Theory & Exercise-Jeemain - Guru

METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
THEORY AND EXERCISE BOOKLET
CONTENTS
S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
♦ THEORY WITH SOLVED EXAMPLES .............................................................. 3 – 17
♦ EXERCISE - I .................................................................................................. 18 – 22
♦ EXERCISE - II .................................................................................................. 23 – 24
♦ EXERCISE - III ................................................................................................. 25 – 29
♦ EXERCISE - IV ................................................................................................ 30 – 32
♦ EXERCISE - V ................................................................................................. 33 – 34
♦ ANSWER KEY ................................................................................................ 35 – 36
394 - Rajeev Gandhi Nagar Kota, Ph. No. 0744-2209671, 93141-87482, 93527-21564
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Page # 2 METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
JEE Syllabus :
Derivative of a function, derivative of the sum, difference, product and quotient of two functions, chain
rule, derivatives of polynomial, rational, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic
functions, derivatives of implicit functions, derivatives up to order two, L'Hospital rule of evaluation of
limits of functions, geometrical interpretation of the derivative
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METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION Page # 3
A. DERIVATIVE USING FIRST PRINCIPLE /AB INITIO METHOD

dy ∆y f ( x + ∆x )−f ( x )
If f(x) is a derivable function then, = Limit
∆ x → 0
= Limit
∆ x → 0
= f ′(x)
dx ∆x ∆x
Ex.1 Using first principles, find the derivative of the function y = –cot x – x.
We find ∆y = – cot(x + ∆x) – (x + ∆x) + cot x + x = cot x – cot (x + ∆x) – ∆x.
sin(β − α ) sin( x + ∆x − x ) sin ∆x

Sol. Using the formula cot α – cot β = , we get ∆y = – ∆x = – ∆x,
sin α sin β sin x sin( x + ∆x ) sin x sin( x + ∆x )
sin ∆x sin ∆x
∆y ∆ x ∆y ∆x 1
whence = – 1 & consequently lim = lim −1= – 1.
∆x sin x sin( x + ∆x ) ∆x →0 ∆x ∆x →0 sin x. sin( x + ∆x ) sin2 x
1
Thus we have y′ = – 1 = cot2x.
sin 2 x
ex
Ex.2 Find by first principle the derivative of w.r.t. x.
x
ex e x + ∆x e x + ∆x ex x.e x .e ∆x −e x ( x + ∆x )
Sol. y = ; y + ∆y = ⇒ ∆y = − =
x x + ∆x x + ∆x x x( x + ∆x )
 e ∆ x −1
  ∆x  x e
∆x
−1  x 
x e x  ∆x  −e x . ∆ x  x e  ∆ x −e 
∆y ∆y
   
⇒ = ⇒ Limit = Limit
∆x x( x + ∆x ) ∆ x →0 ∆x ∆ x →0
 x ( x + ∆ x ) 
 
 
d xe x −e x
⇒ (x ex ) =
dx x2
Ex.3 If f (x) = (ln x)x , find f ′ (x) from the first principle.
[n( x +h)] x+h −( nx ) x

Sol. By definition f ′ (x) = Limit
h→0
h
 e( x+h )n(n( x+h ))− x n( n x ) −1
e( x+h )n[ n( x+h )] −e x n( nx ) Limit  
= Limit = e x ln (ln x)
h
 
h→0 h →0
h
Limit  e − 1 . s
s
= (ln x) x h→0   where s = (x + h) ln [ln (x + h)] − x ln (ln x)

s →0  s h
s
Note that as h → 0 , s → 0 ⇒ Limit e − 1 = 1
s→0
s
( x+h)n[n( x+h)]− xn(nx )
= (ln x)x Limit
h→0
h
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  n(n( x+h))−n(nx )  
= (ln x)x  x Limit  +Limit n(n( x+h)) .......(1)
 
h →0 h  h →0 
l say
 nx +n 1+ hx  
 nx1+ hx   n  
n nx 
n( x+h) n nx    nx 
     
Now l = Limit
h →0
= Limit
h→0   = Limit
h →0
h h
h
 n 1+ hx  
n1+ nx    n 1+ h  



  n 1+ hx
1+ ( ) 1/ h 
Limit 1  
h →0 h 
x
n x 
= Limit = Limit l n   = ln e  
h →0 h h→0
 nx 
1/ x
( )
n 1+ hx
1/ h

( )
n 1+ hx
x /h

 1
= Limit = ⇒l =
h →0
nx nx xnx
Substituting the value of l in (1)
  1    1 
= ( n x)x .   x
 
  + n( nx )  = (n x)x  + n( nx )
 
 x n x  
  n x 
Derivative Of Standard Functions :

(i) D (xn) = n.xn−1 ; x ∈ R, n ∈ R, x > 0 (ii) D (ex) = ex (iii) D (ax) = ax. ln a a > 0
1 1
(iv) D (ln x) = (v) D (logax) = logae (vi) D (sinx) = cosx
x x
(vii) D (cosx) = − sinx (viii) D (tanx) = sec²x
(ix) D (secx) = secx . tanx (x) D (cosecx) = − cosecx . cotx
d
(xi) D (cotx) = − cosec²x (xii) D (constant) = 0 where D =
dx
1 −1
(xiii) D(sin −1 x )= ,− 1<x<1 (xiv) D(cos −1 x )= ,− 1<x<1
1− x2 1− x2
1 1
(xv) D(tan −1 x )= ,x∈R (xvi) D(sec −1 x )= , x >1
1+ x2 x x2 − 1
−1 −1
(xvii) D(cos ec −1x )= , x >1 (xviii) D(cot −1 x )= ,x∈R
x 2
x −1 1+ x2
B. RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION
If u and v are derivable function of x, then ,
d du dv d du
(i) (u±v )= ± (ii) (Ku)=K , where K is any constant
dx dx dx dx dx
The extended linearity rule
If f1, f2 ....., fn are differentiable functions and a1, a2, ....., an are constants, then
d df1 df2 dfn

[a1f1 + a2f2 + ...... + an fn] = a1 + a2 + ..... + an
dx dx dx dx
d dv du dy dv du
(iii) PRODUCT RULE : (u . v ) = u + v i.e. =u +v .
dx dx dx dx dx dx
1 dy 1 du 1 dv
On division by uv the above result may be written as = +
y dx u dx v dx .
Hence it is clear that the rule may be extended to product of more than two functions.
For example, if y = uvw; let vu = z, then y = uz.
1 dy 1 du 1 dz 1 dz 1 dv 1 dw
= + but = + ,
y dx u dx z dx z dx v dx w dx
1 dy 1 du 1 dv 1 dw
by substitution = + +
y dx u dx v dx w dx .
Generally, if y = uvwt.....
1 dy 1 du 1 dv 1 dw 1 dt
= + + +
y dx u dx v dx w dx t dx + .......,,
dy du dv dw
and if we multiply be uvwt..... we obtain = (vwt ...) + (uwt...) + (uvt...) + ....,,
dx dx dx dx
i.e. multiply the differential coefficient of each separate function by the product of all the remaining
functions and add up all the results; the sum will be the differential coefficient of the product of
all the functions.
d  u  v( du )−u(dv )
(iv) QUOTIENT RULE :  = dx 2 dx where v ≠ 0
dx  v  v
The derivation of formula for the derivative of the quotient of two functions f and g as follows :
f ( x ) f (a)
f − 1 f ( x )g(a) − f (a)g( x )
d   (a) = lim ( x ) g(a)
g
= xlim .
dx g x →a x−a →a g( x )g(a) x−a
1 f ( x )g(a) − f (a)g(a) + f (a)g(a) − f (a)g( x )

= 2
lim
g ( a) x →a x −a
1  f( x ) − f (a ) g( x ) − g(a )  f (a)f ′(a) − f (a)g′(a)

 lim g(a ) − lim f( a )
x − a 
= =
2
g (a)  x → a x−a x → a g2 ( a )
(v) CHAIN RULE : If f and g are differentiable functions, then so is the composite function f(g(x)).
Let a be a number in the domain of g such that g(a) is in the domain of f.
( f ( g))( x ) − ( f ( g))(a) f (g( x )) − f (g(a))

[f(g)]′ = lim = lim .
x →a x−a x → a x−a
 f ( g( x )) − ( f (g(a)) g( x ) − g(a)   f (g( x )) − ( f (g(a))   g( x ) − g(a) 

[f(g)]′(a) = xlim   =  xlim   xlim .
→a
 g( x ) − g(a) x−a   →a g( x ) − g(a)   →a x − a 
Setting y = g(x) and b = g(a) and noting that y approaches b as x approaches a, we have
f(y) − f(b) g(x) − g(a)

[f(g)]′(a) = lim lim = f′(b) g′(a)
y →b y − b x →a x − a
= f′(g(a)) g′(a) = (f′(g)g′)(a)
Remark : In using the Chain Rule we work from the outside to inside. Formula says that we differentiate
the outer function f[at the inner function f(x)] and then we multiply by the derivative of the inner
function.
d
f (g(x)) = f′ (g(x)) . g′(x)
dx

outer evaluated derivative evaluated derivative
function at inner of outer at inner of inner
function function function function
Ex.4 Differentiate y = sin(x2)

