
(Answer)

ü Page 568 : Problem 1,2,3,4

Question-1: When 𝒚 gallons of crude oil are produced the average cost per barrel is
𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎
𝑨(𝒚), where 𝑨(𝒚) = 𝟎.𝟎𝟒𝒚H𝟗 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝒚, 𝒚 > 𝟎.

(a) Find the value of 𝒚 that minimizes average cost per barrel. [Ans. 𝒚 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎
barrels]
(b) Compute the minimum average cost per barrel. [Ans. $164 per barrel]
*155
Solution: (a) Given, 𝐴(𝑦) = 5.5+708 + 0.16𝑦

Þ 𝐴(𝑦) = 2500(0.04𝑦 + 9)/- + 0.16𝑦

∴ 𝐴4 (𝑦) = (2500)(−1)(0.04𝑦 + 9)/* (0.04) + 0.16

= −100(0.04𝑦 + 9)/* + 0.16

Solved by Dr. Mohammad Osman Gani, Professor, Dept. of Mathematics, Jahangirnagar University 15
∴ 𝐴44 (𝑦) = −100 (−2)(0.04𝑦 + 9)/, (0.04) = 8(0.04𝑦 + 9)/, .

Now put, 𝐴4 (𝑦) = 0

⇒ −100(0.04𝑦 + 9)/* + 0.16 = 0

⇒100(0.04𝑦 + 9)/* = 0.16

5.-9 -9 -
⇒(0.04𝑦 + 9)/* = = -55×-55 = *1×*1
-55

- *
⇒(0.04𝑦 + 9)/* = A*1B

-
⇒(0.04𝑦 + 9)/- = *1

- -
⇒5.5+708 = *1 ⇒0.04𝑦 + 9 = 25

-9
⇒0.04𝑦 = 25 − 9 ⇒𝑦 = 5.5+ ∴ 𝑦 = 400 barrels.

K
Now, ∴ 𝐴55 (400) = 8(0.04 × 400 + 9)1F = 8(25)1F = , which is positive.
78I:8

So, at 𝑦 = 400, there is average minimizes average cost per barrel.

(b) So, the minimum average cost per barrel is, A (400)= *155
min + 0.16(400)
5.5+(+55)08

2500
= + 64 = $164 per barrels.
25

Question-2: When 𝒙 gallons of olive oil are produced the average cost per barrel is
𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑨(𝒙), where 𝑨(𝒙) = 𝟎.𝟏𝒙H𝟐𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝒙, 𝒙 > 𝟎.

(a) Find the value of 𝒙 that minimizes average cost per barrel. [Ans. 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎
barrels]
(b) Compute the minimum average cost per barrel. [Ans. $150 per barrel]
+555
Solution: Given, 𝐴(𝑥) = 5.-.0*5 + 0.25𝑥

= 4000(0.1𝑥 + 20)/- + 0.25𝑥

∴ 𝐴4 (𝑥) = (4000)(−1)(0.1𝑥 + 20)/* (0.1) + 0.25 = −400(0.1𝑥 + 20)/* + 0.25

∴ 𝐴44 (𝑥) = −400(−2)(0.1𝑥 + 20)/, (0.1) = 80(0.1𝑥 + 20)/, .

Now, put
𝐴4 (𝑥) = 0
⇒ −400(0.1𝑥 + 20)/* + 0.25 = 0

⇒400(0.1𝑥 + 20)/* = 0.25

- - *
⇒(0.1𝑥 + 20)/* = -955 ⇒(0.1𝑥 + 20)/* = A+5B

- - -
⇒(0.1𝑥 + 20)/- = +5 ⇒ 5.-.0*5 = +5

Solved by Dr. Mohammad Osman Gani, Professor, Dept. of Mathematics, Jahangirnagar University 16
⇒0.1𝑥 + 20 = 40 ⇒ 0.1𝑥 = 40 − 20
*5
⇒𝑥 = 5.- ∴ 𝑥 = 200 barrels.

80 1
∴ 𝐴44 (𝑥) = 80(0.1 × 200 + 20)/, = = > 0.
6400 80

(b) So, the minimum average cost per barrel is, A (200)= +555
min + 0.25(200)
5.-(*55)0*5

4000
= + 50 = $150 per barrels.
40

Question-3: Profit realized when 𝒙 thousands gallons of antifreeze are produced and
solid is 𝑷(𝒙) thousand dollars, where 𝑷(𝒙) = (𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝟏𝟎𝒙)𝟏/𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝒙.

