INTEGRATION

UNIT 4: INTEGRATION

INTRODUCTION
Every operation in mathematics has its inverse. In this chapter we learn how to reverse
the process of differentiation with the process of integration.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:

1. find the integrals of functions by considering integration as a reverse of

differentiation.
2. integrate indefinite integrals by rule of integration.
3. integrate composite polynomial functions by using substitution method.
4. integrate product of functions by part.
5. integrate quotient of functions using partial fraction method.
6. evaluate the definite integrals.

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4.1 INTEGRATION AS THE REVERSE OF DIFFERENTIATION

dy
Integration is the reverse process of differentiation. The process of obtaining
dx
from y (a function of a) is known as differentiation. Hence, the process of
dy
obtaining y from is known as integration. Integration of y with respect to x, is
dx
denoted by  f(x) dx . The symbols  f ( x) dx denote the integral of f(x) with

respect to the variable x. For example:

Differentiation
x3 dy
y= +c = x2
3 Integration dx

4.1.1 INDEFINITE INTEGRAL

From which the derivative 5x4 was derived?. Take a look at these examples:
d 5
dx
( )
x = 5x 4   5x
4
dx = x 5

also
d 5
dx
( )
x + 3 = 5x 4   5x
4
dx = x 5 + 3

and
d 5
dx
( )
x − 1 = 5x 4   5x
4
dx = x 5 − 1

Any constant terms in the original expression becomes zero in the derivative.
Therefore the presence of such constant term is replaced by adding a symbol c
to the result of integration.

 f ' (x ) dx = f ( x) + c
c is known as the constant of integration and must always be included. Such
integral is called an indefinite integral.

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4.2 INDEFINITE INTEGRAL OF FUNCTION

4.2.1 INTEGRATION OF POLYNOMIALS

 a dx = ax + c (ax + b)n + 1

1. where a is a constant
4. (ax + b) dx =
n
+c
d
(n + 1) (ax + b)
xn + 1 dx
 x dx = + c (n  − 1)
n
2.
(n + 1) ; (n  − 1)
a xn + 1
3.  ax dx = + c (n  − 1)
 f(x)  g(x)  dx =  f(x) dx   g(x) dx
n
(n + 1) 5.

Example 4.1 : Integrating a constant

Integrate the following with respect to x :

1
(a) 2 (b) −5 (c)
3

Solution :

(a)  2 dx = 2x + c
(b)  − 5 dx = −5x + c
1 1
(c)  3 dx = 3 x + c

Example 4.2 : Integration of xn

Integrate the following with respect to x :

1 1
(a) x5 (b) (c)
x3 x

Solution :
1 1
x dx = x 5 +1 + c = x 6 + c
5
(a)
5 +1 6
1 1 1
 
−3 −2
(b) dx = x dx = − x + c = − +c
x3 2 2x 2

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1 1 1
1 − 1 − +1
(c)  x
dx = x  2 dx =
1
x 2 + c = 2x 2 + c = 2 x + c
− +1
2
Example 4.3 : Integration of axn

Find the following integrals:

(a) -4x2 (b) 2x3 (c) 3x5

Solution :
 x3  4
(a )  − 4 x 2 dx = −4 
x 2 dx = −4 
 3 
 + c = − x3 + c
 3
 x4  1
(b )  
2 x 3 dx = 2 x 3 dx = 2   + c = x4 + c

 4  2
 x6  1
(c )  
3x 5 dx = 3 x 5 dx = 3 
 6
 + c = x6 + c

 2

Example 4.4 : Integral of (ax + b)n

Find:
1
 (2x + 3)  (3 − 6x)  (1− x) 2
4 −4 −
(a) dx (b) dx (c) dx

Solution :

1 1
 ( 2x + 3 ) ( 2x + 3 ) ( 2x + 3 ) + c
4 5 5
(a) dx = +c =
( 5 )( 2 ) 10

1 1
 ( 3 − 6x ) ( 3 − 6x ) ( 3 − 6x ) + c
−4 −3 −3
(b) dx = +c =
( −3 )( −6 ) 18

1 1 1
1
 (1− x ) (1− x ) 2 + c = −2 (1− x ) 2 + c
−
(c ) 2 dx =
 1
  ( −1)
2

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Example 4.5 : Integral of sum and differences

