MATHEMATICS FORMULA

Topic Phase-4
Limit of Function
Method of Differentiation
Application of Derivatves
Indefinite Intedration
Definite Integration
Sets and Relation
 LIMIT OF FUNCTION
1. Limit of a function f(x) is said to exist as x  a when,
Limit f (a  h) = Limit f (a + h) = some finite value M.
h 0 h0

(Left hand limit) (Right hand limit)

2. Indeterminant Forms:
0, , 0 , º, 0º,and 1 .
0 
3. Standard Limits:
1
Limit
sin x Limit tanx Limit tan x
x = x 0 x = x 0
x 0 x
x
Limit sin 1x Limit e  1 Limit n(1  x )
= x 0 = x 0
x x = x 0 x =1

x
1 x
Limit (1 + x)1/x = Limit 1   = e, Limit a  1 = log a, a > 0,
x 0 x   x x 0
x e

n n
Limit x  a = nan – 1.
x a
x a

4. Limits Using Expansion

x ln a x 2 ln2 a x 3 ln3 a
(i) a x 1    .........a  0
1! 2! 3!

x x2 x3
(ii) ex  1     ......
1 ! 2! 3!

x2 x3 x4
(iii) ln (1+x) = x     .........for  1  x  1
2 3 4

x3 x5 x7
(iv) sin x x     .....
3! 5! 7!
 x2 x4 x6
(v) cosx 1     .....
2! 4! 6!

x 3 2x 5
(vi) tan x = x    ......
3 15
(vii) for |x| < 1, n  R (1 + x)n

n(n  1) 2 n(n  1)(n  2) 3

= 1 + nx + x + x + ............
1. 2 1. 2 . 3

5. Limits of form 1 , 00, 0

Also for (1) type of problems we can use following rules.

lim (1 + x)1/x = e, lim [f(x)]g(x) ,

x 0 x a

lim [ f ( x )1] g( x )
where f(x)  1 ; g(x) as x  a = e x  a

6. Sandwich Theorem or Squeeze Play Theorem:

If f(x)  g(x)  h(x)  x & Limit f(x) =  = Limit h(x) then Limit g(x) =  .
x a x a x a

METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
1. Differentiation of some elementary functions

d n d x
1. (x ) = nxn – 1 2. (a ) = ax n a
dx dx
d 1 d 1
3. (n |x|) = 4. (log ax) =
dx x dx x na

d d
5. (sin x) = cos x 6. (cos x) = – sin x
dx dx
d d
7. (sec x) = sec x tan x 8. (cosec x) = – cosec x cot x
dx dx
d d
9. (tan x) = sec 2 x 10. (cot x) = – cosec 2 x
dx dx
2. Basic Theorems
d d d
1. (f ± g) = f(x) ± g(x) 2. (k f(x)) = k f(x)
dx dx dx

d
3. (f(x) . g(x)) = f(x) g(x) + g(x) f(x)
dx

d  f (x)  g( x ) f ( x )  f ( x ) g( x ) d
4.   = 5. (f(g(x))) = f(g(x)) g(x)
dx  g( x )  g2 ( x ) dx

Derivative Of Inverse Trigonometric Functions.

d sin –1 x 1 d cos –1 x 1
= , =– , for – 1 < x < 1.
dx 1 x 2 dx 1 x2

d tan –1 x 1 d cot –1 x 1
= 2 , =– (x  R)
dx 1 x dx 1 x2

d sec –1 x 1 d cos ec –1x

= ,
dx | x | x2  1 dx

1
=– , for x  (– , – 1)  (1, )
| x | x2  1

3. Differentiation using substitution

Following substitutions are normally used to simplify these expression.