Sol. 2
If y = sin(x ), then the outer function is the sine function and the inner function is the squaring
function, so the Chain Rule gives
dy d
= sin (x 2 ) = cos (x 2 ) . 2x
dx dx
outer evaluated derivative evaluated derivative
function at inner of outer at inner of inner
function function function function
Ex.5 If F(x) = (x2 + 2)3, compute F′(x). One way to do this problem is to expand (x2 + 2)3 and use the
differentiation formulae.
Sol. F(x) = (x2 + 2)3 = x6 + 6x4 + 12x2 + 8,
F′(x) = 6x5 + 24x3 + 24x.
Another method uses the Chain Rule. Let g and f be the functions defined, respectively, by g(x) =
x2 + 2 and f(y) = y3. Then f(g(x)) = (x2 + 2)3 = F(x), and, according to the Chain Rule,
F′(x) = [f(g(x))]′ = f′(g(x)) g′(x).
Since g′(x) = 2x and f′(y) = 3y2, we get f′(g(x)) = 3(x2 + 2)2 and
F′(x) = 3(x2 + 2)2 (2x) = 6x (x4 + 4x2 + 4),
which agrees with the alternative solution above.
dy dy du
If y = f(u) & u = g(x) then = . “ Chain Rule ”
dx du dx
Let f and g be two differentiable functions. The formation of the composite function f(g) is suggested
by writing u = g(x) and y = f(u). Thus x is transformed by g into u, and the resulting u is then
transformed by f into y = f(u) = f(g(x)). We have
du dy dy
= g′(x), = f′(x) = [f(g(x))]′
dx du dx
dy dy du
By the Chain Rule, [f(g(x))]′ = f′(g(x)) g′(x) = f′(u)g′(x), and so = . ...(1)
dx du dx
The idea that one can simply cancel out du in (1) is very appealing and accounts for the popularity of
the notation. It is important to realize that the cancellation is valid because the Chain Rule is true,
and not vice versa. Thus, du is simply a part of the notation for the derivative and means nothing by
itself. Note also that (1) is incomplete in the sense that it does not say explicitly at what points to
evaluate the derivatives. We can add this information by writing
dy dy du
(a) = (a) (a) .
dx du dx
1 dw
Ex.6 If w = z2 + 2z + 3 and z = , find (2)
x dx
dw dw dz  1 
Sol. By the Chain Rule, = = (2z + 2)  − 2  .
dx dz dx  x 
1 dw  1  1  3
when x = 2, we have z = . Hence (2) =  2. + 2  −  = − .
2 dx  2  4  4
x
Ex.7 Differentiate g(x) = 4 .
1 − 3x
1/ 4
 x  x
Sol. Write g(x) =   = u1/4 where u = is the inner function and u1/4 is the outer function.
 1 − 3x  1 − 3x
−3 / 4
1 1 x   x ′
Then, g′(x) = (u1/4)′u′(x) = u –3/4u′(x) and we have g′(x) =    
4 4  1 − 3x   1 − 3x 
−3 / 4 −3 / 4
1 x   (1 − 3 x )(1) − x( −3)  1 x   1  1
=     =    2
= 5/4 .
4  1 − 3x   (1 − 3 x )2  4  1 − 3x  3/4
 (1 − 3 x )  4 x (1 − 3 x )
6
3 
Ex.8 Differentiate g(x) = cos x2 + 5  + 4 .
 x 
dg d d d 2  −1 5 d 
Sol. = cos x2 + 5 (3x–1 + 4)6 = – sin x2 (x ) + 5 6(3 x + 4) (3 x −1 + 4)
dx dx dx dx  dx 
= (– sin x2) (2x) + 30 (3x–1 + 4)5 (–3x–2) = –2x sin x2 – 90x–2 (3x–1 + 4)5
Ex.9 Differentiate y = cos4 (3x + 1)2.
dy d d
Sol. = 4 cos3 (3x + 1)2 cos (3x + 1)2 = 4 cos3 (3x + 1)2 . [–sin(3x + 1)2] . (3x + 1)2
dx dx dx
= –4 cos3 (3x + 1)2 sin (3x + 1)2 . 2(3x + 1) (3) = –24(3x + 1) cos3 (3x + 1)2 sin (3x + 1)2.
dy
Ex.10 If y = sin cos x , find dx .
dy d sin cos x d sin cos x d cos x d(cos x )

Sol. = = . .
dx dx d cos x d cos x dx
1 sin x cos cos x

= cos cos x . 2 cos x . (– sin x) = –
2 cos x
dy
Ex.11 If y = x2 cos (log x), find
dx
dy d d{cos(log x )} d( x 2 )
Sol. = {x2 cos (log x) } = x2 + cos (log x)
dx dx dx dx
d cos(log x) . d(log x)
= x2 . + cos (log x) . 2x
dlog x dx
1
= x2 (– sin (log x)} . + 2 x cos (log x) = – x sin(log x) + 2 x cos (log x)
x
C. LOGARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION
To find the derivative of :
(i) a function which is the product or quotient of a number of functions OR
(ii) a function of the form [f(x)] where f & g are both derivable, it will be found convenient to
g(x)
take the logarithm of the function first & then differentiate. This is called Logarithmic
Differentiation.
Steps in Logarithmic Differentiation
1. Take natural logarithms of both sides of an equation y = f(x) and use the Laws of Logarithms to
simplify.
2. Differentiate both sides with respect to x.
3. Solve the resulting equation for y′.
If f(x) < 0 for some values of x, then in f(x) is not defined, but we can write |y| = |f(x)| and use
d 1
(ln |x|) = .
dx x
d d
Ex.12 Find (a) ln|x| (b) ln |x2 – x|
dx dx
d 1 dx 1
Sol. (a) For all x ≠ 0, ln|x| = = .
dx x dx x
d 1
In contrast, ln x = but only for x > 0.
dx x
d 1 d 2x − 1
(b) ln |x2 – x| = 2 (x2 – x) = , x ≠ 0, x ≠ 1.
dx ( x − x ) dx x( x − 1)
d 2x − 1
In contrast, (ln (x2 – x) = but only if x (x – 1) > 0, that is, for x > 1 or x < 0.
dx x( x − 1)
x
Ex.13 Differentiate y = x .
x
Sol. Using logarithmic differentiation, we have ln y = ln x = x ln x
y′ 1 1  1 lnx  x 2 + lnx 
= x. + (ln x) y′ = y  +  = x  
y x 2 x  x 2 x  2 x 
dy
Ex.14 Find , where y = (x + 1)2x.
dx
Sol. y = (x + 1)2x ⇒ ln y = ln[(x + 1)2x] = 2x ln(x + 1)
1 dy d  d 
Differentiate both sides of this equation : = 2x  [ ln( x + 1)] +  ( 2x ) ln (x + 1)
y dx  dx   dx 
 1  2x
= 2x  (1) + 2 ln (x + 1) = + 2 ln (x + 1)
 x + 1  x +1
dy  2 
Finally, multiply both sides by y = (x + 1)2x : = + 2ln( x + 1) (x + 1)2x
dx  x + 1 
If u and v be both functions of x, it appears that the general formula
dy dv du
= uv loge u + vuv – 1
dx dx dx
is the sum of the two special forms and therefore we may, instead of taking logarithms in any
particular example, consider first u constant and then v constant and add the results obtained on
these suppositions.
dy
Ex.15 If y = ex sin x3 + (tan x)x, find
dx
Sol. Let u = ex sin x3 and v = (tan x)x. Now u = eX sin x3
du d{sin( x )3 } d
Differentiating w. r. t. x, we get = ex . + sin x3. (ex) = ex . cos x3 . 3x2 + sin x3 . ex
dx dx dx
du
Hence = 3x2 ex cos x3 + ex sin x3 and v = (tan x)x ∴ log v = x log (tan x)
dx
1 dv 1
Differentiating w. r. t. x, we get = 1. log (tan x) + x . sec2x
v dx tan x
dv
∴ = v[log (tan x) + x cot x . sec2 x] = (tan x)x [log (tan x) + x cot x sec2 x]
dx
dy du dv
Now y = u + v ∴ = + = 3x2 ex cos(x3) + ex sin (x3) + (tan x)x [log (tan x) + xcot x sec2 x]
dx dx dx
D. PARAMETRIC DIFFERENTIATION
dy dy / dθ
If y = f(θ) & x = g(θ) where θ is a parameter , then = .
dx dx / dθ
Derivative Of A Function w.r.t. Another Function
dy dy / dx f '( x )
Let y = f(x) ; z = g(x) then = =
dz dz / dx g'( x ) .
E. DIFFERENTIATION OF IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS

Assume that the equation F(x, y) = 0 specifies y as an implicit function of x. In what follows we shall
consider this function to be differentiable.
Differentiating both sides of the equation F(x, y) = 0 with respect to x, we obtain a first-degree
equation with respect to y′. This equation easily yields y′, that is, the derivative of the implicit
function.
dy
Ex.16 Find from the equation x3 + ln y – x2ey = 0.
dx
Sol. Differentiating both sides of the equation with respect to x, we obtain
y′ (2xye y − 3 x 2 )y
3x2 + 2 y y
y – x e y′ – 2xe = 0, i.e. y′ =
1 − x 2 ye y
.
Steps for Implicit Differentiation

1. Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x.
2. Collect all terms involving dy/dx on the left side of the equation and move all other terms to the
right side of the equation.
3. Factor dy/dx out of the left side of the equation.
4. Solve for dy/dx by dividing both sides of the equation by the left-hand factor that does not
contain dy/dx.
Ex.17 Find dy/dx given that y3 + y2 – 5y – x2 = –4. y

Sol. 1. Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x.
3
d d 2
[y3 + y2 – 5y – x2] = [–4] (1, 1)
dx dx 1 (2, 2)
x
d d d d d –3 –2 –1 1 2 3
–1
[y3] + [y2] – [5y] – [x2] = [–4]
dx dx dx dx dx –2
–3
dy dy dy
3y2 + 2y –5 – 2x = 0 3 2
y + y – 5y – x = –4
2
dx dx dx
Figure
2. Collect the dy/dx terms on the left side of the equation. dy 2x
The derivative is = 2
dy dy dy dx 3y + 2y − 5
3y2 + 2y –5 = 2x Point Slope
dx dx dx on Graph of Graph
3. Factor dy/dx out of the left side of the equation. 4
(2, 0) −
5
dy 1
(3y2 + 2y – 5) = 2x (1, –3)
dx 8
x=0 0
4. Solve for dy/dx by dividing by (3y2 + 2y – 5). (1, 1) Undefined
dy 2x
= 2
dx 3 y + 2y − 5
dy
Ex.18 Find if xy – x = 1.
dx
dy
Sol. We must find at x = 1. Assume y is a function of x,y = y(x). The relation now is xy (x) – x = 1.
dx
d d d d
Hence, [xy(x) – x] = (1) [xy (x)] – (x) = 0. ...(1)
dx dx dx dx
d d  d  dy
By the product rule, [x . y (x)] = x [y(x)] +  ( x )  y(x) = x + y(x).
dx dx  dx  dx
dy dy 1 − y( x )
Hence, substituting into (1) we obtain x + y(x) – 1 = 0⇒ = .
dx dx x
Remark If, in the preceding example, we had explicitly solved for y, we would have obtained
1 dy 1
y=1+ =− 2 .
x dx x
To see that this is exactly the result obtained by implicit methods, note that if 1 + 1/x is substituted for
dy 1 − y( x ) 1 − [1 + (1/ x )] 1
y ⇒ = = =− 2 .
dx x x x
Ex.19 Find dy/dx if 2x2 + xy – 3y2 = x.

Sol. If we assume y is a function of x and represent it by y(x), the equation reads 2x2 + xy(x) – 3[y(x)]2 = x.
d d
Hence, [2x2 + xy(x) – 3[y(x)]2] = (x).
dx dx
d d d
Using the sum rule, we obtain (2x2) + [xy (x)] – 3 [y (x)]2 = 1. ...(1)
dx dx dx
d dy d dy d dy
By the product rule, [xy (x)] = x +y (x) = x +y ⇒ [y(x)]2 = 2y(x) .
dx dx dx dx dx dx
dy dy
Substituting these results into Formula (1), we obtain 4x + x + y – 6y = 1.
dx dx
We solve this equation for dy/dx :
dy dy dy dy 1 − 4x − y
x – 6y = 1 – 4x – y ⇒ (x – 6y) = 1 – 4x – y ⇒ = ...(2)
dx dx dx dx x − 6y
BE CAREFUL : When applying Formula (2), keep in mind that the only values of x and y that can be
substituted into the right-hand side of Formula (2) are those values that satisfy the original condition
2x 2 + xy – 3y 2 = x. for instance, we might substitute x = 1, y = 2 to obtain (dy/dx) = (1 – 4 – 2)/
(1 – 12) = 5/11; however, (1, 2) is not a point on the graph 2x2 + xy – 3y2 = x, so the calculation of dy/
dx at this point is totally meaningless.
The equation in Example can be written as – 3y2 + xy + (2x2 – x) = 0 and hence is a quadratic
equation in y (an equation of the form Ay2 + By + C = 0 where A = –3, B = x and C = 2x2 – x). Hence,
we could use the quadratic formula to solve this equation for y in terms of x, obtaining
− x ± 25x 2 − 12x
y= .
–6
Though we are able to find y explicitly in terms of x, the resulting expression is fairly complex, and it
still might be best to find dy/dx implicitly as in Example.
WARNING : It is important to realize that implicit differentiation is a technique for finding dy/dx that is
valid only if y is a differentiable function of x, and careless application of the technique can lead to
errors. For example, there is clearly no real-valued function y = f(x) that satisfies the equation x2 + y2
= –1, yet formal application of implicit differentiation yields the :derivative: dy/dx = –x/y. To be able
to evaluate this “derivative,” we must find some values for which x2 + y2 = –1. Because no such
values exist, the derivative does not exist.
dy
Ex.20 If x3 + y2 = sin (x + y), find
dx
Sol. given, x3 + y3 = sin (x + y) ...(i)
d d d
differentiating w. r. t. x, we get (x3) + (y3) = {sin (x + y)}
dx dx dx
d( x 3 ) d( y 3 ) dy d sin( x + y ) d( x + y ) dy  dy 
or + . = . or 3x2 + 3y 2 = cos (x + y) . 1 + 
dx dx dx d( x + y ) dx dx  dx 
dy dy cos( x + y ) − 3 x 2
or [3y2 – cos(x + y)] = cos (x + y) – 3x2 ∴ = .
dx dx 3 y 2 − cos( x + y )
1 dy
Ex.21 If x = y + , prove that = 2x2 + y2 – 3xy
1 dx
y+
1
y+
y + ....to ∞
1 1
Sol. x= y+ ∴ x=y+ ...(i)
1 x
y+
1
y+
y + ....to ∞
dy 1 dy 1
differentiating w. r. t. x, we get 1 = − 2 ; or =1+ 2
dx x dx x
dy  1 
or = 1 + (x – y)2 . ∵ from(i), = x − y = 1 + x2 + y2 – 2 xy ....(ii)
dx  x 
From (i) x2 = xy + 1 ∴ 1 = x2 – xy
dy dy
Putting in (ii), we get = x2 – xy + x2 + y 2 – 2xy Hence = 2x2 + y2 – 3xy
dx dx
F. DERIVATIVE OF INVERSE FUNCTIONS
If the inverse functions f & g are defined by y = f(x) & x = g(y) & if
1
f ′(x) exists & f ′(x) ≠ 0 then g ′(y) = . This result can also be written as :
f ′ (x)
dy dy dx  dy  dy dx
if exists & ≠ 0 , then = 1/   or . =1
dx dx dy  dx  dx dy
du du dy dy dx
We have = We put u = x, .
dx dy dx dx dy = 1.
dy dx
The truth of this is also manifested geometrically, for and are respectively the tangent and
dx dy
the co-tangent of the angle ψ which the tangent to the curve y = f(x) makes with the x-axis.
This formula is very useful in the differentiation of an inverse function.
 2x 
Ex.22 Find the derivative of y = sin−1  2
 and mention the points of non differentiability..
1+x 
 2tan −1x x ≤1  2
for x <1
 1+ x 2
 2x 
Sol. y = f(x) = sin−1   =  π−2tan −1x x >1 ⇒
dy
= nonexistent for x =1
 1 + x 2
  dx  − 2
− π+2tan −1x
 ( ) x<−1  1+ x 2
for x >1
f is continuous for all x but not diff. at x = 1 , –1
G. DERIVATIVE OF A DETERMINANT
f(x) g(x) h(x)

If F(x) = l(x) m(x) n(x) , where f , g , h , l , m , n , u , v , w are differentiable functions of x then
u(x) v(x) w(x)
f '(x) g '(x) h '(x) f(x) g(x) h(x) f(x) g(x) h(x)

l(x) m(x) n(x) l'(x) m '(x) n '(x) l(x) m(x) n(x)
F ′(x) = + +
u(x) v(x) w(x) u(x) v(x) w(x) u'(x) v '(x) w '(x)
a+ x b + x c + x
Ex.23 Let f(x) = + x m + x n + x . Show that f ′′ (x) = 0 and that f(x) = f(0) + k x where k denotes the
p+ x q+ x r + x
sum of all the co-factors of the elements in f(0).
1 1 1 a+ x b + x c + x a+ x b+ x c + x
Sol. f ′ (x) = + x m + x n + x + 1 1 1 + +x m+ x n+ x
p+ x q+ x r + x p + x q+ x r + x 1 1 1
f ′′ (x) = 0 (obviously − two identical rows)

f ′ (x) = k ⇒ f(x) = kx + x , f(0) = c ⇒ f(x) = f(0) + kx . Note that f ′ (x) = k
1 1 1 a b c a b c
⇒ f ′ (0) = k = m n + 1 1 1 + m n
p q r p q r 1 1 1
= (c11 + c12 + c13) + (c21 + c22 + c23) + (c31 + c32 + c33) = sum of co-factors of elements f(0)]
H. HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES

Let a function y = f(x) be defined on an open interval (a, b) . It’s derivative, if it exists on (a, b) is
a certain function f ′(x) [or (dy/dx) or y ] & is called the first derivative of y w. r. t. x.
If it happens that the first derivative has a derivative on (a , b) then this derivative is called the
second derivative of y w. r. t. x & is denoted by f ′′(x) or (d2y/dx2) or y ′′ .
Once we have found the derivative f′ of any function f, we can go on and find the derivative of f′.
f ′(a + t ) − f ′(a)
f′′(a) = lim .
t →0 t
d3y d  d2 y 
Similarly, the 3rd order derivative of y w. r. t. x , if it exists, is defined by =  .
dx 3 dx  d x2 

It is also denoted by f ′′′(x) or y ′′′.
The third derivative, written f′′′, is the derivative of the second derivative, and, in principle, we can
go on forever and form derivatives of higher order. We adopt the alternative notation f(n) for the nth
derivative of f.
Ex.24 Find y′′ if x4 + y4 = 16.