Find the following integrals:

 1  x +1
  x +3+  (2x − 1) 
2 2
(a)  dx (b) dx (c ) dx
x3  x3

Solution :
 1 
  x +3+  
 dx = x 2 dx + 3 1 dx + x −3 dx 
2
(a)
x 
3

1 1
= x 3 + 3x − x − 2 + c
3 2

 (2x − 1)  (4x ) 4 3
dx = − 4x + 1 dx = x − 2x 2 + x + c
2 2
(b)
3

 (x )
x +1 x −1 x − 2 1 1

−2
(c) dx = + x −3 dx = + +c=− − +c
x3 −1 − 2 x 2x 2

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UNIT EXERCISE 4.2.1

1. Find the following integrals:

(a )  − 15 dx (b)  64 dx
x

 (3x −4 x 3 dx ) (d)   3 − 42 + 63  dx
2
(c )
 x x 

( e)  (1 + 4x − 6x
2
) dx (f )   x + 12  dx
 x 
3x 3 − 3x 2 + 4
(g)  (3x + 2) (2x − 1) dx (h)  x2
dx

2. Find the following integrals:

 (x + 1) dx  (x − 9) dx
3 8
(a) (b)

 (4x + 7) dx  (3x − 8) dx
5 6
(c) (d)
5
 2(4 − 3x)  (4 − 3x)
−6
(e) dx (f) 3
dx

4.2.2 INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

cos (ax)
 sin (ax ) dx = − +c
n
d n
(ax )
dx
d d
sin (ax n ) = cos(ax n ) (ax n )
sin (ax n ) dx dx
 cos (ax n ) dx =
d n
+c d d
cos(ax n ) = − sin (ax n ) (ax n )
(ax ) dx dx
dx d d
tan (ax n ) = sec2 (ax n ) (ax n )
dx dx
tan (ax)
 sec (ax n ) dx = +c
2
d n
(ax )
dx

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Example 4.7 :

Find the following integrals :

(a) sin 3x (b) 3 cos 2x (c) 2 cos (3x − 1)

sec 2 (1 − 4x ) dx
1
(d) (e) cos 3x − sin x
2

Solution :
1
(a)  sin 3x dx = − 3 cos 3x + c
 1 3
(b)  3 cos 2x dx = 3 cos 2x dx = 3  2  sin 2x + c = 2 sin 2x + c
 2 cos (3x − 1) dx = 2 cos (3x − 1) dx = 3 sin (3x − 1) + c
2
(c)

 sec (1 − 4x ) dx = − 4 tan (1 − 4x ) + c
2 1
(d)

 
1 1  1 1  1 1
(e)  cos 3x − sin x = sin 3x − 
2 3 − 1
cos x  + c = sin 3x + 2 cos x + c
2  3 2
 
 2 

UNIT EXERCISE 4.2.2

Find the following integrals:

(a)  sin 2x dx (b)  cos 4x dx

1
 sec  sin 2 x dx
2
(c) 5x dx (d)

2 3
 sin 3 x dx  sec
2
(e) (f) x dx
4
 
(g)  sin (3x +  ) dx (h)  cos  5x − dx
 2
2  3 
(i)  sec  3x + dx
 6
(j)  sin  4 x − 2 dx
(k)  cos 2x dx (l)  sin 3x dx
1 3
(m)  cos 6 x dx (n)  sin 4 x dx
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4.2.3 INTEGRATION OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

➢ e dx = e x + c
x

d x
e ax + b (e ) = e x
e
ax + b
➢ dx = + c dx
d
(ax + b)
dx

Example 3.8 :

Find the int egral of the following functions :

(a ) e −3x (b) 2e 1− 2 x (c ) (e −x
+ ex )
2

1
(d) 5e x (e)
e 2x

Solution :
1 − 3x
e
− 3x
(a) dx = −
e +c
3
 1 
(b)  2e1− 2x dx = 2 − e1− 2x  + c = − e1− 2x + c
 2 
1 1
(c)  (e− 2x + 2 + e2x ) dx = − e − 2x + 2x + e2x + c
2 2
5 e 
dx = 5 e x dx =5 e x + c
x
(d)
1 1 − 2x
(e) e 2x 
dx = e − 2x dx = −
2
e +c