(a) Find the value of 𝒙 that leads to maximum profit. [Ans. 𝒙 = 𝟓𝟐. 𝟓 thousand
gallons]
(b) Compute the maximum profit. [Ans. $14.5 thousand]
%
Solution: P(x) = (100 + 10x)# − 0.2x
%
-
∴ P4 (x) = (100 + 10𝑥)/# (10) − 0.2
*

-
= 5(100 + 10𝑥)/* − 0.2

𝑃4 (𝑥) = 0
%
⇒5(100 + 10𝑥)/# − 0.2 = 0
%
⇒5(100 + 10𝑥)/# = 0.2
%
-
⇒(100 + 10𝑥)/# =
*1

- -
⇒ = *1
√-550-5.

⇒√100 + 10𝑥 = 25

⇒100 + 10𝑥 = 25*

⇒100 + 10𝑥 = 625

⇒10𝑥 = 525

∴ 𝑥 =52.5 thousand gallons.

(b)
%
Pmax(52.5)= T100 + 10(52.5)U# − 0.2(52.5)

Solved by Dr. Mohammad Osman Gani, Professor, Dept. of Mathematics, Jahangirnagar University 17
 = 25 − 10.5

= $14.5 thousand.

Question-4: The output of a chemical process that is applied for 𝒕 hours is 𝒌(𝒕)
hundreds of pounds, where 𝒌(𝒕) = (𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟑𝒕)𝟏/𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝒕.

(a) Find the value of 𝒕 that leads to maximum profit. [𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎 hours]

(b) Compute the maximum profit. [2.5 hundred pounds]
%
Solution: Given, k(t) = (6 + 0.3t)# − 0.05t
%
-
k 4 (t) = (6 + 0.3𝑡)/# (0.3) − 0.05
*

3 -
= (6 + 0.3𝑡)/* − 0.05
20
$
, - 8
k 44 (t) = = *5 A− *B (6 + 0.3𝑡)/# (0.3) = − +55 (6 + 0.3𝑡)/,/* , which is always negative.

Now, put 𝑘 4 (𝑡) = 0

%
,
⇒ *5 (6 + 0.3𝑡)/# − 0.05 = 0

% %
, -
⇒ (6 + 0.3𝑡)/# = 0.05 ⇒(6 + 0.3𝑡)/# =
*5 ,

- -
⇒ =, ⇒√6 + 0.3𝑡 =3
√905.,<

⇒6 + 0.3𝑡 = 3* ⇒0.3𝑡 = 9 − 6
,
⇒𝑡 = 5., ∴ 𝑡 =10 hours.

%
-
(b) kmax(10)= T6 + 0.3(10)U# − 0.05(10) = 3 − = 2.5 hundred pounds.
*

Solved by Dr. Mohammad Osman Gani, Professor, Dept. of Mathematics, Jahangirnagar University 18
Lecture-13
Introduction to Integral Calculus

Integration: Integration is the inverse process of differentiation.

Notation of integration: Integration of the function 𝑓(𝑥) is denoted by

∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.
!
For example. If (𝑥) = 1, then ∫(1) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶 ⋯ ⋯ (1).
!#

Now the basic question is where this 𝐶 comes from? Let us try to get the
answer of this question.
! !
Since (𝑥) = 1 and (𝑥 + 𝐶) = 1 , That is reason we need to add an
!# !#
integration constant after the integration. i.e., ∫(1) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶.

Types of integrations: Integrations are of two kinds

(i) Indefinite integration: ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥. (Integration without limits)

Z
(ii) Definite integration: ∫T 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 . (Integration with limits)

v Note that in case of a definite integration, we do not need to add

the integrating constant 𝐶.

Formulae: (Indefinite Integrals)

# 12"
1. ∫ 𝑥 6 𝑑𝑥 = 6H7
+ 𝐶; if 𝑛 ≠ −1.

2. ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶.

3. ∫ 𝑘𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝐶.

4. ∫ 𝑘𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.

5. ∫[𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.

(R#HZ)12"
6. ∫(𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏)6 𝑑𝑥 = R(6H7)
+ 𝐶; if 𝑛 ≠ −1.

ü Page 650: Problem 1-40 (problem set 10-1)

Solved by Dr. Mohammad Osman Gani, Professor, Dept. of Mathematics, Jahangirnagar University 19
1. ∫ 𝑑𝑥. 2. ∫ 𝑑𝑧. 3. ∫ 5 𝑑𝑦.

