By :

1. Yohanes Galot Lamak

2.Elenora Jenati
3.Miftahul Ezza Martya
4.Agung Setiawan
5.Zenonissya Galwan Batara

CHEMISTRY B 2018/2019
 The Goals
• Understand the concept of integration as a vital
role in chemistry
• Find the indifinite integral of a number of
simple functions
• Integrate standard functions by rule
• Apply the integration by parts and substitution
method to integrate more complicated
functions
• Understand the concept of the definite integral
and be able to evaluate a wide range of definite
integrals.
 INTEGRATION

Integration is used frequently in

In chemistry, we use integrate to
understand the concept of “Rate Laws” in 1st
Kinetics order chemical reactions,

Thermodynamics

Quantum Mechanism
How integration applies to
the real world
 Integration was used to
design the Petronas Towers
making it stronger

 Many differential equations

were used in the designing of the
Sydney Opera House

 Historically, finding areas

under curved surfaces, centres of
mass, displacement and velocity,
and fluid flow are other uses of
integration
 Power Rule
u n 1

 du  n  1  C
u n

C = constant of integration
u = function
n = power
du = derivate
Integrals of standard functions
n 1
x
 dx = n  1 + c (n  1)
x n
 sin x dx =  cos x + c
1
 x dx = ln x + c  cos x dx = sin x + c

2
sec x dx = tan x + c

x x
e dx = e +c

These integrals should be memorized !

Integration – the opposite of differentiation

The definite integral

Arbitary
constant

Indefinite integral
 Example 1 – Polynomial
Integrals
Find (𝒊) න 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙𝟑 𝒅𝒙 (𝒊𝒊) න(𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟑 𝒅𝒙

Solution
Example 2 – Definite
Integral
 Example 3
Find
 
4 sin x + 7e x dx

  4 sin x + 7e  dx =  4 sin x dx +  7e dx
x x

= 4  sin x dx + 7  e x dx

= 4(  cos x ) + 7e x
= 7e x  4cos x
Example 4
 Example 5 – Natural
Logarithma Integral
Remove a factor of
1
5
1
 5x + 4 1 5 to write the function
dx =

5 5x + 4
dx in the form f '( x ).
f ( x)

1
= ln 5 x + 4 + c
5
Solution
dy f '( x )
If y = ln f ( x) then =
dx f ( x )
We can reverse this to integrate functions of the form
kf '( x )
f ( x)
1 1
 ax + b dx = a ln ax + b + c
Hence, we have :
 Example 6- Exponential
Integrals
4e2 .x
FIND
 e2 x +1 dx

4e 2 x 2e2 x
 e2 x +1 dx = 2 e2 x +1 dx

= 2ln e2 x +1 + c
Integration by Substitution
Consider the integral

3
 (5 x + 2) dx.


3

3
Let u = 5x + 2 so that (5 x + 2) dx = u dx

The problem now is that we can’t integrate a function in u with respect

to x. Therefore, we need to write dx in terms of du.

du
u = 5x + 2  =5
dx
When we used the chain rule for differentiation we saw that we can treat informally
as a fraction, so:
du 1
= 5  du = 5dx  dx = du
dx 5
1
So if u = 5x + 2 and dx = du
5
3 1
 (5 x + 2) dx =  u 5 du
3

1 4
= u +c
20
Now change the variable back to x:

3 1

4
(5 x + 2) dx = (5 x + 2) +c
20
 Example
Use a suitable substitution to find  x(2 x 2  5)5 dx.

Let u = 2x2 – 5
du
= 4x
dx
dx 1
=
du 4 x
1
dx = du
4x
1
 x(2 x  5) dx =  xu 4 x du
2 5 5
Substituting u and dx into the original
problem gives:
1 5
=  u du
4
1 6
= u +c
24
 Definite integration by substitution
When a definite integral is found by substitution it is easiest to rewrite the limits of
integration in terms of the substituted variable. 7 2x
 4
8x
dx

Use the substitution u = 8x to find the area under the curve

y=
2x between x = 4 and x = 7.
8x
du 1  21 Using the chain rule
= (8  x ) ( 1)
1
If u = (8  x) 2 then
for differentiation.
dx 2
1
= 1
2(8  x ) 2

1
=
2u
dx
So = 2u  dx = 2u du
du
 Definite integration by substitution
Now we need to find x in terms of u.
1
If u = (8  x) 2 then u2 = 8 – x
x = 8 – u2
Rewrite the limits in terms of u:
when x = 3, u = 84 =2
when x = 1, u = 8  7 =1
7 2x
The area is given by
4 8  .x dx Rewrite this in terms of u:

2 2(8  u )
2
7 2x
4
8x
dx = 
1 u
( 2u )du
2
=  4(8  u 2 ) du
1
2
= 4 (u 2  8) du
1
 2
2 u  3
4  (u  8) du = 4   8u 
2
1
3 1
8 1 
= 4   16  + 8 
3 3 

7 
= 4  8
3 
= 22 32

Therefore, the required area is 22 32 units squared.

 Integration by parts
When we differentiate the product of two functions u and v we use
the product rule:

d dv du
(uv ) = u + v
dx dx dx

where u and v are functions of x

Integrating throughout with respect to x gives:

dv du
uv =  u dx +  v dx
dx dx
 This can be rearranged to give:

dv du
 u dx dx = uv   v dx dx
To integrate a product using this formula we let one part equal u and the
other equal dv
dx
We find du by differentiating the part we called u.
dx dv
We find v by integrating the part we called
dx
du
It is important to choose u and dv so that
dx
 v dx dx
dv
is easier to integrate than
u dx
dx
 So, to integrate x sin x with respect to x:
dv
Let u=x and = sin x
differentiate dx integrate
So du v =  cos x
=1
dx We don’t need the “+ c” here.

dv du
Now, using the formula  u dx = uv   v dx :
dx dx

 x sin x dx =  x cos x    cos x dx

=  x cos x   sin x + c
= sin x  x cos x + c
Find
 8 x ln. x dx
We don’t know the integral of ln x so:
let u = ln x and dv = 8 x
dx
so du 1 and v = 4 x 2
=
dx x
dv du
Now, using the formula,  u dx = uv   v dx :
dx dx
1
 8 x ln x dx = 4 x ln x   4 x × x dx
2 2

= 4 x 2 ln x   4 x dx

= 4 x2 ln x  2 x2 + c
= 2 x 2 (2ln x  1) + c
 Integration by parts
To evaluate a definite integral using integration by parts we use:

a u dx dx = uva  a v dx dx
b dv b b du


2
Evaluate 2 x. cos x dx
0

Let and
dv
u = 2x = cos x
dx
So
du
=2 and v = sin x
dx
  


2
2 x cos x dx = 2 x sin x 0   2 2sin x dx
2
0 0


sin π/2 = 1 = ( sin 

2  0)   2cos x 02
cos π/2 = 0 =   ( 2cos 2 + 2cos0)
cos 0 = 1 = 2
 The Applications to Chemical
Reactions
Problems
Solutions