Review 1

𝑮𝑴𝒑 𝒎
Grav Potential Energy: 𝑼 𝒓 = −
𝒓
𝑬𝒕𝒐𝒕.𝒎𝒆𝒄𝒉 = 𝑲 + 𝑼
𝟏 𝟏 𝑮𝑴𝑬 𝒎
𝑬𝒕𝒐𝒕.𝒎𝒆𝒄𝒉 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐𝒄𝒎 + 𝑰𝒄𝒎 𝝎𝟐 + −
𝟐 𝟐 𝒓
𝟏 𝟐
𝑮𝑴𝑬 𝒎
𝑬𝒕𝒐𝒕.𝒎𝒆𝒄𝒉 = 𝒎𝒗𝒄𝒎 + −
𝟐 𝒓
𝑬𝒕𝒐𝒕.𝒎𝒆𝒄𝒉 → 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕

𝟐𝑮𝒎𝒑
Escape Speed: 𝒗𝒆𝒔 =
𝑹𝒑

𝑮𝒎𝒑
Circular Orbit speed: 𝑣=
𝑹
PHYSICS 71
Chapter 13 Gravitation

39 Kepler’s Laws of
Planetary Motion

National Institute of Physics

College of Science
University of the Philippines Diliman
Circular Orbits 3

 Total mechanical energy of a satellite in a circular orbit

Since
Johannes Kepler 4

 Used the empirical data

obtained by Tycho Brahe

 Studied the motion of

planets around the sun

 His THREE laws can be

derived using Newton’s
law of gravitation

 First to coin the word

satellite
irst law
Kepler’s
All planetsFirst
moveLaw
All planets move Elliptical
in elliptical
in elliptical Orbits
orbits with
orbits with the Sun at one focus.
the Sun at one focus. 5

All planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus.

a= semimajor axis
a= semimajor
a= semimajor axis
axis
b= semiminor axis
b= semiminor
b= semiminor axis
axis
F= focus
F= focus
F= focus

Defining feature:
Defining feature:
Defining feature:
r1 + r2= constant
r + r = constant
r11 + r22= constant
Special case: circle
Special case: circle
Special case: circle

Source: T ipler, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6th ed.

Source: Tipler, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6th ed.
Lect ure
Source: Tipler, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 6th35ed. April 28, 2015 4 / 11
Lect ure 35 April 28, 2015 4 / 11
Lect ure 35 April 28, 2015 4 / 11
Kepler’s First Law Elliptical Orbits 6

All planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus.

Perihelion - point closest

to the Sun

Aphelion - point farthest

from the Sun
Kepler’s Second Law Equal Areas 7

A line from the sun to a given planet sweeps out equal

areas in equal times.
Kepler’s Second Law Equal Areas 8

A line from the sun to a given planet sweeps out equal

areas in equal times.

Planet tends to Planet tends to

move faster at move slower at
perihelion! aphelion!
Conservation of angular momentum!!!
Kepler’s Third Law Period of Planets 9

The periods of the planets are proportional to the 3/2

powers of the major axis lengths of their orbits. 𝑇 ∼ 𝑎3Τ2

3Τ2
2𝜋𝑎
𝑇=
𝐺𝑚𝑆
10
Test Your Understanding 11

The orbit of Comet X has a semi-major axis that is four times

longer than the semi-major axis of Comet Y. What is the ratio of
the orbital period of X to the orbital period of Y?
(i) 2 (iv) 16
(ii) 4 (v) 32
(iii) 8 (vi) 64
Attendance Quiz (Bluebook) 12

AQ #
Date Score:
Solution:

Corrected by: Jon Snow

Attendance Quiz ☺ (5pts) 13

𝑚s = 1.99 × 1030 kg
𝑟m = 5.79 × 1010 m
𝐺 = 6.67 × 10−11 Nm2 Τkg 2

2𝜋𝑟 3Τ2
𝑇=
𝐺𝑚s
in seconds and days
Attendance Quiz ☺ (5pts) ANSWERS 14

𝑚s = 1.99 × 1030 kg 2
𝑟m = 5.79 × 1010 m 𝑟 = 5.79 × 1010 m
3
𝐺 = 6.67 × 10−11 Nm2 Τkg 2 𝑟 = 3.86 × 1010 m

2𝜋𝑟 3Τ2 2𝜋𝑟 3Τ2

𝑇= 𝑇=
𝐺𝑚s 𝐺𝑚s
2 𝑇 = 4.13 × 106 s
𝑟 = 𝑟m
3 𝑇 ≈ 47.9 days
Credits/References 15

 Figures and content: University Physics 13th Ed, H. Young

and R. Freedman, Pearson Education 2014
 Physics 71 Lectures by J Vance, M Flores, A Lacaba, PJ
Blancas, G Pedemonte, DL Sombillo, K Agapito, J De Mesa