MT171: One Variable Calculus and DEs for non-majors-2008/2009

Lecture 1 – Techniques of Integrations

The inverse of differentiation
A function F is called an antiderivative of a function f on an interval I if F 0 (x) = f (x)
for every value of x in I.
Theorem: If F is any particular antiderivative of f on an interval I, then the most
general antiderivative of f on I is given by

F (x) + C

where C is an arbitrary constant.

Antidifferentiation isR the process of finding the most general antiderivative of a given
function. The symbol denotes the operations. We write
Z
f (x)dx = F (x) + C =⇒ d(F (x)) = f (x)dx

One can write as Z

d(F (x)) = F (x) + C

The integral F (x) + C is called the indefinite integral.

Theorem 1: Let g be a differentiable function of x, and let the range of g be an interval
I. Suppose that f is a function defined on I and that F is an antiderivative of f on I.
Then if u = g(x),
Z Z
0
f (g(x))g (x)dx = f (u)du = F (u) + C = F (g(x)) + C

Special case of theorem 1, assume g is differentiable, u = g(x)

un+1 [g(x)]n+1
Z Z
n 0
[g(x)] g (x)dx = un du = +C = + C, n 6= 1
n+1 n+1
R
Example 1: Evaluate t(5 + 3t2 )8 dt
Solution: Since d(5 + 3t2 ) = 6tdt, we write
Z Z
6t
t(5 + 3t ) dt = (5 + 3t2 )8 dt
2 8
6
Z
1
= (5 + 3t2 )8 d(5 + 3t2 )
6
1 (5 + 3t2 )9 1
= + C = (5 + 3t2 )9 + C
6 9 54
R 2√
Example 2: Evaluate x 1 + xdx
√
Solution: Let v = 1 + x =⇒ v 2 = 1 + x hence x = v 2 − 1, and dx = 2vdv, thus
√
Z Z
x 1 + xdx = (v 2 − 1)2 .v.(2vdv)
2

Z Z Z
= 2 v dv − 4 v dv + 2 v 2 dv
2 4

2 4 2
= v7 − v5 + v3 + C
7 5 3

1
The definite integral
Definition: If f is a function defined on the closed interval [a, b] and F 0 (x) = f (x), then
Rb
the definite integral of f from a to b, denoted by a is defined by
Z b Xn
f (x)dx = lim f (ξk )4k x = F (b) − F (a)
a n−→∞
k=1

if the limit exists, so we say the function f (x) is integrable.

Definitions:
Rb
1. If a > b and if a
f (x)dx exists, then
Z b Z a
f (x)dx = − f (x)dx
a b
Ra
2. a
f (x) = 0 if f (a) exists.
Properties of the Definite integral
Theorem 2: If the function f is integrable on the closed interval [a, b] and if k is any
constant, then Z b Z b
kf (x)dx = k f (x)dx
a a
Theorem 3: If the functions f and g are integrable on [a, b], then f ± g is integrable on
[a, b] and
Z b Z b Z b
k[f (x) ± g(x)]dx = f (x)dx ± g(x)dx
a a a
Theorem 4: If the function f is integrable on the closed intervals containing three
numbers a, b and c, then
Z b Z c Z b
f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx
a a c

Theorem 5: If the function f and g are integrable on the closed interval [a, b] and if
f (x) ≥ g(x) for all x in [a, b], then
Z b Z b
f (x)dx ≥ g(x)dx
a a

Theorem 6: Suppose that the function f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b]. If m
and M are respectively, the absolute minimum and absolute maximum function values of
f on [a, b] so that m ≤ f (x) ≤ M for a ≤ x ≤ b, then
Z b
m(b − a) ≤ f (x)dx ≤ M (b − a)
a
R4
Example 3: Find the smallest and possible values of 1/2 (x3 − 6x2 + 9x + 1)dx
Solution: The function f has relative min of 1 at x = 3 and relative max of 5 at x = 1
f (1/2) = 33
8
and f (4) = 5. Hence absolute min value of f on [ 12 , 4] is 1, and absolute max
value is 5. =⇒ m = 1, M = 5, we have from Theorem 6:
Z 4
1 1
1(4 − ) ≤ (x3 − 6x2 + 9x + 1)dx ≤ 5(4 − )
2 1
2
2
Z 4
7 35
=⇒ ≤ (x3 − 6x2 + 9x + 1)dx ≤
2 1
2
2