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UNIT EXERCISE 4.2.3

Find the integral with respect to x of:

e e
4x −5 x
(a ) dx (b) dx
1 1
x − x
(c ) e 3
dx (d) e 5
dx

e e
3 x +2 −4 x +5
(e) dx (f ) dx

 (e )( )
3 4
− x
e + 3 e − x − 4 dx
5 7 2x
(g) dx (h)

1
4.2.4 INTEGRATION OF
x

1
➢  x dx = ln x + c d 1 d
ln u = • (u)
dx u dx
1 ln ax + b
➢  ax + b dx =
d
+c
(ax + b)
dx
if b = 0

Example 4.6 :
Find
5 1 3
(a)  x dx (b)  2x + 3 dx (c )  5 − 2x dx
Solution :
5
(a)  x dx = 5 ln x + c
1 1
(b)  2x + 3 dx = 2 ln 2x + 3 + c

3 3
(c)  5 − 2x dx = −
2
ln 5 − 2x + c

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UNIT EXERCISE 4.2.4

Find the following integrals:

3 1
(a)  x dx (b)  2x dx
5 7
(c)  − x dx (d)  2x dx
3
1
(e)  2 dx
3x
(f)  2x + 1 dx
4 − 10
(g)  3x + 2
dx (h)  6 − 5x dx

4.3 TECNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

To integrate functions which are not in standard form, we need to use a few other
techniques to make the process of integration easier. There are three
techniques:

4.3.1 Integration by Substitution

4.3.2 Integration by Part
4.3.3 Integration by Partial Fraction

4.3.1 INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

Object

 f(x) dx =  f g(u) g' (u) du Image

The substitution technique is simplified as follows:

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a. Choose u = g(x)
du
b. Find = g ' (x)
dx
c. Substitute u = g(x), du = g ‘(x) dx. In this part, the integrand must
be in terms of u only, meaning there is no x terms left. But if this
happen, make another substitution for u.
d. Solve the integration
e. Back substitute u with g(x) therefore the final answer is in terms of
x.

Example 3.9 :
By using a suitable substitution, find the following integration:

 (5x − 4)  3x (x − 1) dx
6 2 3
(a) dx (b)

1
dx 2
 (1 − x)3 9x (1 − 3 2
(c) (d) x ) dx

Solution :

 (5x − 4)
6
(a) dx

du 1
Let u = 5x − 4  =5 and dx = du
dx 5

 (5x − 4)
1

6
 dx = u 6  du
5
1  u7 
=  +c
5  7 

=
(5x − 4 )7 +c
35

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 3x (x )
− 1 dx
2 3
(b)

Let u = (x 3 − 1)  du = 3x 2 dx

 3x (x 3 − 1) 3 dx = u
2
du

u2
= + c
2
(x 3 − 1) 2
= + c
2

dx
(c)  (1 − x)3
Let u = (1 − x)  du = − dx
−du = dx
dx
 (1 − x) 3  (1 − x)
−3
= dx

u
−3
= ( − du )
 u −2 
= −  + c
 − 2 
(1 − x) −2
= + c
2
1
= +c
2 (1 − x) 2

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1
2
 9 x (1 − x ) 2 dx
3
(d)
Let u = 1 − x 3  du = − 3x 2 dx
− 3du = 9x 2 dx
1

 9x (1 − x ) dx = u ( −3du)
2 3 2

1
= −3 u  2 du
 3 
 u2 
= − 3 +c
3 2
 
3
= − 2 (1 − x 3 ) 2 + c

UNIT EXERCISE 4.3.1

By using a suitable substitution, find the following integrals.

x
x (1 + x3 )4 dx 
2
(a) (b ) dx
1 − 4x 2

 x(1 − x  (
(d) 4x 2x 2 − 3 )
2 1 6
(c ) ) 2 dx dx

dx 4x + 6
(e) 3−x (f )  (x 2
+ 3x + 7 )
4
dx

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4.3.2 INTEGRATION BY PART

This is a method of integrating the product of two functions. The product

were either function not the derivative of the other, for example:

x ln x dx,  xe x dx ,  e x sin x dx etc.