Sol. Differentiating the equation implicitly with respect to x, we get 4x3 + 4y3y′ = 0
x3
Solving for y′ gives y′ = – ...(1)
y3
to find y′′ we differentiate this expression for y′ using the Quotient Rule and remembering that y is a
d  x 3  y 3 (d / dx )( x 3 ) − x 3 (d / dx )( y 2 ) y 3 .3 x 2 − x 3 (3 y 2 y′)
function of x : y′′ = − = =–
dx  y 3  ( y 3 )2 y6
If we now substitute Equation 1 into this expression, we get

 x3 
3 x 2 y 3 − 3 x 3 y 2  − 3  3( x 2 y 4 + x 6 ) 3x 2 ( y 4 + x 4 )
y′′ = –  y  =– = −
y y2 y7
But the values of x and y must satisfy the original equation x4 + y4 = 16. So the answer simplifies to
3 x 2 (16) x2
y′′ = – 7
= −48 7
y y
d2 y dy
Ex.25 If y = x sin x, prove that x2 . 2
− 2x + (x2 + y) y = 0
dx dx
dy
Sol. ∵ y = x sin x ....(1) ∴ = x cos x + sin x .....(2)
dx
Again differentiating both sides w. r. t. x we get
d2 y
= x(-sinx) + cos x + cos x = 2 cos x – x sin x
dx 2
d2 y
or, x2 = 2x2 cos x – x2 . x sin x = 2x2 cos x – x2 y [from (1)]
dx 2
 dy 
= 2x  − sin x  – x2y [from (2)]
 dx 
dy dy d2 y dy
= 2x – 2 x sin x – x2 y = 2x – 2y – x2y ∴ x2 2 – 2x + (2 + x2) y = 0
dx dx dx dx
Ex.26 A function f(x) is so defined that for al x, [f(x)]n = f(nx). Prove that f(x) . f′(nx) = f′(x) . f(nx), where
f′(x) denotes derivative of f(x) w.r. to x.
Sol. Given [f(x)]n = f(nx) .....(1)
differentiating both sides w. r to x, we get
n[f(x)]n – 1 . f′(x) = f′(nx) . (n . 1) or, [f(x)n . f′(x) = f′(nx)
multiplying both sides by f′(x), we get
[f(x)n . f′(x) = f′(nx) . f(x) or, f(nx) . f′(x) = f′(nx) . f(x) [from (1)]
 x   1− x   d2 y 
2
 
+ sin  2tan θ.  
−1
Ex.27 y = tan–1  , then prove that, 4 (1 − x 2 )3  dx 2  + 4 x = x + 4.
2
1+ 1− x 2 
 1+ x   
 
1− x
2
du 1  −1 1− x  1+ x
Sol. y = u + v . Now = & v = sin  2tan  = = 1− x 2 Hence
dx 2 1− x 2  1+ x  1− x
1+
1+ x
dv x dy 1−2x
=− ∴ =
dx 1− x 2 dx 2 1− x 2
d2 y x −2 d2 y
= (using quotient rule) ⇒ 4 (1 − x2)3 = x2 + y − 4 x
dx 2
2(1− x )3 / 2 dx 2
dn y ( n − 1) !
Ex.28 If y = x n − 1 . ln x then use induction to prove that, n = ∀n∈N.
dx x
(n−1)! k!
Sol. P (n) : Dn (x n − 1 . ln x) = ; P (k + 1) : Dk + 1 (xk . ln x) =
x x
L H S of P (k + 1) = Dk (xk − 1 + ln x . k xk − 1) or Dk (xk − 1) + k . Dk (ln x . xk − 1)
(k −1)! k!
⇒ 0 + k. = = R H S of P (k + 1) ]
x x
d2 y 2x dy y
Ex.29 Change the independent variable to θ in the equation 2
+ + = 0,
dx 1 + x dx (1 + x 2 )2
2
by means of the transformation x = tan θ
dy dy dx dy dx
Sol. We have = ÷ = cos2 θ ; = sec2 θ ≠ 0 for any value of θ
dx dθ dθ dθ dθ
d2 y dθ dy d2 y dθ
Again = –2 cos θ sin θ . . + cos 2
θ .
dx 2 dx dθ dθ 2 dx
dy d2 y
= – 2 cos θ sin θ cos2 θ . + cos2 θ . . cos2 θ
dθ dθ 2
dy d2 y
= –2 sin θ cos θ . 3
+ cos θ
4
.
dθ dθ 2
Substituting the values of x, dy/dx and d2y / dx2 in the given differential equation, we have
dy d2 y 2 tan θ dy y
– 2 sin θ cos θ 3
+ cos θ
4
2 + . cos2 θ + =0
dθ dθ
2
1 + tan θ dθ (1 + tan 2 θ)2
dy d2 y dy d2 y
⇒ – 2 sin θ cos θ + cos θ .
3 4
+ 2 sin θ . cos θ
3
+ cos θ . y = 0 ⇒
4
+ y = 0.
dθ dθ 2 dθ dθ 2
F′′′ f ′′′ φ′′′

Ex.30 Given F(x) = f(x) . φ(x) and f′(x) . φ′(x) = c then prove that = + , where c ∈ constant, when
F f φ
f(x), φ(x), F(x) are differentiable
Sol. Given F(x) = f(x) . φ(x) ...(i) and f′(x) . φ′(x) = c ...(ii)
On differentiating (i) w.r.t. x, we get, F′(x) = f(x) . φ′(x) + f′(x) . φ(x)
Again differentiating ; F′′(x) = {f(x) φ′′(x) + f′(x) φ′(x)} + {f′(x) . φ′(x) + f′′(x) φ(x)}
F′′(x) = f(x) φ′′(x) + 2f′(x) φ′(x) + f′′(x) φ(x)
or F′′(x) = f(x) φ′′(x) + f′′(x) φ(x) + 2c [using (ii)]
Now again differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
F′′′(x) = f(x) . φ′′′(x) + f′(x) . φ′′(x) + f′′(x) . φ′(x) + f′′′(x) . φ(x) ...(iii)
On differentiating (ii) w.r.t. x, we get f′(x) . φ′′(x) + φ′(x) . f′′(x) = 0 ...(iv)
from (iii) and (iv), we get, F′′′(x) = f(x) φ′′′(x) + φ(x) . f′′′(x) + 0
F′′′( x ) f ( x ).φ′′′( x ) φ( x ).f ′′′( x ) F′′′( x ) φ′′′( x ) f ′′′( x )
or = + ⇒ = + [∵ F(x) = f(x) φ(x)]
F( x ) F( x ) F( x ) F( x ) φ( x ) f(x)
F′′′ φ′′′ f ′′′
or = +
F φ f
I. L’ HOPITAL’S RULE
Let f and g be functions that are differentiable on an open interval (a, b) containing c, except possibly
at c itself. Assume that g′(x) ≠ 0 for all x in (a, b), except possibly at c itself. If the limit of f(x)/g(x) as
x approaches c produces the indeterminate frorm 0/0, then
f(x) f ′( x )
lim = lim
x→c g( x ) x →c g′( x )
provided the limit on the right exists (or is infinite). This result also applies if the limit of f(x)/g(x) as x
approaches c produces any one of the indeterminate forms
∞ / ∞, (– ∞) / ∞, ∞ / (– ∞).
e θ + e − θ + 2 cos θ − 4  0
Ex.31 Lim  form 0  L’ Hopital’s Rule.
θ =0 θ4  
e θ − e − θ − 2 sin θ e θ + e − θ − 2 cos θ e θ − e − θ + 2 sin θ e θ + e − θ + 2 cos θ 4 1
Sol. = Lim 3 = Lim 2 = Lim = Lim = = .
θ =0 4θ θ = 0 12θ θ=0 24θ θ=0 24 24 6
Ex.32 Determine lim (cot x)1/log x

x →0
1
Let y = (cot x)1/log x. log y =
Sol.
log x log (cot x)
log cot x ∞
⇒ lim log y = lim
x →0 x →0 log x ∞
− cos ec 2 x
cos x x 1
= lim = lim . =–1 ⇒ log xlim
→0
y=–1 ⇒ lim y = e–1 = 1/e.
x →0
x →0 1/ x x→ 0 sin x cos x
1 + sin x − cos x + log(1 − x )

Ex.33 Find Lim
x →0 x tan 2 x
Sol. The inconvenience of continuously differentiating the denominator, which involves tan2 x as a factor,
may be partially avoided as follows. We write
2
1 + sin x − cos x + log(1 − x ) 1 + sin x − cos x + log(1 − x )  x 
= .  
x tan 2 x x3  tan x 
2
lim 
1 + sin x − cos x + log(1 − x ) 1 + sin x − cos x + log(1 − x ) x 
so that lim 2 = lim 3

x →0 x tan x x →0 x x → 0
 tan x 
1 + sin x − cos x + log(1 − x ) 1 + sin x − cos x + log(1 − x )