4. ∫(−7) 𝑑𝑤. 5. ∫(1 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥. 6. ∫(3 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦.

7. ∫(2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 4) 𝑑𝑥. 8. ∫(3𝑦 4 + 4𝑦 − 1) 𝑑𝑦. 9. ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑞.

10. ∫ 𝑞 𝑑𝑝. 11. ∫(𝑝𝑞) 𝑑𝑝. 12. ∫(𝑝𝑞) 𝑑𝑞.

13. ∫(𝑥 4 + 𝑥 5 − 1) 𝑑𝑥. 14. ∫(𝑦 3 + 𝑦 6 − 1) 𝑑𝑦. 15. ∫(3𝑦 3 + 5𝑦 5 + 1) 𝑑𝑦.

16. ∫(4𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 6 + 1) 𝑑𝑥. 17. ∫ 𝑥 73 𝑑𝑥. 18. ∫ 774 𝑑𝑦.

89 8:
19. ∫ $ . 20. ∫ ' . 21. ∫(5 − 2𝑦 74 ) 𝑑𝑦.
9 :

; 3
22. ∫(7 − 3𝑥 75 ) 𝑑𝑥. 23. ∫(2𝑥 − : # + 1) 𝑑𝑥. 24. ∫(𝑦 + 9$ + 1) 𝑑𝑦.

25. ∫ 𝑝;/3 𝑑𝑝. 26. ∫ 𝑞;/4 𝑑𝑞. 27. ∫ 3𝑥 75/4 𝑑𝑥.

; 3 3 ;
28. ∫ 5𝑦 74/3 𝑑𝑦. 29. ∫(2 − : # − 4: (/' 1) 𝑑𝑥. 30. ∫(2𝑥 − : $ − 5: )/$) 𝑑𝑥.

31. ∫ 12(𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 ) 𝑑𝑥. 32. ∫ 3(𝑥 3 + 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥. 33.∫ 16(2𝑥 − 9)4 𝑑𝑥.

34.∫ 30(3𝑥 + 5)6 𝑑𝑥. 35.∫(3𝑥 − 9)73 𝑑𝑥. 36.∫(2𝑥 + 3)75 𝑑𝑥.

8: 8> @ 8:
37. ∫ (674:)%/#. 38. ∫ (?73>)$. 39. ∫ (3:A6)%/$.

;3 8:
40. ∫ (4:7?)%/#.

Ø Formulae: (definite Integrals)

Z
1. If ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶, then ∫T 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = |𝐹(𝑥)| TZ = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎).
Z [ Z
2. ∫T 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫T 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫[ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥. (𝑎 < 𝑐 < 𝑏)
Z T
3. ∫T 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫Z 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 .

ü Page 663 : Problem 1-20 (problem set 10-2)

8 F 9
1. ∫: 2 𝑑𝑥 2. ∫7 3 𝑑𝑥 3. ∫17 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

< I F
4. ∫1F 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 5. ∫: (𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 . 6. ∫17(2𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥

K < :
7. ∫; 𝑥 :/F 𝑑𝑥 . 8. ∫; 𝑥 7/: 𝑑𝑥 . 9. ∫7 (𝑥 : − 3𝑥 + 5) 𝑑𝑥 .

Solved by Dr. Mohammad Osman Gani, Professor, Dept. of Mathematics, Jahangirnagar University 20
 F < "
K "
10. ∫; (𝑥 : + 5𝑥 − 2) 𝑑𝑥 . 11. ∫7 (5 + 𝑦 1! ) 𝑑𝑦. 12. ∫7 (1 + 2𝑦 1# ) 𝑑𝑦.

I K I I;!#
13. ∫: (2𝑥 − 3)7/: 𝑑𝑥 . 14. ∫7 (5𝑥 − 4)17/: 𝑑𝑥 . 15. ∫7 .
(F#H:)!

I :; Z !
16. ∫; (9#H7)#/!
𝑑𝑥 . 17. ∫T 3𝑥 : 𝑑𝑥 . 18. ∫[ 4𝑥 F 𝑑𝑥 .

6 7
19. ∫7 (𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 . 20. ∫6 (2𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 .