2

Consider the product rule for differentiation:

d
(uv ) = u dv dx + v du , u and v are functions of x.
dx dx dx
Integrate both sides with respect to x, WHEN & HOW TO USE

dv du
uv =  u dx +  v dx, * If substitution doesn’t work.
dx dx *  f(x).g(x) dx match with
Rearranging the term,  u dv .
* choose u & dv and
dv du
 u dx dx = uv −  v dx dx, find du & v

This is known as integration by part  u dv = uv −  v du

The procedures:
a. Split the function into two simpler functions, one called u and the
dv
other .
dx
b. To decide which one will be u and dv.
(i) u should be a function which becomes a simpler function after
differentiation.
There is a simple acronym to remember which function to
equate u: L – P – E – T
1. L = Logarithm
2. P = Polynomial
3. E = Exponential
4. T = Trigonometry
dv
(ii) must be a function that is possible to integrate to obtain v.
dx

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Example 3.10 :

Find the following integrals using the integration by part techniques.

 x cos x dx  x ln x dx x
2
(a) (b) (c) ex dx

Solution :

(a) Let u = x dv = cos x dx

du
dx
= 1, 
v = cos x dx = sin x omit the integratio n constant

Substitutin g into  u dv = uv −  v du gives

 x cos x dx = x sin x −  sin x (1) dx
= x sin x − (− cos x ) + c
= x sin x + cos x + c

(b) Let u = ln x dv = x dx
du 1 x2
= ,
dx x 
v = x dx =
2
omit the integratio n constant

Substituti ng into  u dv = uv −  v du gives

x2 x2 1
 x ln x dx =
2
ln x − 
2 x
 dx

x2 1 1
= ln x −   x 2 + c
2 22
x2 x2
= ln x − +c
2 4

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(c) Let u = x 2 dv = e x dx
du
= 2x v= e dx = e x
x
omit the integratio n constant
dx
Substituti ng into  u dv = uv −  v du gives
 x e dx = x e −  e  (2x ) dx
2 x 2 x x

= x e −  2x e dx again
2 x x
by part

u = 2x and dv = e x
du
=2 v= e dx = e x
x
and
dx

= x 2 e x − 2xe x − e x (2) dx  
= x 2 e x − −2xe x + 2e x + c
(
= e x x 2 − 2x + 2 + c )

UNIT EXERCISE 4.3.2

Use the formula for differentiation by parts to complete the integration.

(a)
 xe dx
x
(b)
 x cos 3x dx
 xe dx  2
− 2x x
(c) (d) x sin dx

(e)
 ln x dx (f)
 x ln x dx
2

(g)
 x sinx dx
2
(h)
 ln 3x dx

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4.3.3 INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTION

f (x )
In general, the integration in the form of  g(x ) dx where f(x) and g(x) are
f (x )
polynomials in terms of x, we have to express as a partial fraction
g(x )
before integration is attempted. Only proper fractions can be converted
directly into partial fraction.

f(x)
➢ nonrepeated linear factor (ax + b)  g(x) dx
STEPS
* determine the shape of the
partial fractions
f(x) A B C ( numbers of factor g (x ) )
= + +
(x + a)(x + b)(x + c) (x + a) (x + b) (x + c) * find value A, B & C
* evaluate the integral

Example 3.11 :

Find:

x+7

1 (b)  dx
(a)
(x − 2)(x − 3)
dx
(2x − 3)(x + 2)

Solution :
1 A B
(a). Let = +
(x − 2)(x − 3) x − 2 x − 3
So 1 = A(x − 3) + B(x − 2)
Substitute x = 2, 1 = −A  A = −1
Substitute x = 3, 1 = B  B =1