= lim .1 = lim
x →0 x3 x →0 x3
To evaluate the limit on the R.H.S., we notice that the numerator and denominator both become 0 for x = 0.
1 + sin x − cos x + log(1 − x ) cos x − sin x − [1/(1 − x )]

∴ lim = xlim
x →0 x3 →0 3x 2
− sin x + cos x − [1/(1 − x )2 ] − cos x − sin x[2 /(1 − x )3 ] 3 1

= lim = lim =− =−
x →0 6x x →0 6 6 2
x
t2 d t
∫ a+t
Ex.34 Find the constants 'a' (a > 0) and 'b' such that , Limit 0
= 1.
x→0
b x − sin x
0
Sol. form hence using L` Hopital rule
0
x2
a +x
l = Limit
x →0
for existence of limit Limit b − cos x = 0
x →0
⇒ b=1
b−cosx
Limit x2 1 2
hence x →0 . Limit
x →0 =1 =1 ⇒ a=4
1−cosx a+ x a
3
x + x + x x −3
Ex.35 Evaluate lim
x →1 x3 − 1
(3 x − 1) + ( x − 1) + ( x 3 / 2 − 1) 0 
Sol. lim  form 
x →1 ( x − 1)( x 2 + x + 1)  0 
 3 x − 1 ( x − 1) ( x 3 / 2 − 1)  1
= x →1
lim + + . 2
 x − 1 x −1 x − 1  x + x + 1
 3
x − 1   ( x − 1)   ( x 3 / 2 − 1)  . 1

=  x →1 x − 1   x →1 x − 1   x →1 x − 1  lim
lim + lim +  lim 2
      x →1 x + x +1
(Apply L–Hopital’s rule)
1 1 / 3 −1 1 1/ 2−1 3 3 / 2−1  1
=  (1) + (1) + (1) . 2
3 2 2  1 + 1+ 1
1 −2 / 3 1 −1/ 2 3 1/ 2  1  1 1 3 1 2+3+ 9 1 7
=  (1) + (1) + (1) . = + + . = . =
3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3  6  3 9
 1 x 2 1 1 
Ex.36 Evaluate : lim  5
x →0  x ∫0 e−t dt −
x 4
+ 
3x2 
x − t2
Sol. We have lim

3 ∫0 e dt − 3x + x3  0
 form 
x →0 x5  0
2 2
3e − x − 3 + 3 x 2 e−x − 1 + x2
Using Hopital's rule, we get lim lim
x →0 5x 4 x →0 x4
d x d d
− t2 2
∫0 e dt = e−x . (x) − e−0

2
(Applying Newton–Leibnitz’s formula to (0) = e
−x
)
dx dx dx
2 2
3 lim e − x .( −2 x ) − 0 + 2 x 3 2 e−x + 1
Again using Hopital's rule, we get = = . lim
5 x →0 4x3 5 4 x →0 x 2
2
3 lim e − x .( −2x ) 3 3
Again using Hopital's rule, we get = x → 0
= .1=
10 ( 2 x ) 10 10
EXERCISE – I SINGLE CORRECT (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)

Sol.
1. If y = f(x) is an odd differentiable function defined
on (–∞, ∞) such that f′(3) = –2, then f′(–3) equals
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) – 2 (D) 0
Sol.
2 dy
6. If y = x x then =
2. If f(x) = logx (ln x ) then f′(x) at x = e is dx
(A) 1/e (B) e (C) 1 (D) zero 2 2
Sol. (A) 2 ln x. x x (B) (2 ln x + 1) . x x

2
(C) (2 ln x + 1) . x x +1
(D) none of these
Sol.
–1 dy 5π
3 . If y = cos (cos x) then at x = is equal to
dt 4 |sin x|
7. If f(x) = |x| then f′(π/4) equals
1 1
(A) 1 (B) – 1 (C) (D) – π
1/ 2
 2 4 2 2
2 2 (A)    ln − 
4  2 π π 
 
Sol.
π
1/ 2
 2 4 2 2
(B)    ln + 
4  2 π π 
 
3
1+ t 3 2  dy  dy
4. If x = 3 , y = 2 + then, x   – = π
1/ 2
 2 π 2 2
t 2t t  dx  dx  
(C)    2
ln −

4  4 π 
(A) 0 (B) – 1 (C) 1 (D) 2
Sol.
π
1/ 2
 2 π 2 2
(D)    ln + 
4  2 4 π 
 
Sol.
dy
5. If sin (xy) + cos (xy) = 0 then =
dx
y y x x
(A) (B) – (C) – (D)
x x y y
12. If f(x), g(x), h(x) are polynomials in x of degree 2

–1 x2 − 1 2
–1 x + 1
8. If y = sin 2 + sec , | x | > 1 then
x +1 x2 − 1 f g h
f ′ g′ h′
dy and F(x) = , then F′(x) is equal to
is equal to f ″ g″ h″
dx
(A) 1 (B) 0
x x2 (C) –1 (D) f(x) . g(x) . h(x)
(A) 4 (B) 4 (C) 0 (D) 1
x −1 x −1 Sol.
Sol.
–1
2 2 2 13. If y = sin (x 1 − x + x 1 − x2 )
9. If y = x – x , then the derivative of y w.r.t. x is
2 2
(A) 2x + 3x – 1 (B) 2x – 3x + 1 1
2 dy
and =
(C) 2x + 3x + 1 (D) none of these
dx 2 x(1 − x ) + p, then p =
Sol.
1 –1
1
(A) 0 (B) (C) sin x (D)
1− x 1 − x2
Sol.
10. Let f(x) be a polynomial in x. Then the second

x
derivative of f(e ), is
x x x x 2x x 2x
(A) f″(e ) . e + f′ (e ) (B) f″(e ) . e + f′ (e ).e
x 2x x 2x x x
(C) f″ (e ) e (D) f″(e ) . e + f′(e ) . e
Sol. d  1+ x2 + x4 
  = ax + b then the value of a
dx  1 + x + x 2 
14. If
and b are respectively

(A) 2 and 1 (B) –2 and 1
(C) 2 and –1 (D) none of these
Sol.
2 d2 y
11. If x = at , y = 2at, then is
dx 2
1 1 1 1
(A) – (B) (C) – (D) –
t2 2at 2 t3 2at 3
Sol.
cos x x 1
2 sin x x 2 2x f ′( x )
15. Let f(x) = . Then Limit =
tan x x 1 x →0 x
(A) 2 (B) –2 (C) –1 (D) 0
Sol. Sol.
 1
19. If 8 f(x) + 6 f   = x +5 and y = x f(x), then
2
x
dy
at x = –1 is equal to
dx
1 1
(A) 0 (B) (C) – (D) none of these
dn 14 14
16. If u = ax + b then (f(ax + b)) is equal to
dx n Sol.
dn dn
(A) (f(u)) (B) a (f(u))
dun dun
dn
n –n dn
(C) a (f(u)) (D) a (f(u))
dun dun
Sol.
y + e y + .... to ∞ dy
20. If x = e , x > 0, then
dx
x 1 1− x 1+ x
(A) (B) (C) (D)
1+ x x x x
x
d2 x Sol.
17. If y = x + e then is
dy 2
x
− ex ex ex
(A) e (B) (C) – (D)
(1 + e x )3 (1 + e x )2 (1 + e x )2
Sol.
21. If f(x) = xn, then the value of
f ′(1) f ′′(1) f ′′′(1) ( −1)n f n (1)

f(1) – + − + ..... + is
1! 2! 3! n!
(A) 2n (B) 2n – 1 (C) 0 (D) 1
 2x − 1  dy Sol.
18. If y = f  2  and f′(x) = sin x then =
 x + 1 dx
1+ x − x2  2x − 1  2(1 + x − x 2 )  2x − 1 
(A) sin  (B) sin 2 
(1 + x 2 )2 2
 x + 1 (1 + x 2 )2  x + 1
1− x + x2  2x − 1 
(C) 2 2
sin 2  (D) none of these
(1 + x )  x + 1
a + bx 3 / 2 dy a dy
22. If y = & vanishes when x = 5 then = 25. If y = sin x + y , then =
x 5/4
dx b dx
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 5 (D) None of these sin x sin x cos x cos x
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Sol.
2y − 1 1 − 2y 1 − 2y 2y − 1
Sol.
d4 y
26. If y = e–x cos x and y4 + ky = 0, where y4 = ,
dx 4
then k =
23. If f(x) = f′(x) + f′′(x) + f′′′(x) + f′′′′(x) .........∞ also
(A) 4 (B) –4 (C) 2 (D) –2
f(0) = 1 and f(x) is a differentiable function indefinitely
Sol.
then f(x) has the value
(A) ex (B) ex/2 (C) e2x (D) e4x
Sol.
d2 y dy
2
27. If y = a cos (ln x) + b sin (ln x), then x 2
+x
dx dx
(A) 0 (B) y (C) –y (D) None of these
Sol.
2x dy 
24. If y = sin–1 1 + x 2 then dx  is
 x = −2
2 2 2
(A) (B) (C) – (D) None of these
5 5 5
Sol.
y y1 y2
y y4 y5
28. If y = sin mx then the value of 3 (where
y6 y7 y8
subscripts of y shows the order of derivative) is