Solutions:

F
F 𝑥3 𝑥2 33 32 87
10. ∫; (𝑥 : + 5𝑥 − 2) 𝑑𝑥 = ” + 5. : − 2𝑥” = . F + 5. : − 2.3/ − (0) = (Ans.)
F ; :

I I
I I;!# (F#H:)B!2" 7 7 7 719
15. ∫7 (F#H:)!
= 60 ” (1:H7)(F) ” = −20 ”F#H:” = −20 .:; − 8/ = −20 . :; / = 3 (Ans.)
7 7

I I
I :; (9#H7)B#/!2" 7 7 718
16. ∫; (9#H7)#/!
𝑑𝑥 = 20 ” (1F/:H7)(9) ” = −10 ” ” = −10 .8 − 1/ = −10 . 8
/=8
7 √9#H7 ;
(Ans.)

Lecture-14
Applications of Integral Calculus

ü Page 674 : example problem

Question. The total amount of coal of a country will consume in a period of
years depends upon the rate of consumption and this rate increases as time,
t years, increases. Suppose it is estimated that the consumption rate, 𝑟 5 (𝑡), 𝑡
years from now, will be 𝑟 5 (𝑡) = (20 + 1.2𝑡) million tons per year.

(a) Compute the total amount of coal the country will consume in the
next ten years.
(b) How much coal will be consumed in the following ten years, that is,
during the second decade from now?
(c) If the total supply of coal available to the country now and in the
future is 2500 million tons, how long will it be until the total supply is
exhausted?

Solution. (a) The total amount of coal the country will consume in the next
7;
ten years is = ∫; (20 + 1.2𝑡)𝑑𝑡 =260 million tons.

Solved by Dr. Mohammad Osman Gani, Professor, Dept. of Mathematics, Jahangirnagar University 21
(b) The coal will be consumed in the following ten years, that is, during the
:;
:; ]!
second decade from now is = ∫7; (20 + 1.2𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ”20𝑡 + 1.2( : )”
7;

:;
= |20𝑡 + 0.6𝑡 : |7; = [20(20) + 0.6(400)] − [20(10) + 0.6(100)]

= 640 − 260 = 380 million tons.

(c) Let 2500 million tons coal will last 𝑇 years. So we have
^
∫; (20 + 1.2𝑡)𝑑𝑡 =2500

⇒ 0.6𝑇 : + 20𝑇 − 2500 = 0

⇒ 6𝑇 : + 200𝑇 − 25000 = 0

⇒ 3𝑇 : + 100𝑇 − 12500 = 0

⇒ (3𝑇 + 250)(𝑇 − 50) = 0

⇒ 𝑇 − 50 = 0, since T can not be negative,

∴ 𝑇 = 50 years.

Therefore, the total supply of coal will be exhausted in 50 years.

ü Page 686 : Exercise problem 5,6 7

Question#5. At time 𝑡 years, an industry consumes fuel at the rate of
(2𝑡 + 9)7/: million barrels per year. If the total supply of fuel available to the
industry now and in the future is 63 million barrels, how many years will
the supply last? [Ans. 13.5 years]

Solution. Let 63 million barrels fuel will last 𝑇 years. So we have

^
^ 7/: (:]H<)#/!
∫; (2𝑡 + 9) 𝑑𝑡 = 63 ⇒ ™ # ™ = 63
( )(:)
! ;

^
⇒ š(2𝑡 + 9)F/: š; = 189 ⇒ (2𝑇 + 9)F/: − (9)F/: = 189

⇒ (2𝑇 + 9)F/: = 189 + 27 ⇒ (2𝑇 + 9)F/: = 216

⇒ 2𝑇 + 9 = (216):/F = 6: = 36

⇒ 2𝑇 = 36 − 9 = 27

∴ 𝑇 = 13.5 years. (Ans.)

Solved by Dr. Mohammad Osman Gani, Professor, Dept. of Mathematics, Jahangirnagar University 22
Question#6. At time 𝑡 years, sales of a currently new product are expected
to be

10
(0.5𝑡 + 16)7/:

million dollars per year. How many years will it take for total sales to
amount to $40 million?

Solution. Let the total sales to amount to $40 million in 𝑇 years.

So, according to the question we have

^ 7; ^ 7
∫; " 𝑑𝑡 = 40 ⇒ ∫; " 𝑑𝑡 = 4
(;.8]H7I)! (;.8]H7I)!

" ^ " ^
(;.8]H7I)B!2" (;.8]H7I)!
⇒™ " ™ =4 ⇒™ " " ™ =4
(1 H7)(;.8) ( )( )
! ; ! ! ;

" ^ " "

⇒ 4 ”(0.5𝑡 + 16)! ” = 4 ⇒ (0.5𝑇 + 16)! − (16)! = 1
;

"
⇒ (0.5𝑇 + 16)! = 5 ⇒ 0.5𝑇 + 16 = 25

⇒ 0.5𝑇 = 9, ⇒ 𝑇 = 18 years (Ans.)