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1 −1 1
Thus = −
(x − 2)(x − 3) x − 2 x −3
1  −1 1 
Hence  (x − 2)(x − 3)
= 

 x − 2
+
x − 3
 dx

= ln x − 2 + ln x − 3) + c

x+7 A B
(b) Let dx  +
(2x − 3)(x + 2) 2x − 3 x + 2
x+7  A (x + 2) + B (2x − 3 )
Substitute x = −2 5 = −5B  B = −1
3 17 7 17
x= = A  A=
2 2 2 7
Thus
17
x+7 1
 7 −
(2x − 3)(x + 2) 2x − 3 x + 2
Hence
17
x+7 1
 (2x − 3)(x + 2)
dx = ( 7 − 
2x − 3 x + 2
) dx

17
ln 2x − 3
= 7 − ln (x + 2) + c
2
17 ln 2x − 3
= − ln (x + 2) + c
14

UNIT EXERCISE 4.3.3

Express the functions in each of the following integrals in partial fractions and
hence perform the integration.
1 2x + 3
(a)  (1 − x )(3x − 2) dx (b)  (x − 4)(5x + 2) dx
3x 3
(c) x 2
−x−2
dx (d)  (x − 1)(2x − 1) dx
1
(e)  (4x − 1)(4x + 1)
dx

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4.4 THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

An integral with limits is called a definite integral

b

 f (x ) dx = F ( x) = F (b ) − F (a )
b
a
a

b is known as the upper limit and a is known as the lower limit of the integral. In
the definite integral there is no constant of integration.

Example 3.12 :
Evaluate.

 (1+ 2x + x ) dx
2 2 25

 6x 2 dx 
2
(a) (b) (c) x dx
0 −1 1
3 −1 2
 2 1  1
(d)   x − 2  dx (e)
2
x    x −  dx
−2
x

Solution :
2
 6x 3 
  ( )
2

 = 2 23 − 0 = 2(8 ) = 16
2
(a) 6x dx = 
2
 =2x
3
0
0  3 0
2
 x3 
 (1 + 2x + x )
2
(b) 2
dx =  x + x 2 + 
−1  3  −1
 8  1
=  2 + 4 +  −  − 1+ 1− 
 3   3 
=9
25
25 25 1 3
2
(c) 
1
x dx = 
1
x2 dx = x 2
3
1

2 
 25  − 1
3
= 2
3 

= 5 − 1
2
3
3
( )
2
= 82
3

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3 3
 x 3 x −1   x3 1 
 (x )
3 3
 2 1

−2
(d)  x − 2  dx = 2
−x dx =  −  =  + 
2
x  2  3 − 1 2  3 x 2
1 1 8 1
=  (27 ) +  −  + 
3 3  3 2
1
=6
6
−1 −1 −1
 x3 x −1 
( )
2
 1
(e)   x −  dx = x 2 − 2 + x − 2 dx =  − 2x +
−2
x −2 3

− 1  −2
−1
 x3 1
=  − 2x − 
3 x  −2
 1   8 1
=  − + 2 + 1 −  − + 4 + 
 3   3 2
2 5
= 2 −1
3 6
5
=
6

UNIT EXERCISE 4.4

1. Evaluate the following definite integral.

9 8 9
1
  
3
(a) x dx (b) x dx (c) dx
4 1 1
x
1

 (6x − 3 x ) dx
27 4
1 −3
(d) 2 x dx (e)
1 1

2. Evaluate the following definite integral.

x2 − 1
0 3
(a)  ( x + 1)( x + 2 ) dx
−2
(b) 1 x 2 dx
2 −2
(c)  x ( x − 1)( x − 2 ) dx
1
(d)  ( 3x − 1)( 2x + 1) dx
−1

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SUMMARY

4.0
INTEGRATION

Definition. Integral of The integral of The definite Techniques of

polynomial trigonometric integral integration
Inverse of and exponent
and 1/x
differentiation
 f ' (x ) dx = f ( x) + c

Integration of xn.
 cos x dx = sin x + c b By
 f (x) dx = F ( x)a
b
1 n+1
 x dx = (n + 1) x + c  sin x dx = − cos x + c
Substitution
n
a
 f(x) dx =  f g(u) g' (u) du
 sec x dx = tan x + c
2
= F (b ) − F (a )