(A) independent of x but dependent on m
(B) dependent of x but independent of m
(C) dependent on both m & x
(D) independent of m & x
Sol. 32. If y = (1 + x) (1 + x2) (1 + x4) ..... (1 + x2n), then
dy
at x = 0 is
dx
(A) –1 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) 2n
Sol.
29. If f is differentiable in (0, 6) & f′(4) = 5 then

f ( 4) − f ( x 2 )
Lim =
x →2 2−x
(A) 5 (B) 5/4 (C) 10 (D) 20
Sol.
 1 
33. The derivative of sec–1  2
 w.r.t. 1− x 2
 2 x − 1
1
at x = is
2
(A) 4 (B) 1/4 (C) 1 (D) None of these
 d2 y   d2 x 
30. Let y = e . Then  2   2  is
2x Sol.
 dx   dy 
(A) 1 (B) e– 2x
(C) 2e–2x (D) –2e–2x
Sol.
cos x sin x cos x

cos 2x sin 2x 2 cos 2x  π
34. Let f(x) = then f ′   =
cos 3 x sin 3 x 3 cos 3 x 2
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 4 (D) None of these
x5 Sol.
31. If g is the inverse function of f an f′(x) = .
1+ x4
If g(2) = a, then f′(2) is equal to
a5 1 + a4 1 + a5 a4
(A) (B) (C) (D)
1 + a4 a5 a4 1 + a5
Sol.
EXERCISE – II MULTIPLE CORRECT (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)
–1
t x x
1. The differential coefficient of sin 2 w.r.t 4. The functions u = e sin x ; v = e cos x satisfy the
1+ t equation
–1
1 du dv 2 2 d2u
cos is (A) v –u =u +v (B) =2v
1+ t2 dx dx dx 2
(A) 1 ∀ t > 0 (B) – 1 ∀ t < 0
d2 v du dv
(C) 1 ∀ t ∈ R (D) none of these (C) 2 =–2u (D) + =2v
Sol. dx dx dx
Sol.
 y 
t –1   dy
5. If x 2 + y 2 = e where t = sin  2 2  then =
2. If f(x) = | (x – 4) (x – 5) |, then f ′(x) is  x +y  dx
(A) –2x + 9, for all x ∈ R (B) 2x – 9 if x > 5
(C) –2x + 9 if 4 < x < 5 (D) not defined for x = 4, 5 x−y x+y y−x x−y
Sol. (A) (B) (C) (D)
x+y x−y y+x 2x + y
Sol.
p q p+q dy
3. If x . y = (x + y) then is 6. If fn (x) = e fn −1( x ) for all n ∈ N and f0 (x) = x, then
dx
(A) independent of p (B) independent of q d
{fn (x)} is equal to
y dx
(C) dependent on both p and q (D)
x d
(A) fn(x) . {fn–1 (x)} (B) fn (x) . fn – 1 (x)
Sol. dx
(C) fn (x) . fn – 1 (x) ...... f2 (x). f1 (x)
(D) none of these
Sol.
7. If f is twice differentiable such that f″(x) = –f(x)

1+ x2 + 1 dy
and f′(x) = g(x). If h(x) is twice differentiable function 10. y = cos
–1
then is
2 2
such that h′(x) = [f(x)] + [g(x)] . If h(0) = 2, h(1) = 4, 2 1+ x 2 dx
then the equation y = h(x) represents
1 1
(A) a curve of degree 2 (A) ,x∈R (B) ,x>0
(B) a curve passing through the origin 2(1 + x 2 ) 2(1 + x 2 )
(C) a straight line with slope 2 −1 1
(D) a straight line with y intercept equal to 2. (C) ,x<0 (D) <0
Sol. 2(1 + x 2 ) 2(1 + x 2 )
Sol.
11. Two functions f & g have first & second derivatives

2
at x = 0 satisfy the relations, f(0) =
g(0) , f′(0) = 2
g′(0) = 4g(0), g′′(0) = 5 f′′(0) = g(0) = 3 then
f( x) 15
(A) if h(x) =
g( x ) then h′(0) = 4
cos( x + x 2 ) sin( x + x 2 ) − cos( x + x 2 )
2 2 (B) if k(x) = f(x) . g(x) sin x then k′(0) = 2
8. If f(x) = sin( x − x ) cos( x − x ) sin( x − x 2 )
g′( x ) 1
sin 2x 0 sin 2x 2 (C) Lim = (D) None of these
then x →0 f ′( x ) 2
(A) f(–2) = 0 (B) f′ (–1/2) = 0 Sol.
(C) f′ (–1) = 2 (D) f″ (0) = 4
Sol.
 e 
 ln 2 
12. If y = tan–1  x  + tan −1 3 + 2 ln x then
 ln ex 2  1 − 6 ln x
 
 
dy d2 y
(A) =0 (B) =0
dx dx 2
9. If f(x) = (ax + b) sin x + (cx + d) cos x, then the dy 2 dy
(C) = (D) =1
values of a, b, c and d such that f′(x) = x cos x for all dx x(1 + ln2 x ) dx
x are
Sol.
(A) a = d = 1 (B) b = 0 (C) c = 0 (D) b = c
Sol.
EXERCISE – III SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Find the derivative of following functions with Sol.

respect to x from the first principle (ab – initio method).
(i) f(x) = sin x2
Sol.
 1 − cos x 
(v) tan  tan
 −1
 1 + cos x 
Sol.
(ii) f(x) = e2x + 3

Sol.
3. If f(x) = 2 ln (x – 2) – x2 + 4x + 1, then find the
solution set of the inequality f′(x) ≥ 0.
Sol.
2. Differentiate the following functions with respect to x.
5
(i) x2/3 + 7e – + 7 tan x
x
Sol. dy
4. Find when x and y are connected by the fol-
dx
lowing relations
(i) ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
Sol.
(ii) x2 . ln x. ex
Sol.
(ii) xy + xe–y + y . ex = x2
π x Sol.
(iii) ln tan  + 
4 2
Sol.
5. Differentiate the given functions w.r.t.x.

(i) (ln x)cos x
Sol.
sin x − x cos x
(iv)
x sin x + cos x
n
(ii) xx – 2sinx 9. If f(x) = x then find the value of
Sol.
f 1(1) f 2 (1) f n (1)
f(1) + + +.....+ where f′(x) denotes
1! 2! n!
(iii) y = (x ln x)ln ln x th
the r derivative of f(x) w.r.t. x
Sol.
Sol.
6. If P n is the sum of GP upon n terms. Show that
dPn
(1 – r) = n . Pn – 1 – (n – 1) Pn.
dr
Sol.
a sin x − bx + cx 2 + x 3
10. If Limit exists and is finite,
x →0 2 x 2 . ln(1 + x ) − 2x 3 + x 4
find the values of a, b, c and the limit.
3 2 Sol.
7. If x = a t and y = b t , where t is a parameter,
d3 y 8b
then prove that 3
=
dx 27a3 .t 7
Sol.
x x x sin x
11. If cos .cos 2 .cos 3 ... ∞ = then find
2 2 2 x
 x
8. Show that the substitution z = ln  tan  changes
 2 1 2 x 1 x 1
the val ue o f 2 sec
+ 4 se c 2 2 + 6 se c 2 +
2 2 2 2 2
d2 y dy 2
the equation 2 + cot x + 4y cosec x = 0 to
dx dx x
...∞.
2 2
(d y/dz ) + 4y = 0. 23
Sol. Sol.
12. Show that the function y = f(x) defined by the

parametric equations x = et sin t, y = et cos t satisfies
the relation y′′(x + y)2 = 2 (xy′ – y).
Sol.
1
16. Let f(x) = x + . Compute the
1
2x +
1
2x +
2x + ......∞
value of f(100) . f′(100).

 x 
13. If y = x log   , then prove that x 3 Sol.
 a + bx 
2
d2 y  dy 
2
= x − y .
dx  dx 
Sol.
1 + x2 + 1− x2
17. Differentiate w.r.t. 1− x 4 .
1+ x2 − 1 − x2
Sol.
ln x x dy
14. If y = (cos x) + (ln x) find .
dx
Sol.
18. Find the derivative with respect to x of the

–1
15. Suppose f(x) = tan (sin (2x)) function
(a) Find the domain and range of f.
–1 2x π
Sol. (logcos x sin x) (logsin x cos x) +arcsin 2 at x=
1+ x 4
Sol.
(b) Express f(x) as an algebraic function of x.

Sol.
(c) Find f′(1/4).

Sol.
3 3 3
19. If 1 − x 6 + 1 − y 6 = a (x – y ), prove that
dy x2 1− y6
= 2 .
dx y 1− x6
Sol.
–1 1 + sin x + 1 − sin x dy
22. If y = cot , find
1 + sin x − 1 − sin x dx
 π π 
if x ∈  0,  ∪  ,π .
 2 2 
Sol.
1
20. If y = x + , prove that
1
x+
1
x+
x + .......
dy 1
= .
dx x
2−
1
x+ x  1 − x 
1  −1
+ sin  2 tan
–1
x+ 23. If y = tan
x + .......... .... 1+ 1− x2  1 + x  ,
Sol. dy
then find for x ∈ (–1, 1).
dx
Sol.
–1
u –1 1
21. If y = tan 2 & x = sec 2 ,
1− u 2u − 1 2
24. (a) Let f(x) = x – 4x – 3, x > 2 and let g be the
 inverse of f. Find the value of g’ where f(x) = 2.
1   1  dy
u ∈  0,  ∪  ,1 prove that 2 + 1 = 0. Sol.
 2  2  dx
Sol.
(b) Let f, g and h are differentiable functions.