 
(i) x 2  a 2 by substituting x = a tan , where –
2
< 
2

 
(ii) a 2  x 2 by substituting x = a sin , where –
2
 
2


(iii) x 2  a 2 by substituting x = a sec , where [0, ], 
2

xa
(iv) by substituting x = a cos , where (0, ].
ax
4. Parametric Differentiation
dy dy / d
If y = f( ) & x = g( ) where  is a parameter, then  .
dx dx / d

5. Derivative of one function with respect to another

dy dy / dx f '( x )
Let y = f(x); z = g(x) then   .
dz dz / dx g'( x )

f(x) g( x ) h( x )
6. If F(x) = l( x ) m( x ) n( x ) , where f, g, h, l, m, n, u, v, w are differentiable
u( x ) v( x ) w( x )

f ' ( x ) g' ( x) h' ( x)

f ( x ) g( x ) h( x )
functions of x then F  (x) = l( x ) m( x ) n( x ) + l' ( x ) m' ( x ) n' ( x ) +
u( x ) v( x ) w( x ) u( x ) v( x ) w ( x )

f ( x) g( x ) h( x )
l( x ) m( x ) n( x )
u' ( x ) v' ( x ) w' ( x )

APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
1. Equation of tangent and normal

Tangent at (x1, y1) is given by (y – y1) = f(x1) (x – x1) ; when, f(x1) is real.

1
And normal at (x1 , y1) is (y – y1) = – (x – x1), when f(x1) is nonzero
f ( x1 )
real.

2. Tangent from an external point

Given a point P(a, b) which does not lie on the curve y = f(x), then the
equation of possible tangents to the curve y = f(x), passing through (a, b)
can be found by solving for the point of contact Q.

f (h)  b
f(h) =
ha
 f (h)  b
And equation of tangent is y – b = (x – a)
ha
3. Length of tangent, normal, subtangent, subnormal

1
(i) PT = | k | 1  = Length of Tangent
m2

p(h,k)
2
(ii) PN = | k | 1  m = Length of Normal

k
(iii) TM = = Length of subtangent N M T
m
(iv) MN = |km| = Length of subnormal.

4. Angle between the curves

Angle between two intersecting curves is defined as the acute angle between
their tangents (or normals) at the point of intersection of two curves (as shown
in figure).

m1  m 2
tan  =
1  m1m2

5. Shortest distance between two curves

Shortest distance between two non-intersecting differentiable curves is always
along their common normal.
(W herever defined)

6. Rolle’s Theorem :
If a function f defined on [a, b] is
(i) continuous on [a, b]
(ii) derivable on (a, b) and
(iii) f(a) = f(b),
then there exists at least one real number c between a and b (a < c < b) such
that f(c) = 0
7. Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem (LMVT) :
If a function f defined on [a, b] is
(i) continuous on [a, b] and (ii) derivable on (a, b)
then there exists at least one real numbers between a and b (a < c < b) such
f (b )  f ( a )
that = f(c)
ba

8. Useful Formulae of Mensuration to Remember :

1. Volume of a cuboid = bh.

2. Surface area of cuboid = 2(b + bh + h).
3. Volume of cube = a3
4. Surface area of cube = 6a2

1 2
5. Volume of a cone = r h.
3
6. Curved surface area of cone = r ( = slant height)
7. Curved surface area of a cylinder = 2rh.
8. Total surface area of a cylinder = 2rh + 2r2.

4 3
9. Volume of a sphere = r .
3
10. Surface area of a sphere = 4r2.

1 2
11. Area of a circular sector = r , when  is in radians.
2
12. Volume of a prism = (area of the base) × (height).

13. Lateral surface area of a prism = (perimeter of the base) × (height).

14. Total surface area of a prism = (lateral surface area) + 2 (area of

the base)
(Note that lateral surfaces of a prism are all rectangle).

1
15. Volume of a pyramid = (area of the base) × (height).
3

1
16. Curved surface area of a pyramid = (perimeter of the base) ×
2
(slant height).
(Note that slant surfaces of a pyramid are triangles).
 INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
1. If f & g are functions of x such that g (x) = f(x) then,

d
 f(x) dx = g(x) + c 
dx
{g(x)+c} = f(x), where c is called the constant of

integration.