Integration of  cos (ax + b) dx = a sin (ax + b) + c

1
By
 kx dx
n
Part
 sin (ax + b) dx = − a cos(ax + b) + c
1

kx n +1  u dv = u v −  v du
 sec (ax + b) dx = a tan (ax + b) + c
1
= +c
2

n +1 L-P-E-T

Integrating a e dx = e x + c By
x

constant
1 Partial
 a dx = ax + c e
ax+ b
dx = e ax+b + c
a Fraction
 f ' (x ) e
f (x)
dx = e f ( x ) + c
A B C
+ +
(x + a) (x + b) (x + c)

Integral of
(ax + b)n
1
= (ax + b )n +1 + c
(n + 1)(a )

Integration of
1
x
= ln x + c

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ANSWERS
( x + 1 )4
2. (a) +c
UNIT EXERCISE 4.2.1 4

(b)
(x − 9)9 + c
1. (a) -15x + c 9

(c)
(4x + 7)6 + c
2
(b) − +c 24
x3
(d)
(3x − 8)7 + c
21
(c) x −x +c
3 4
2
4 3 (e) +c
(d) 3x + − 2 + c 15 ( 4 − 3 x )5
x x
5
(e) x + 2x2 − 2x3 + c (f) +c
6( 4 − 3 x )2
x2 1
(f) − +c
2 x
x2 UNIT EXERCISE 4.2.3
(g) 2x 3 + − 2x + c
2 1 
− cos 2x i) tan( 3 x + ) + c
3x2 4 a) +c 3 6
(h) − 3x − + c 2
2 x
4 3 
sin 4 x j) − cos( x − ) + c
UNIT EXERCISE 4.2.2 b) +c 3 4 2
4
(a) 3 ln x + c 1
tan 5 x k) − sin 2x + c
c) +c 2
5
1
(b) ln 2x + c
2 1
1 l) − cos 3 x + c
d) − 2 cos x+c 3
(c) – 5 ln x + c 2
1
3 2 m) 6 sin x+c
(d)
7
ln 2x + c e) − cos x + c 6
2 2 3

4 3 4 3
1 f) tan x + c n) − cos x + c
(e) ln 3 x + c 3 4 3 4
2
1
(f)
1
ln (2x + 1) + c g) − cos( 3 x + ) + c
2 3

1 
(g)
4
ln (3 x + 2) + c h) sin( 5 x − ) + c
3 5 2

(h) 2 ln (6 − 5 x ) + c

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UNIT EXERCISE 4.3.1 UNIT EXERCISE 4.2.4

(1 + x3 )5 1 4x
(a) +c (a) e +c
15 4
−1
(b) +c 1 5x
(b) − e +c
4 1 − 4x2 5
3
− (1 − x )
2 2 1
x
(c) +c (c) 3e 3 +c
3
7
(2x 2 − 3) −5
(d) +c (d) +c
7 1
x
(e) − ln( 3 − x ) + c e5
−2
(f) +c e3 x + 2
3( x + 3 x+ 7)
2 3
(e) +c
3

e−4 x +5
UNIT EXERCISE 4.3.2 (f) − +c
4
(a) xe x − ex + c 3 4
( − x)
7e 5 7
(g) − +c
x sin 3 x cos 3 x 4
(b) + +c
3 9
(h)
xe −2x e−2x
(c) − +c
−2 4

x x
− x cos cos
(d) 2+ 2 +c
2 2

(e) x ln x − x + c

x3 x3
(f) ln x − +c
3 6

UNIT EXERCISE 4.3.3

(a) ln (1-x) + ln(3x-2) + c

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INTEGRATION

1 ln( 5 x + 2)
(b) ln ( x − 4) − +c
2 10

(c) 2 ln ( x − 2) + ln ( x + 1)

(d) 3 ln ( x − 1) + 3 ln( 2x − 1) + c

ln( 4 x − 1) ln( 4 x + 1)
(e) − +c
8 8

UNIT EXERCISE 4.4

38
1. (a)
3
45
(b)
4
(c) 4
(d) 6
(e) 31
2
2. (a)
3
4
(b)
3
(c) 4.17
1
(d) -
4
27
(e)
2

24 DUM 20132