If f(0) = 1; g(0) = 2; h (0) = 3 and the derivatives of
their pair wise products at x = 0 are (fg)′(0) = 6;
(gh)′(0) = 4 and (hf)′(0) = 5 then compute the value
of (fgh)′(0).
Sol. 28. Let g(x) be a polynomial, of degree one & f(x) be
 g( x ), x≤0

defined by f(x) =  1 + x 
1/ x
.
  , x>0
 2 + x 
Find the continuous function f(x) satisfying
f′(1) = f(–1)
Sol.
25. If x = 2 cost – cos2t & y = 2sint – sin2t, find the
 d2 y   π
value of  2  when t =   .
 dx  2
Sol.
29. If sin y = x sin (a + y), show that
dy sin a
= .
dx 1 − 2x cos a + x 2
26. If f : R → R is a function such that Sol.
3 2
f(x) = x + x f′(1) + xf′′(2) + f′′′(3) for all x ∈ R, then
prove that f(2) = f(1) – f(0).
Sol.
–1 1 –1 1
30. If y = tan 2 + tan 2 +
x + x +1 x + 3x + 3
–1 –1 1 1
27. If y = x ln [(ax) + a ], prove that tan
–1
+ tan
–1
+ ..... to n
2 2
x + 5x + 7 x + 7 x + 13
d2 y dy terms. Find dy/dx, expressing your answer in 2 terms.
x (x + 1) 2 + x = y – 1.
dx dx Sol.
Sol.
EXERCISE – IV ADVANCED SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

 x
1. Prove that 5. Show that the substitution z = ln  tan  changes
if | a1 sin x + a2 sin 2x +.... + an sin nx | ≤ | sin x |  2
2
for x ∈ R , then |a1 + 2a2 + 3a3 + ... + nan| ≤ 1 d y dy 2
the equation 2 + cot x + 4 y cosec x = 0 to
Sol. dx dx
d2 y
+ 4y = 0.
dz 2
Sol.
2. The function f : R → R satisfies

2 2
f(x ) . f″(x) = f′(x) . f′(x ) for all real x. Given that f(1) = 1
and f′′′(1) = 8, compute the value of f′(1) + f″(1).
Sol.
6. Prove that cosx + cos 3x + cos 5x +....+ cos (2n–1) x
sin 2nx
= , x ≠ K π, K ∈ Ι and deduce from this:
2 sin x
sin x + 3 sin 3x + 5 sin 5x + .... + (2n – 1) sin (2n – 1) x
[( 2n + 1) sin( 2n − 1)x − ( 2n − 1) sin( 2n + 1)x]
= .
3. Let y = x sin kx. Find the possible vale of k for 4 sin2 x
d2 y Sol.
which the differential equation + y = 2k cos kx
dx 2
holds true for all x ∈ R.
Sol.
7. Find a polynomial function f(x) such that f(2x) =

f′(x) f″(x).
Sol.
sin x
4. Let f(x) = if x ≠ 0 and f(0) = 1. Define the
x
function f′(x) for all x find f″(0) if it exist.
Sol.
 xe x x≤0
8. (i) Let f(x) =  2 3 then prove that
x + x − x x<0
(a) f is continuous and differentiable for all x.
Sol.
(b) f′ is continuous and differentiable for all x. (x − a)4 (x − a)3 1

Sol.
(x − b)4 (x − b)3 1
11. If f(x) = then
(x − c)4 (x − c)3 1
(ii) f : [0, 1] → R is defined as
(x − a)4 (x − a)2 1
 3  1 (x − b)4 (x − b)2 1
f′(x) = λ . . Find the value of λ.
 x (1 − x ) sin 2  if 0 < x ≤ 1 (x − c)4 (x − c)2 1
f(x) =  x  , then prove that
 0 if x=0 Sol.
(a) f is differentiable in [0, 1]
Sol.
(b) f is bounded in [0, 1] a+ x b+x c +x

Sol. +x m+x n+x
12. Let f(x) = . Show that
p+x q+x r+x
f″(x) = 0 and that f(x) = f(0) + kx where k denotes
the sum of all the co–factors of the elements in f(0).
Sol.
(c) f is bounded in [0, 1]
Sol.
9. Let f(x) be a derivable function at x = 0 &
 x + y  f (x) + f (y)
f = (k ∈ R, k ≠ 0, 2). Show that f(x)
 k  k
 1 1− x2 
is either a zero or an odd linear function.
Lim
13. x→0  −1
− 
 x sin x x2 
Sol.
Sol.
f ( x) − f ( y) f ( y) − a
10. Let = + xy for all real x and y..
2 2
x cos x − ln(1 + x )
If f(x) is differentiable and f′(0) exists for all real 14. Lim
x →0 x2
permissible values of ‘a’ and is equal to 5a − 1 − a 2 . Sol.
Prove that f(x) is positive for all real x.
Sol.
ax − xa Sol.
15. If Lim find ‘a’..
x →a x x − a a
Sol.
1 + sin x − cos x + ln(1 − x ) a sin x − bx + cx 2 + x 3

16. Lim
x →0 x. tan 2 x 21. If Lim exists & is finite,
x →0 2x 2 . ln(1 + x ) − 2x 3 + x 4
Sol. find the vales of a, b, c & the limit.
Sol.
17. Determine the values of a, b and c so that

(a + b cos x )x − c sin x
Lim = 1.
x →0 x5
Sol.
x 6000 − (sin x )6000

sin x − (sin x )sin x 22. Evaluate : Lim
Lim
x →0 x 2 .(sin x )6000
18. x → π 1 − sin x + ln(sin x ) Sol.
2
Sol.
2
 sin x  3
3 x ln  +x
19. Lim  x 
x →0 ( x − sin x )(1 − cos x ) 1 − cos x. cos 2x. cos 3 x..... cos nx
23. If Lim has the
x →0 x2
Sol. value equal to 253, find the value of n (where n ∈ N)
Sol.
20. Find the value of f(0) so that the function

1 2
f(x) = − , x ≠ 0 is continuous at x = 0 &
x e2x − 1
examine the differentiability of f(x) at x = 0.
EXERCISE – V JEE PROBLEMS

Sol.
x2 − x
1. If f(x) = , then find the domain and the
x 2 + 2x
range of f. Show that f is one-one. Also find the
d f −1( x )
function and its domain. [REE 99,6]
dx
Sol.
4. (a) If y = y(x) and it follows the relation
x cos y + y cos x = π, then y’’(0) [JEE 2005 (Scr.)]
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) π (D) –π
Sol.
2 2
2. (a) If x + y = 1 then [JEE 2000 (Scr.), 1]
2 2
(A) yy” – 2(y’) + 1 = 0 (B) yy” + (y’) + 1 = 0 (b) If P(x) is a polynomial of degree less than or equal
2 2
(C) yy” – (y’) – 1 = 0 (D) yy” + 2(y’) + 1 = 0 to 2 and S is the set of all such polynomials so that
Sol. P(1) = 1, P(0) = 0 and P’(x) > 0 ∀ x ∈ [0, 1], then
(A) S = φ
2
(B) S = {(1 – a)x + ax, 0 < a < 2}
2
(C) (1 – a)x + ax, a ∈ (0, ∞)
2
(D) S = {(1 – a)x + ax, 0 < a < 1}
Sol.
2 n
(b) Suppose p(x) = a0 + a1 x + a2x + ........ + anx .
x– 1
If | p(x) | ≤ | e – 1| for all x ≥ 0 prove that
|a1 + 2 a2 + .... + n an| ≤ 1. [JEE 2000 (Mains), 5]
Sol.
(c) If f(x) is a continuous and differentiable function

and f(1/n) = 0, ∀ n ≥ 1 and n ∈ I, then
(A) f(x) = 0, x ∈ (0, 1]
(B) f(0) = 0, f ’(0) = 0
(C) f ’(x) = 0 = f ”(x), x ∈ (0, 1]
(D) f(0) = 0 and f ’(0) need not to be zero
3. (a) If n (x + y) = 2xy, then y’(0) = [JEE 2004 (Scr.)] Sol.
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 2 (D) 0
Sol.
(d) If f(x – y) = f(x) . g(y) – f(y) . g(x) and

g(x – y) = g(x) . g(y) + f(x) . f(y) for all x, y ∈ R.
 −1  x + c  1 If right hand derivative at x = 0 exists for f(x). Find
 b sin  , − <x<0
derivative of g(x) and x = 0. [JEE 2005 (Mains), 4]
  2  2
1 Sol.
(b) f(x)=  at x = 0 [JEE 2004, 4]
 2 ax / 2
 e −1 1
 , 0<x<
 x 2
If f(x) is differentiable at x = 0 and | c | < 1/2 then
2 2
find the value of ‘a’ and prove that 64b = 4 – c .
5. For x > 0, xLim (