2. Standard Formula:

ax  bn 1
(i)  (ax + b)n dx =
a  n  1
+ c, n  1

dx 1
(ii)  =
ax  b a
n (ax + b) + c

1 ax+b
(iii)  eax+b dx =
a
e +c

1 a pxq
(iv)  apx+q dx =
p n a
+ c; a > 0

1
(v)  sin (ax + b) dx = 
a
cos (ax + b) + c

1
(vi)  cos (ax + b) dx =
a
sin (ax + b) + c

1
(vii)  tan(ax + b) dx =
a
n sec (ax + b) + c

1
(viii)  cot(ax + b) dx =
a
n sin(ax + b)+ c

1
(ix)  sec² (ax + b) dx =
a
tan(ax + b) + c

1 cot(ax + b)+ c
(x)  cosec²(ax + b) dx = 
a
    x  + c
(xi)
 secx dx = n (secx + tanx) + c OR n tan
 4 2

(xii)  cosec x dx = n (cosecx  cotx) + c

x
OR n tan + c OR  n (cosecx + cotx) + c
2
dx x
(xiii)  2 2
= sin 1
a
+c
a x
dx 1 x
(xiv)  a  x2
2
=
a
tan 1
a
+c

dx 1 x
(xv)  | x | x a 2 2
=
a
sec 1
a
+c

dx
(xvi)  2
x a 2
= n  x  x a  2 2
+c

dx
(xvii)  x a2 2
= n  x  x a  2 2
+c

dx 1 ax
(xviii)  a  x2
2 =
2a
n
ax +c

dx 1 xa
(xix)  x  a2
2 =
2a
n
xa +c

x a2 x
(xx)  a2  x2 dx = a2  x2 + sin 1 +c
2 2 a
 x  x2  a2 
x a2  
(xxi)  2
x  a dx =
2
2 2
x a +
2
2
n 

a +c


 x  x2  a 2 
x a2  
(xxii)  x a2 2
dx =
2
2
x a 2

2
n 

a  +c

3. Integration by Subsitutions
If we subsitute f(x) = t, then f (x) dx = dt

4. Integration by Part :

 d 
 f( x) g(x) dx = f(x)  g(x) dx –   dx f (x )  g(x ) dx  dx
dx dx
5. Integration of type  ax 2
, , ax 2  bx  c dx
 bx  c 2
ax  bx  c

b
Make the substitution x  t
2a
6. Integration of type
px  q px  q
 ax 2
dx,  dx,  (px  q) ax 2  bx  c dx
 bx  c ax 2  bx  c

b
Make the substitution x + = t , then split the integral as some of two
2a
integrals one containing the linear term and the other containing constant
term.
7. Integration of trigonometric functions
dx dx
(i)  a  b sin 2
x
OR  a  bcos 2
x

dx
OR  a sin 2
x  b sin x cos x  c cos 2 x
put tan x = t.

dx dx
(ii)  a  b sin x OR  a  bcos x
dx x
OR  a  b sin x  c cos x put tan
2
=t

a.cos x  b.sin x  c d
(iii)  .cos x  m.sin x  n dx. Express Nr  A(Dr) + B
dx
(Dr) + c & proceed.
8. Integration of type
x2  1
 x 4  Kx2  1 dx where K is any constant.
1
Divide Nr & Dr by x² & put x  = t.
x
9. Integration of type

dx dx
 (ax  b) px  q
OR  (ax 2
 bx  c) px  q
; put px + q = t2.

10. Integration of type

dx 1
 (ax  b) 2
px  qx  r
, put ax + b =
t
;

dx 1
 (ax 2
 b) px  q 2 , put x =
t

DEFINITE INTEGRATION
Properties of definite integral
b b b a

1.  f ( x ) dx =  f (t ) dt 2.
 f ( x ) dx = –  f (x ) dx
b
a a a

b c b

3. 
a
f ( x ) dx =
 f ( x ) dx +  f (x ) dx
a c

a a  a
2 f ( x) dx , f (– x )  f ( x)
4.  f (x ) dx =  (f (x )  f ( x )) dx =  
a 0  0
 0 , f (– x )  – f ( x )

b b

5.
 f (x ) dx =  f (a  b  x) dx
a a
 a a

6.  f (x ) dx =  f (a  x ) dx
0 0

2a a
 a
2 f ( x ) dx , f (2a – x )  f ( x )
7. 
f ( x ) dx = ( f ( x )  f (2a  x )) dx = 
 