Question#7. The population of a trading area is currently 100 thousand. At

time 𝑡 years from now population will be growing at the rate of

20
(0.5𝑡 + 9)7/:

thousand per year. What will total population be 14 years from now?

Solution. Since, the population of the trading area is currently 100

thousand. So, after 14 years the total population will be as follows:
79
20
100 + › 𝑑𝑡
(0.5𝑡 + 9)7/:
;

Solved by Dr. Mohammad Osman Gani, Professor, Dept. of Mathematics, Jahangirnagar University 23
 :; 14
= 100 + (;.8)(7/:) š(0.5𝑡 + 9)7/: š = 100 + 80[4 − 3] = 180 thousand
0

Formulae:
1. ∫ 𝑒 ! 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ! + 𝑐
"!#$ % 789:
2. ∫𝑒 𝑑𝑥 =
"
+ 𝑐 , 𝑚 ≠ 0.
&8
3. ∫ 𝑎 ! 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
'(&
&789:
4. ∫ 𝑎"!#$ 𝑑𝑥 = "('(&)
+ 𝑐 , 𝑚 ≠ 0.

ü Page 691 : example problem

.+
Question. Evaluate ∫+ 30𝑒 +.+-! 𝑑𝑥. [Ans. 411.059.]
.+ /+ 10
Solution. ∫+ 30𝑒 +.+-! 𝑑𝑥 = +.+- |𝑒 +.+-! |
0
= 5003𝑒 (+.+-)(.+) − 𝑒 (+.+-)(+) 5

= 500(𝑒 +.- − 𝑒 + ) = 500(1.8221188 − 1)

= 411.059
ü Page 693 : Example problem

1
Question. Evaluate ∫2 (6)+.0! 𝑑𝑥. [Ans. 33.487.]
1 -;.=84 . (+.0)(1)
Solution. ∫ (6)+.0! 𝑑𝑥 == = = 36 − 6(+.0)(2) 5
2 ('(-)(+.0) 2 +.34033

1 30
= (62 − 6. ) = = 33.49.
0.89588 0.89588

ü Page 695 : Problem 17,18,19,20

Solved by Dr. Mohammad Osman Gani, Professor, Dept. of Mathematics, Jahangirnagar University 24
Question#17. The total supply of a fuel available now and in the future is
1000 million barrels. At time 𝑡 years from now, fuel will be consumed at the
rate of
10𝑒 ;.;8]
million barrels per year.
(a) How much fuel will be consumed in the next 20 years? [Ans. 343.656
million barrels]
(b) How long will the supplies of fuel last? [Ans. 35.835 years]

Solution. (a) The total amount of fuel will be consumed in the next 20 years
:;
:; 𝑒0.05𝑡 7;
= ∫; 10𝑒 ;.;8] 𝑑𝑡 = ”10 ;.;8 ” = ;.;8 J𝑒 ;.;8(:;) − 1K = 200J𝑒 ;.;8(:;) − 1K=343.656
;
million barrels.

(b) Let 1000 million barrels fuel will last 𝑇 years. So we have
^ ^
∫; 10𝑒 ;.;8] 𝑑𝑡 = 1000 ⇒ ∫; 𝑒 ;.;8] 𝑑𝑡 = 100

^
_ C.CEF
⇒ ” ;.;8 ” = 100 ⇒ 𝑒 (;.;8)(^) − 1 = 5
;

⇒ 𝑒 (;.;8)(^) = 6 ⇒ ln 𝑒 (;.;8)(^) = ln 6
`' I
⇒ (0.05)(𝑇) ln 𝑒 = ln 6 ⇒ 𝑇 = ;.;8=35.835 years

∴ 𝑇 = 35.835 years (Ans)

Question#18. At time 𝑡 years, the cost of maintaining a facility is at the rate

of
12𝑒 ;.;K]
thousands of dollars per year. Assuming there is no fixed involved,

(a) Find total maintenance cost for the next 10 years? [Ans. $183.831
thousand]
(b) How long will it take for total maintenance cost to reach $300 thousand?
[Ans. 13.733 years]

Solution. [Try yourself]