→ 0 (sin x )
1/ x
)
+ (1/ x )sin x is [JEE 2006, 3] Statement–1 : xlim
→0
[g(x) cot x – g(0) cosec x ] = f″(0).
(A) 0 (B) –1 (C) 1 (D) 2 and
Sol. Statement–2 : f′(0) = g(0).
(A) Statement (1) is correct and statement (2) is correct and
statement (2) is correct explanation for (1)
(B) Statement (1) is correct and statement (2) is correct and
statement (2) is NOT correct explanation for (1)
(C) Statement (1) is true but (2) is false
(D) Statement (1) is false but (2) is true
Sol.
d2 x
6. equals [JEE 2007, 3]
dy 2
−1 −1
 d2 y   d2 y   dy  −3
(A)  2  (B) –  2   
 dx   dx   dx 
 d2 y   dy 
−2
 d2 y   dy 
−3
(C)  2    (D) –  2   
 dx   dx   dx   dx  8. If the function f(x) = x + e
3 x/2 –1
and g(x) = f (x),
Sol. then the value of g’(1) is [JEE 2009]
Sol.
7. (a) Let g(x) = n f(x) where f(x) is a twice

differentiable positive function on (0, ∞) such that
f(x + 1) = x f(x). Then for N = 1, 2, 3 ;
  sin θ   π π
 1  1 9. Let f(θ)=sin  tan−1    , where – <θ< .
g″  N +  – g″   = [JEE 2008, 3 + 3]   cos 2θ   4 4
 2  2   
 1 1 1  d
Then the value of (f(θ)) is [JEE 2011]
(A) – 4 1 + + + ..... + 2 d (tan θ)
 9 25 (2N − 1)  Sol.
 1 1 1 
(B) 4 1 + + + ..... + 2
 9 25 (2N − 1) 
 1 1 1 
(C) – 4 1 + + + ..... + 2
 9 25 (2N + 1) 
 1 1 1 
(D) 4 1 + + + ..... + 2
 9 25 (2N + 1) 
10. Let y'(x) + y(x)g'(x) = g(x)g'(x), y(0) = 0, x ∈ R,
Sol.
d f(x)
where f'(x) denotes and g(x) is a given
dx
non-constant differentiable function on R with
g(0) = g(2) = 0. Then the value of y(2) is [JEE 2011]
Sol.
(b) Let f and g be real valued functions defined on

interval (–1, 1) such that g″(x) is continuous,
g(0) ≠ 0, g′(0) = 0, g″(0) ≠ 0, and f(x) = g(x) sin x.
Answer Ex–I SINGLE CORRECT (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)

1. C 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. C
9. B 10. D 11. D 12. B 13. D 14. C 15. B 16. C
17. B 18. B 19. C 20. C 21. C 22. C 23. B 24. C
25. D 26. A 27. C 28. D 29. D 30. D 31. B 32. B
33. A 34. C
Answer Ex–II MULTIPLE CORRECT (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)

1. AB 2. BCD 3. ABD 4. ABCD 5. BC 6. AC 7. CD
8. BCD 9. ABCD 10. BC 11. ABC 12. AB
Answer Ex–III SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

2 2x + 3
1. (i) f′(x) = 2x cos x (ii) f′(x) = 2 e
2 5
1
+ 2 x
2. (i)
3
x 2 + 7 sec x (ii) e x (2 ln x + 1 + x (ln x) (iii) sec x
3x
x2 1 2 x
(iv) (v) sec
( x sin x + cos x )2 2 2
ax + hy + g 2x − y − e − y − e x y
3. (2, 3] 4. (i) – (ii)
hx + by + f x − xe − y + e x
 cos x 
5. (i) (ln x)
cos x  − sin x ln(ln x )  x
(ii) x (1 +ln x) – ln2 . 2
sin x
. cos x
 x ln x 
1  2  3
(iii) (x ln x)
ln ln x 1 + ln(ln x )1 +   9. 2
n
10. a = 6, b = 6, c = 0;
x  ln x   40
2 2 lnx
 ln(cos x )   1 
11. cosec x – (1/x ) 14. Dy = (cos x)  − tan x ln x  + (ln x)x  ln x + ln(ln x )
 x   
 1 1 2x 16 3
15. (a)  − ,  , (– ∞, ∞) (b) f(x) = (c) 16. 100
 2 2 1 − 4x 2 9
1+ 1+ x4 32 8 1 1
17. 18. 2
− 22. or –
x6 16 + π ln 2 2 2
1 − 2x 3
23. 2 24. (a) 1/6 ; (b) 16 25. –
2 1− x 2
 2 1 3
−  + ln  x if x≤0
 3  6 2
1 1
1/ x −
28. f(x) =   1 + x  30. 2
   if x>0 1 + ( x + n) 1+ x2
 2+x
Answer Ex–IV ADVANCED SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
 x cos x − sin x
 if x≠0 1
2. 6 3. k = 1, –1 or 0 4. f′(x) =  x2 ; f″(0) = –
 0 if x=0 3
4x 3 5 1
7. 11. 3 13. 14.
9 6 2
1
15. a = 1 16. – 17. a = 120; b = 60; c = 180 18. 2
2
+ –
19. –2/5 20. f(0) = 1; differentiable at x = 0, f′(0 ) = –(1/3); f′(0 ) = – (1/3)
3
21. a = 6, b = 6, c = 0; 22. 1000 23. n = 11
40
Answer Ex–V JEE PROBLEMS
d –1
3
1. Domain of f(x) = R – {–2, 0} ; Range of f(x) = R – {–1/2, 1} ; [f (x)] =
dx (1 − x )2
–1
Domain of f (x) = R – {– 1/2, 1} 2. (a) B 3. (a) A ; (b) a = 1
4. (a) C ; (b) B ; (c) B, (d) g’(0) = 0 5. C 6. D 7. (a) A, (b) A 8. 2

9. 1 10. 0

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METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION

THEORY AND EXERCISE BOOKLET

S.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

♦ THEORY WITH SOLVED EXAMPLES .............................................................. 3 – 17

♦ EXERCISE - III ................................................................................................. 25 – 29

♦ ANSWER KEY ................................................................................................ 35 – 36

A. DERIVATIVE USING FIRST PRINCIPLE /AB INITIO METHOD

sin(β − α ) sin( x + ∆x − x ) sin ∆x

[n( x +h)] x+h −( nx ) x

= (ln x) x h→0   where s = (x + h) ln [ln (x + h)] − x ln (ln x)

Derivative Of Standard Functions :

d df1 df2 dfn

1 f ( x )g(a) − f (a)g(a) + f (a)g(a) − f (a)g( x )

1  f( x ) − f (a ) g( x ) − g(a )  f (a)f ′(a) − f (a)g′(a)

( f ( g))( x ) − ( f ( g))(a) f (g( x )) − f (g(a))

 f ( g( x )) − ( f (g(a)) g( x ) − g(a)   f (g( x )) − ( f (g(a))   g( x ) − g(a) 

f(y) − f(b) g(x) − g(a)

Ex.4 Differentiate y = sin(x2)

Ex.9 Differentiate y = cos4 (3x + 1)2.

dy d sin cos x d sin cos x d cos x d(cos x )

1 sin x cos cos x

If u and v be both functions of x, it appears that the general formula

E. DIFFERENTIATION OF IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS

Steps for Implicit Differentiation

Ex.17 Find dy/dx given that y3 + y2 – 5y – x2 = –4. y

Ex.19 Find dy/dx if 2x2 + xy – 3y2 = x.

This formula is very useful in the differentiation of an inverse function.

f is continuous for all x but not diff. at x = 1 , –1

f(x) g(x) h(x)

f '(x) g '(x) h '(x) f(x) g(x) h(x) f(x) g(x) h(x)

f ′′ (x) = 0 (obviously − two identical rows)

H. HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES

Ex.24 Find y′′ if x4 + y4 = 16.

If we now substitute Equation 1 into this expression, we get

by means of the transformation x = tan θ

F′′′ f ′′′ φ′′′

Ex.32 Determine lim (cot x)1/log x

1 + sin x − cos x + log(1 − x )

1 + sin x − cos x + log(1 − x ) 1 + sin x − cos x + log(1 − x )

1 + sin x − cos x + log(1 − x ) cos x − sin x − [1/(1 − x )]

− sin x + cos x − [1/(1 − x )2 ] − cos x − sin x[2 /(1 − x )3 ] 3 1

Sol. We have lim

∫0 e dt = e−x . (x) − e−0

EXERCISE – I SINGLE CORRECT (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)

Sol. (A) 2 ln x. x x (B) (2 ln x + 1) . x x

12. If f(x), g(x), h(x) are polynomials in x of degree 2

10. Let f(x) be a polynomial in x. Then the second

and b are respectively

(A) 2 (B) –2 (C) –1 (D) 0

21. If f(x) = xn, then the value of

f ′(1) f ′′(1) f ′′′(1) ( −1)n f n (1)

subscripts of y shows the order of derivative) is

Sol. 32. If y = (1 + x) (1 + x2) (1 + x4) ..... (1 + x2n), then

29. If f is differentiable in (0, 6) & f′(4) = 5 then

cos x sin x cos x

EXERCISE – II MULTIPLE CORRECT (OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS)

7. If f is twice differentiable such that f″(x) = –f(x)

11. Two functions f & g have first & second derivatives

EXERCISE – III SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. Find the derivative of following functions with Sol.

(ii) f(x) = e2x + 3

2. Differentiate the following functions with respect to x.

5. Differentiate the given functions w.r.t.x.