0 0
 0
 0 , f (2a – x )  – f ( x)

8. If f(x) is a periodic function with period T, then

nT T a nT T

 f ( x ) dx = n 
0
f ( x ) dx, n  z, 
a
f ( x ) dx = n  f (x ) dx, n  z, a  R
0
0

nT T a nT a

 f (x ) dx = (n – m)  f (x ) dx, m, n  z,  f (x ) dx =  f (x ) dx, n  z, a  R
mT 0 nT 0

b  nT a


a  nT
f ( x ) dx =  f (x ) dx, n  z, a, b  R
a

9. If (x)  f(x)   (x) for a  x  b,

b b b

then  ( x ) dx  
a
f ( x ) dx 
 (x ) dx
a a

b
10. If m  f(x)  M for a  x  b, then m (b – a) 
 f (x ) dx  M (b – a)
a

b
11. If f(x)  0 on [a, b] then
 f (x) dx  0
a

h( x )
dF( x )
Leibnitz Theorem : If F(x) =
 f (t ) dt , then
g( x )
dx
= h(x) f(h(x)) – g(x) f(g(x))
 SETS AND RELATION
Laws of Algebra of sets (Properties of sets):
(i) Commutative law : (A  B) = B  A ; A  B = B  A
(ii) Associative law:(A  B)  C=A  (B  C) ; (A  B)C = A  (B  C)
(iii) Distributive law :
A (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C) ; A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C)
(iv) De-morgan law : (A  B)' = A'  B' ; (A  B)' = A'  B'
(v) Identity law : A  U = A ; A   = A
(vi) Complement law : A  A' = U, A  A' = , (A')' = A
(vii) Idempotent law : A  A = A, A  A = A

Some important results on number of elements in sets :

If A, B, C are finite sets and U be the finite universal set then
(i) n(A  B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A  B)
(ii) n(A – B) = n(A) – n(A  B)

(iii) n(A  B  C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n(A  B) – n(B  C) – n

(A  C) + n(A  B  C)

(iv) Number of elements in exactly two of the sets A, B, C

= n(A  B) + n(B  C) + n(C  A) – 3n(A  B  C)
(v) Number of elements in exactly one of the sets A, B, C
= n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – 2n(A  B) – 2n(B  C) – 2n(A  C)
+ 3n(A  B  C)
Types of relations :
In this section we intend to define various types of relations on a given
set A.
(i) Void relation : Let A be a set. Then   A × A and so it is a relation
on A. This relation is called the void or empty relation on A.
(ii) Universal relation : Let A be a set. Then A × A  A × A and so it is
a relation on A. This relation is called the universal relation on A.
(iii) Identity relation : Let A be a set. Then the relation IA = {(a, a) : a 
A} on A is called the identity
relation on A. In other words, a relation IA on A is called the identity
relation if every element of A is related to itself only.
(iv) Reflexive relation : A relation R on a set A is said to be reflexive if
every element of A is related to itself. Thus, R on a set A is not reflexive
if there exists an element a  A such that (a, a)  R.
Note : Every identity relation is reflexive but every reflexive relation in
not identity.
(v) Symmetric relation : A relation R on a set A is said to be a
symmetric relation
iff (a, b)  R  (b ,a)  R for all a, b  A. i.e. a R b  b R a for
all a, b  A.
(vi) Transitive relation : Let A be any set. A relation R on A is said to
be a transitive relation
iff (a, b)  R and (b, c)  R  (a, c)  R for all a, b, c  A
i.e. a R b and b R c  a R c for all a, b, c  A
(vii) Equivalence relation : A relation R on a set A is said to be an
equivalence relation on A iff
(i) it is reflexive i.e. (a, a)  R for all a  A
(ii) it is symmetric i.e. (a, b)  R  (b, a)  R for all a, b  A
(iii) it is transitive i.e. (a, b)  R and (b, c)  R  (a, c)  R for all a,bA