PART I – INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Module 4

INTEGRATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

The standard formulas for evaluating the

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES integrals of the six trigonometric
functions are given below. The first two
At the end of the lesson, the students must
can be verified by differentiation and the
be able to:
remaining four may be proved directly.
(a) Recall the differential of exponential
involving trigonometric functions are:
functions;
(b) Perform integration of exponential (4a) ∫ sin u du = −cos u + c;
functions; and
(4b) ∫ cos u du = sin u + c;
(c) Find enjoyment in learning the lessons.
(4c) ∫ tan u du = −ln∨cos u∨¿ + c;

(4d) ∫ cot u du = ln∨sin u∨¿ + c;

The following formulas are also consequences of their (4e) ∫ sec u du = ln ∨sec u+ tan u∨¿ +
c;
corresponding differentiation formulas.
2
(4g) ∫ sec u du = tan u + c;
2
(4h) ∫ csc u du = −cot u + c;
(4i) ∫ secu tan u du = sec u + c;
(4j) ∫ csc u cot u du =−c sc u + c;

EXERCISES/APPLICATIONS

Evaluate the following:

1. ∫ sin 4 x dx
Solution:
This takes the form of formula (4a) with u = 4 x . Then du = 4dx. Therefore, we need to rewrite in
1
the form ∫ sin u du ¿ by inserting the factor 4 and writing its reciprocal before the integral sign:
4

1
∫ sin 4 x dx = 4 ∫ sin 4 x. 4dx

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 1
=4 (-cos 4 x ¿ + c
1
= -4 (cos 4 x ¿ + c
2. ∫sec 5x tan 5x dx
Solution:
This form is similar to (4i) with u = 5 x . Then du = 5dx. We need to rewrite in the form
1
∫ sec u tan u du ¿ by inserting the factor 5 and writing its reciprocal before the integral sign:
5

1
∫sec 5x tan 5x dx = 5 ∫sec 5x tan 5x . 5dx
1
= 5 sec 5x + c

3. ∫ sec 2( 4 x−3) dx
Solution:
This form is similar to formula (4g) with u =4x - 3 where du = 4 dx. We need to rewrite in
1
the form ∫ sec 2 u du ¿ by inserting the factor 4 and writing its reciprocal before the integral
4
sign.

1
∫ sec 2( 4 x−3) dx = 4 ∫ sec 2(4x – 3). 4dx
1
=4 tan (4 x−3 ¿ + c

4. ∫ x 2 cos 4 x 3 dx
Solution:
This form is similar to formula (4b) with u =4 x 3 where du = 12x2 dx. We need to rewrite in
1
the form ∫ cos u du ¿ by inserting the factor 12 and writing its reciprocal before the integral
12
sign.

1
∫ x 2 cos 4 x 3 dx = 12 ∫ cos 4 x 3. 12 x 2 dx
1
=12 (sin 4 x3 ¿ + c

dx
5. ∫ tan 5 x

Solution:

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 Consider the reciprocal of tan 5x as cot 5x and take formula (4d) with u =5x where du = 5
dx. We need to rewrite it in the form ∫ cot u du ¿ by inserting the factor 5 and writing its
1
reciprocal before the integral sign.
5

dx
∫ tan 5 x = ∫ cot 5x dx

1
= 5 ∫ cot 5x .5 dx
1
= 5 ln |co s 5x | + c

6. ∫ x 2 cos 4 x 3 dx Solution:
Solution:
This form is similar to formula (4b) with u =4 x 3 where du = 12x2 dx. We need to rewrite in
1
the form ∫ cos u du ¿ by inserting the factor 12 and writing its reciprocal before the integral
12
sign.
1
∫ x 2 cos 4 x 3 dx = 12 ∫ cos 4 x 3. 12 x 2 dx
1
=12 (sin 4 x3 ¿ + c

7. ∫ ¿¿ dx

Solution:
This takes neither forms (4a) to (4g) We need to divide each term of the numerator by the
denominator.
1 sin2 x
∫ ¿¿ dx = ∫ (
cos 2 x + cos 2 x ) dx
1 sin2 x
= ∫ ( cos 2 x + cos 2 x ) dx

=∫ (sec 2x + tan 2x) dx

=∫ sec 2x dx + ∫ tan 2x dx
The first term is similar to form (4e) while the second term to form (4e). We need to rewrite the
first term in the form ∫ secu du by inserting the factor 2 and rewrite the second term in the form
∫ tan u du∧insert the factor 2 before the integral sign:

1 1
∫ ¿¿ dx =
2 ∫
sec 2x .2dx + ∫ tan 2x .2dx
2
1 1
= ln |sec 2x + tan 2x| - ln |cos 2x| + c
2 2
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 8. ∫ ¿ dx
Solution:
Expanding,
∫¿
= ∫ dx−∫ 2 sec x dx + ∫ sec2 x dx
= ∫ dx−2 ∫ sec x dx + ∫ sec2 x dx
= x−2 ln|sec x + tan x|+ tan x+ c
dx
9. ∫ sin 3 x tan 3 x
Solution:
dx
cos 3x dx
∫ sin 3 x ( sin 3 x ) =∫ sin2 3 x
cos 3 x

=∫ sin 3 x cos 3x dx
−2

Applying formula (1) where u = sin 3x , du = cos 3x.3dx and n = - 2

dx 1
∫ sin 3 x tan 3 x = 3 ∫ sin−2 3 x . cos 3x . 3 dx

1 sin−1 3 x
=3 −1
+c

−1
=3 −1
sin 3 x+ c

− 1
=3 sin 3 x
+c

2
sec 3x dx
10. ∫ 1+ 4 tan 3 x
Solution:
Let u = 1+4 tan 3 x and du = 4sec2 3x . 3 dx = 12 sec2 3x dx

Apply formula (2) by inserting a constant factor 12 in the integrand and compensate by writing
1
before the integral sign.
12
2
1 2
∫ sec 3x dx
=
1+ 4 tan 3 x 12
∫ ∫ 12 sec 3x dx
1+ 4 tan3 x

1
= 12 ln (1+ 4 tan 3 x )+ c

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 EVALUATION

Evaluate the following:

1
1. ∫ cos 2 y dy

2. ∫ csc 5t cot 5t dt

cos ln x dx
3. ∫ x

sin x dx
4. ∫
cos4 x

5. ∫ sec24x dx

6. ∫ csc 22x dx

sin 4x dx
7. ∫ 1+ cos 4 x

1 1
8. ∫ sec 2 z tan 2 z dz

9. ∫ x sin x2 dx

10. ∫ (sec¿¿ 2−1)dx ¿

READINGS/ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Derivation of formulas (4c) to (4f)

REFERENCES

Feliciano, F. and F. Uy. 1983. Differential and Integral Calculus. Merriam and Webster Bookstore,
Inc.
Love, C. and E. Rainville. 1970. Differential and Integral Calculus. The Mcmillan Company, New
York.

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