Solved by Dr. Mohammad Osman Gani, Professor, Dept. of Mathematics, Jahangirnagar University 25
Question#19. At time 𝑡 years, interest on a bank account is at the rate of
600𝑒 ;.;I]
dollars per year.
(a) What will be total interest accumulation in 12 years? [Ans. $10544.33]
(b) How long will it take for total interest accumulation to reach $5000?
[Ans. 6.758 years ]

Solution. [Try yourself]

Question#20. Sales of a product are projected to be at the rate of

15𝑒 1;.:]
million pounds per year at time 𝑡 years.
(a) Find total sales in the next five years. [Ans. 47.409 million pounds]
(b) How long will it take for total sales to reach 60 million pounds? [Ans.
8.047 years]

Solution. [Try yourself]

Question#21. Sales of wheat at time 𝑡 years are projected to be at the rate

of
5 + 15𝑒 1;.:]
million pounds per year. Find total sales in the next five years.
[Ans. 72.409 million pounds]

8
Solution. The total sales of wheat in the next five years= ∫; (5 + 15𝑒−0.2𝑡 )𝑑𝑡
15 −0.2𝑡 8
= •5𝑡 + 𝑒 • = |5𝑡 − 75𝑒−0.2𝑡 |8; = J5(5) − 75𝑒−0.2(5)K − J5(0) − 75𝑒−0.2(0) K
−0.2 ;
J8 J8
= 25 − _
− 0 + 75 = 100 − _
= 72.409 million pounds (Ans.)

Question#22. Sales of milk at time 𝑡 years are projected to be at the rate of

10 + 20𝑒 1;.9]
million gallons per year. Find total sales in the next five years.
[Ans. 93.233 million gallons]

Solution. [Try yourself]

Solved by Dr. Mohammad Osman Gani, Professor, Dept. of Mathematics, Jahangirnagar University 26
CONSUMER’S SURPLUS

Suppose P = f (x ) = D(x ) be the demand function for a commodity, where P is the price which the
consumer is willing to pay, and x is the quantity of the
commodity. Obviously this function is the decreasing
function because as P increases, the quantity x is which
the consumer is willing tobuy decreases. If p 0 is the
market price and x 0 is the corresponding market
demand for the commodity, then the consumer
expenditure will be X 0 P0 . Now Consumer who would be
willing to pay more than P0 (it is also the price
Fig: Consumer’s
at which producer is willing to sell) will gain. The total expenditure Surplus for buying the
of the consumer
x0
quantity x is
ò g(x )dx .
0

The net gain to consumer is represented by the area below the demand curve and above the line
p = p 0 . This area is called the consumer’s surplus. In other words, consumer’s surplus is the amount
which a consumer is willing to pay for a commodity rather than go without it, minus what he would
have to pay actually for it at the market price. CS is evaluated as:
x0 x0
Consumer’s surplus= ò f (x) dx - p x = ò D(x) dx - p x
0
0 0
0
0 0

Remarks:
1. under pure competition, the price P0 is determined by equating the demand and supply functions and from
this relation the demand x 0 is calculated.
2. under monopoly, the price P0 is determined by the relation MR = MC. From this price value P0 , we
obtain the corresponding value of x 0 and then the consumer’s surplus is calculated in the usual way.

Problem-13: The demand law for a commodity is P = 20 - q - q 2 . Find the consumer’s surplus
when the demand is 3.
Solution: Here p = f (q ) = 20 - q - q 2
When the demand q0 = 3,the price p0 = 20 - 3 - (3)2 = 8
q0 3
\ Consumer’s surplus = ò (q )dq - p0 q0 = ò (20 - q - q ) dq - (8 ´ 3)
2

0 0

Solved by Dr. Mohammad Osman Gani, Professor, Dept. of Mathematics, Jahangirnagar University 27
 3
é q 2
q ù 3
é (3)2 (3)3 ù 45
=
ê20q - 2 -
ú - 24 = ê 20 ´ 3 -
ë
- ú
û
- 24 = [Ans]
ë û0
2 3 2
3

Problem-14: The quantity sold and the corresponding price, under a monopoly are determined by the
demand function p = 25 - x 2 and the marginal cost MC = 15 + x in such a way as to maximize
profit. Determine the corresponding consumer’s surplus.

