Math 21 Unit II Formula Sheet

A. Derivative of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Let a > 0 and a 6= 1.

(1) Dx (ln x) = x1 , x>0 (4) Dx (ax ) = ax ln a

 
(2) Dx loga x = x ln1 a , x > 0
  (5) Dx (ex ) = ex
(3) Dx ln |x| = x1 , x 6= 0

B. Derivatives of Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions

(1) Dx (sin x) = cos x (1) Dx (sinh x) = cosh x

(2) Dx (cos x) = − sin x (2) Dx (cosh x) = sinh x
(3) Dx (tan x) = sec2 x (3) Dx (tanh x) = sech2 x
(4) Dx (cot x) = − csc2 x (4) Dx (coth x) = − csch2 x
(5) Dx (sec x) = sec x tan x (5) Dx (sech x) = − sech x tanh x
(6) Dx (csc x) = − csc x cot x (6) Dx (csch x) = − csch x coth x

C. Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

1 1
(1) Dx sin−1 x = √ (1) Dx (sinh−1 x) = √


1 − x2 x2 +1
1 1
(2) Dx (cos−1 x) = − √ (2) Dx (cosh−1 x) = √
1 − x2 x2 − 1
1 1
(3) Dx (tan−1 x) = (3) Dx (tanh−1 x) = , |x| < 1
1 + x2 1 − x2
1 1
(4) Dx (cot−1 x) = − (4) Dx (coth−1 x) = , |x| > 1
1 + x2 1 − x2
1 1
(5) Dx (sec−1 x) = √ (5) Dx (sech−1 x) = − √
x x2 − 1 x 1 − x2
1 1
(6) Dx (csc−1 x) = − √ (6) Dx (csch−1 x) = − √
x x2 − 1 |x| x2 + 1

D. Recall:

(1) y = loga x if and only if x = ay

(2) loga (ax ) = x for all x ∈ R and alog a x
= x for all x > 0
ln x
(3) loga x = ln a
and ax = ex ln a
−1
√
(4) y = sin (x) ⇐⇒ sin(y) = x and y ∈ [− π2 , π2 ] =⇒ cos(y) = 1 − x2
√
(5) y = cos−1 (x) ⇐⇒ cos(y) = x and y ∈ [0, π] =⇒ sin(y) = 1 − x2
−1
√
(6) y = tan (x) ⇐⇒ tan(y) = x and y ∈ (− π2 , π2 ) =⇒ sec(y) = 1 + x2
√
(7) y = cot−1 (x) ⇐⇒ csc(y) = x and y ∈ (0, π) =⇒ csc(y) = 1 + x2
√
(8) y = sec−1 (x) ⇐⇒ sec(y) = x and y ∈ [0, π2 ) ∪ [π, 3π
2
) =⇒ tan(y) = 1 − x2
√
(9) y = csc−1 (x) ⇐⇒ csc(y) = x and y ∈ (−π, − π2 ] ∪ (0, π2 ) =⇒ cot(y) = 1 − x2
ex − e−x ex + e−x
(10) sinh(x) = , cosh(x) = , and cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1 for all x ∈ R
2 2
 Math 21 Unit II Formula Sheet
A. Derivative of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Let a > 0 and a 6= 1.

(1) Dx (ln x) = x1 , x>0 (4) Dx (ax ) = ax ln a

 
(2) Dx loga x = x ln1 a , x > 0
  (5) Dx (ex ) = ex
(3) Dx ln |x| = x1 , x 6= 0

B. Derivatives of Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions

(1) Dx (sin x) = cos x (1) Dx (sinh x) = cosh x

(2) Dx (cos x) = − sin x (2) Dx (cosh x) = sinh x
(3) Dx (tan x) = sec2 x (3) Dx (tanh x) = sech2 x
(4) Dx (cot x) = − csc2 x (4) Dx (coth x) = − csch2 x
(5) Dx (sec x) = sec x tan x (5) Dx (sech x) = − sech x tanh x
(6) Dx (csc x) = − csc x cot x (6) Dx (csch x) = − csch x coth x

C. Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

1 1
(1) Dx sin−1 x = √ (1) Dx (sinh−1 x) = √


1 − x2 x2 + 1
1 1
(2) Dx (cos−1 x) = − √ (2) Dx (cosh−1 x) = √
1 − x2 x2 − 1
1 1
(3) Dx (tan−1 x) = (3) Dx (tanh−1 x) = , |x| < 1
1 + x2 1 − x2
1 1
(4) Dx (cot−1 x) = − (4) Dx (coth−1 x) = , |x| > 1
1 + x2 1 − x2
1 1
(5) Dx (sec−1 x) = √ (5) Dx (sech−1 x) = − √
x x2 − 1 x 1 − x2
1 1
(6) Dx (csc−1 x) = − √ (6) Dx (csch−1 x) = − √
x x2 − 1 |x| x2 + 1

D. Recall:

(1) y = loga x if and only if x = ay

(2) loga (ax ) = x for all x ∈ R and alog a x
= x for all x > 0
ln x
(3) loga x = ln a
and ax = ex ln a
−1
√
(4) y = sin (x) ⇐⇒ sin(y) = x and y ∈ [− π2 , π2 ] =⇒cos(y) = 1 − x2
√
(5) y = cos−1 (x) ⇐⇒ cos(y) = x and y ∈ [0, π] =⇒ sin(y) = 1 − x2
−1
√
(6) y = tan (x) ⇐⇒ tan(y) = x and y ∈ (− π2 , π2 ) =⇒ sec(y) = 1 + x2
√
(7) y = cot−1 (x) ⇐⇒ csc(y) = x and y ∈ (0, π) =⇒ csc(y) = 1 + x2
√
(8) y = sec−1 (x) ⇐⇒ sec(y) = x and y ∈ [0, π2 ) ∪ [π, 3π
2
) =⇒ tan(y) = 1 − x2
√
(9) y = csc−1 (x) ⇐⇒ csc(y) = x and y ∈ (−π, − π2 ] ∪ (0, π2 ) =⇒ cot(y) = 1 − x2
ex − e−x ex + e−x
(10) sinh(x) = , cosh(x) = , and cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1 for all x ∈ R
2 2