Banking of Highways and Railway Curves

v = √ grtanϴ

When skidding impends

e = super elevation
(A) , Normal speed. No side friction against the tires
are developed. N1=N2, N = N1 + N2 M v 2 /r v 2
tan (ϴ + Ø) = =
(B) , Below the normal speed. The tangential Mg gr
component of F1 is insufficient to balanced the from which the maximum highway-curve without
tangential component of W. The car skid inward outward skidding is
and down the incline, F1 and F2 acting up the
incline against the tires. vmax = √ gr tan ⁡(ϴ+ Ø )
(C) Above the normal speed. The tangential
component of F1 exceeds that of W. Fi and F2 then the minimum highway-curve speed to prevevt
acting down the incline. inward skidding is

vmin = √ gr tan ⁡(ϴ−Ø)

Problem 1
The width b of the pavement of a highway curve
is 6m, and its radius r is 120m. (a) Calculate the
super elevation e required for the normal speed
of 50 km/h and (b) determine the maximum
speed v at which a car may travel without
skidding on this curve, when f is 0.25 for a
b = width of pavement slippery pavement.
 
For car travelling at normal speed e = v2b/gr
v = 50 km/h = 13.9 m/s
sin ϴ = e/b e = 13.92(6) / 9.81(120) = 0.985 m
sin ϴ = tanϴ = e/b
tan ϴ = F/W = v2/gr vmax = √ gr tan ⁡(ϴ+ Ø )
tan ϴ = v2/gr = e/b sin ϴ = e/b = 0.985/6 = 0.164 and ϴ = 9.43‫ﹾ‬
tan Ø = F/N = f = 0.25 and Ø = 14.03‫ﹾ‬
from which the required super elevation e for normal vmax = √ gr tan ⁡(ϴ+ Ø )
speed vmax = √ 9.81(120)tan ⁡( 9.43+14.03)
e = v2b/gr vmax = 22.6 m/s or 81.4 km/h
and the normal speed v for a curve of radius r
.
Problem 2 Problem 5
A 500 m radius highway curve is to be super- An automobile of mass 2t has a tread of 1.5 m
elevated so that skidding will not be impending at and its center of gravity is 0.67 m above the
speeds below 80 kph. If the minimum f is to be ground. Assume that 60 per cent of the weight is
0.2, what super-elevation in millimeters is supported by the rear wheel. Calculate the
required for 8 m roadway? What will be the most normal wheel reactions (N1 and N2) and the side
comfortable speed for the passenger if it has the friction forces (F1 and F2) against each rear wheel
super-elevation found above? whe car round a level highway curve of 240 m
radius at a speed of 100 kph.
e = v2b/gr
v = 80 km/h = 19.44 m/s
e = 19.442(8) (1000) / 9.81(500) = 616 mm
vmax = √ gr tan ⁡(ϴ+ Ø )
sin ϴ = e/b = 0.616/8 = 0.077 and ϴ = 4.42‫ﹾ‬
tan Ø = F/N = f = 0.2 and Ø = 11.31‫ﹾ‬
vmax = √ gr tan ⁡(ϴ+ Ø )
vmax = √ 9.81(500) tan ⁡( 4.42+11.31)
vmax = 37.17 m/s or 133.81 km/h

Problem 3 W = 2[1000(9.81)/1000] (0.6) = 11.772 kN

A highway curve of 250 m radius is to be banked v = 100 kph = 27.78 m/s
to accommodate a maximum speed of 100 kph F = w/g v2/r = (11.722/9.81)27.782/240)
without skidding during wet weather, when f is F = 3.84 kN
0.2. If the with b of the pavement 1s 12 m,
calculate the angle of bank ϴ and the required ΣM1 = 0
super-elevation e?
W(0.75) + F(0.67) – N2(1.5) = 0
v = 100 km/h = 27.78 m/s 11.772(0.75) + 3.84(0.67) – N2(1.5) = 0
tan Ø = F/N = f = 0.2 and Ø = 11.31‫ﹾ‬ N2 = 7.6 kN
vmax = √ gr tan ⁡(ϴ+ Ø )
27.78 = √ 9.81(250) tan ⁡( ϴ+11.31) ΣFv = 0
ϴ = 6.15 ‫ﹾ‬ N1 + N2 – w = 0
sinϴ = e/b N1 = 11.772-7.6
e = sin 6.15(12) N1 = 4.17 kN
e = 1.286 m
f = F/N
f = 3.84/(4.17+7.6) = 0.326
Problem 4
A boy running a foot race rounds a flat curve with
F1 = fN1 = 0.326(4.17)
a 13 m radius. If his speed is 24 kph, his body will
F1 = 1.36 kN
incline at what angle to the vertical?
F2 = fN2 = 0.326(7.6)
v = 24 kph = 6.67 m/s
F1 = 2.48 kN
tanϴ = v2/gr
ϴ = tan-1(v2/gr) = tan-1(6.672 / 9.81(13))
ϴ = 19.23 ‫ﹾ‬
.