Solution: Revenue, R = xp = x 25 - x 2 = 25x - x 3 . ( )

Therefore, Marginal revenue (MR ) =
dR d
=
dx dx
25x - x 2 = 25 - 3x 2 ( )
The profit is maximum when MR = MC.
5
i.e. 25 - 3x 2 = 15 + x Þ 3x 2 + x - 10 = 0 Þ x = -2, .
3
5
But quantity cannot be negative, hence x ¹ 2.\ x = .
3
2
5 æ5ö 25 200
Therefore, when x 0 = , then p 0 = 25 - ç ÷ = 25 - =
3 è3ø 9 9
5 5
/3 /3

ò (25 - x ) dx - p x = ò (25 - x ) dx - 3 ´ 9
5 200
\Consumer’s Surplus = 2
0 0
2

0 0
5/
é x3 ù
3
é æ 5 ö 1 æ 5 ö 3 ù 1000 250
1000
ê
= 25 x -
ú - = ê25ç ÷ - ç ÷ ú - = [Ans.]
27 êë è 2 ø 3 è 3 ø úû 27 81
ë 3 û
0

PRODUCER’S SURPLUS

Suppose p = g (x ) = s(x) be the supply function for a commodity. If p 0 is the market price and x 0 is
the corresponding market supply for the commodity, then
the producer’s revenue will be x 0 p 0 . Now producer who
would be willing to supply the commodity below the
market price p 0 (it is the price at which consumers is
willing to buy) will earn the revenue as shown in
figure. The total revenue of the producer for supplying the
x0
quantity x is
ò g(x )dx.
0

The net revenue to producer is represented by the area above the supply curve and below the line
p = p0. This area is called the producer’s surplus and PS is evaluated as:

Solved by Dr. Mohammad Osman Gani, Professor, Dept. of Mathematics, Jahangirnagar University 28
 x0 x0
Producer’s surplus = p0 x0 - ò f (x ) dx = x
0
0 p0 - ò S (x ) dx
0

Problem-15: If the supply law is p = (x + 2 ) and the price is fixed as p0 = 25, find the producer’s
2

surplus.
Solution: Given p = (x + 2 )2 and p0 = 25.

Now p = (x + 2)2 Þ 25 = (x 0 + 2)2 Þ x 0 + 2 = 5 Þ x 0 = 3.

é (x + 2)3 ù
x0 3 3

Producer’s surplus = x 0 p 0 - ò (x + 2 ) dx = 3 ´ 25 - ò (x + 2 ) dx = 75 - ê
2 2
ú
0 0 ë 3 û0
125 8
= 75 - + = 36 [Ans.]
3 3
Problem-16: If the supply curve is p = 10 + x and the quantity sold in market is 6 units, find the
producer’s surplus.
Solution: Given p = 10 + x
If x 0 = 6, then p0 = 10 + 6 = 4

\ x 0 = 6 and p0 = 4
x0 6
Hence producer’s surplus, PS = x0 p0 - ò p(x)dx = 6 ´ 4 - ò
0 6
10 + x dx

é (10 + x )3 / 2 ù
6

= 24 - ê
2
[
ú = 24 - (16 ) - (10 ) = 2.42
3/ 2 3/ 2
] [Ans.]
ë 3 / 2 û0 3
Problem-17: Determine consumer surplus and producer surplus under pure competition for the
x2
demand function p = 36 - x 2 and supply function p = 6 + , where p is the price and x is quantity.
4
Solution: Under pure competition, market equilibrium conditions can be obtained by equating the
demand and supply. \Demand = Supply
x2 5x 2 30 ´ 4
Þ 36 - x 2 = 6 + Þ = 30 Þ x 2 = = 24 Þ x = 2 6 = x0
4 4 5
( ) 2
\ p0 = 36 - 2 6 = 36 - 24 = 12
x0 2 6
Consumer’s Surplus (CS ) = D( x ) dx - p0 x0 =
ò ò (36 - x ) dx - 2 6 ´12
2

0 0
2 6
é x3 ù
= ê36 x - ú - 24 6 = 72 6 - 16 6 - 24 6 = 32 6
ë 3 û0
x0 2 6
æ x2 ö
Producer’s Surplus = p0 x0 - S ( x ) dx = 2 6 ´ 12 -
ò0
ò0
çç 6 + ÷÷dx
è 4ø

Solved by Dr. Mohammad Osman Gani, Professor, Dept. of Mathematics, Jahangirnagar University 29
 2 6
é x3 ù
= 24 6 - ê6x + ú = 24 6 - 12 6 - 4 6 = 8 6 [Ans.]
ë 12 û 0

Problem-18: Find the consumer surplus and producer surplus under pure competition for demand
8 1
function p = - 2 and supply function p = (x + 3), where p is price and x is quantity.
x +1 2
Solution: Under pure competition, market equilibrium conditions can be obtained by equating the
demand and supply.
8 1
\ - 2 = (x + 3) Þ 16 - 4(x + 1) = (x + 3) (x + 1)
x +1 2
Þ 16 - 4x - 4 = x 2 + 4x + 3 Þ x 2 + 8x - 9 = 0 Þ (x + 9) (x -1) = 0 \ x = 1or x = -9
But x ¹ -9 as quantity cannot be negative. \ x = 1
1 1
When x = 1, p = (x + 3) = (1 + 3) = 2.
2 2
x0 1
Consumer surplus = D(x ) dx - p0 x0 = ç
æ 8 ö
ò
0
ò è x + 1 - 2 ÷ødx - 1´ 2
0

= [8 log(x + 1) - 2x ] - 2 = 8 log 2 - 2 - 2 = 8 log 2 - 4.

1
0
x0 1
1
Producer surplus = p0 x0 - S (x ) dx = 1´ 2 -
ò ò 2 (x + 3) dx
0 0
1
é1 æ x2 öù 1æ1 ö 7 1
= 2 - ê çç + 3x ÷÷ú = 2 - ç + 3 ÷ = 2 - =
ë2 è 2 øû 0 2è2 ø 4 4
Problem-19: The demand and supply function under perfect competition are y = 16 - x 2 and

y = 2x 2 + 4 respectively. Find the market price, consumer’s surplus and producer’s surplus.
Solution: Demand function: y = 16 - x 2 ...(1)
Supply function: y = 2x 2 + 4 ...(2)
Subtracting (1) from (2), we have
0 = 12 - 3x 2 Þ x = 2 = x0
When x = 2, y = 16 - (2)2 = 12 = y0
Thus when the quantity demanded or supplied is 2 units, the price is 12 units.
2
Consumer’s surplus = ò (16 - x ) dx - 2 ´12
2

é x3 ù 8 16
= ê16 x - ú - 24 = 32 - - 24 = - 5.33
ë 3û 3 3
2
Producer’s surplus = 2 ´12 - ò (2 x )
+ 4 dx
2

Solved by Dr. Mohammad Osman Gani, Professor, Dept. of Mathematics, Jahangirnagar University 30
 2
é 2x 2 ù é16 ù 32
= 24 - ê + 4x ú = 24 - ê + 8ú = = 10.67 [Ans.]
ë 3 û0 ë3 û 3
Problem-20: Demand and supply functions are 𝐷(𝑥) = (12 − 2𝑥)3 and 𝑆(𝑥) = 56 + 4𝑥 respectively.
Determine CS under monopoly (so as to maximize the profit) and the supply function is identified with the
marginal cost function.
Solution: Total revenue = TR = x ´ D(x )

( )
= 144 - 48x + 4x 2 x = 144x - 48x 2 + 4x 3

\ MR = (144x - 48x 2 + 4x 3 ) = 144 - 96 x + 12 x 2

d
dx
Since the supply price is identified with MC, we have MC = 56 + 4 x
In order to find CS under monopoly, i.e., to maximize profit, we must have, MR = MC
Þ 144 - 96 x + 12 x 2 = 56 + 4x Þ 12 x 2 - 100x + 88 = 0
22
Þ 3x 2 - 25 x + 22 = 0 Þ x = 1 = x 0 or x = = x0
3
when x0 = 1, D(x0 ) = p0 = (12 - 2 ´1)2 = 100
1 1
(
\ CS = ò (12 - 2x ) = x 0p0 = ò 144 - 48x + 4x 2 dx - 1 ´ 100
2
)
0 0

3 1
é x2 x ù 4 64
= ê144x - 48. + 4. ú - 100 = 144 - 24 + - 100 = units.
ë 2 3 û0 3 3
2
Again when x 0 =
22 æ 44 ö 64
, p 0 = ç12 - ÷ =
3 è 3 ø 9
22 /
22 / 3

ò( )
3
22 64 é x
2
x
3
ù 22 64 19,360
\CS = 144 - 48 x + 4 x 2 dx - ´ = ê144 x - 48 ´ + 4´ ú - ´ = units.
0
3 9 ë 2 3 û0 3 9 81

Solved by Dr. Mohammad Osman Gani, Professor, Dept. of Mathematics, Jahangirnagar University 31