1 INTEGRATION

1.1 Inde…nite Integrals

De…nition 1 Given a function, f (x) , an anti-derivative of f (x) is any function F (x) such that
0
F (x) = f (x):

Example 2 Let f be a function such that f (x) = x2 + 4 cos x: Then

F1 (x) = 2x 4 sin x + 2
F2 (x) = 2x 4 sin x 3
F3 (x) = 2x 4 sin x + :
F1 ; F2 and F3 are anti-derivatives of f:

De…nition 3 If F (x) is any anti-derivative of f (x) then the most general anti-derivative of f (x) is called
an inde…nite integral and denoted,
Z
f (x)dx = F (x) + c; where c is any constant.
Z
In this de…nition the is called the integral symbol, f (x) is called the integrand, x is called the integration
variable and the c is called the constant of integration.
The process of …nding the inde…nite integral is called integration or integrating f (x) . If we need to be
speci…c about the integration variable we will say that we are integrating f (x) with respect to x.

1.2 Some Special Integral Formulas

Z
1
1. xn dx = xn+1 + c; for all n 6= 1
n+1
Z
1
2. dx = ln jxj + c
x
Z
3. ex dx = ex + c
Z
ax
4. ax dx = + c; a > 0
ln a
Z
5. sin x dx = cos x + c
Z
6. cos x dx = sin x + c
Z
7. tan x dx = ln jcos xj + c

1
 Z Z Z
1
8. dx = 1 + tan2 x dx = sec2 xdx = tan x + c
cos2 x
Z Z
1
9. dx = 1 + cot2 x dx = cot x + c
sin2 x
Z
1
10. dx = arctan x + c
1 + x2
Z
1
11. p dx = arcsin x + c
1 x2
Z
12. cosh xdx = sinh x + c
Z
13. sinh xdx = cosh x + c

Suppose we have two functions f (x) and g(x) with antiderivatives F (x) and G(x), respectively. Then we
know that
d
fF (x) G(x)g = F 0 (x) G0 (x) = f (x) g(x)
dx
in other words, F G is an antiderivative of f g, which we can write as
Z Z Z
ff (x) g(x)g dx = f (x)dx g(x)dx:

Similarly,
d
(cF (x)) = cF 0 (x) = cf (x)
dx
implies that Z Z
cf (x)dx = c f (x)dx

if c is a constant.

Example 4 Evaluate the following inde…nite integrals:

Z
1. (x2 + sin x)dx =?

Solution:
Z Z Z
(x2 + sin x)dx = x2 dx + sin xdx

x3
= cos x + c
3

2
 Z p4 7 1
2. (3 x3 + 5 + p )dx =?
x 6
x
Solution:
Z p Z
4 7 1 1
(3 x3 + 5 + p )dx = (3x3=4 + 7x 5
+ x 1=2 )dx
x 6
x 6
4 7 4 1 1=2
= 3 x7=4 x + 2x + c
7 4 6
12 7=4 7 4 1 1=2
= x x + x +c
7 4 3
Z
4x10 2x4 + 15x2
3. ( )dx =?
x3
Solution:
Z Z
4x10 2x4 + 15x2 4x10 2x4 15x2
( )dx = + 3 dx
x3 x3 x 3 x
Z
15
= 4x7 2x + dx
x
1 8
= x x2 + 15 ln jxj + c
2
Z
1
4. ex + dx =?
x
Solution:
Z Z Z
1 1
ex + dx = x
e dx + dx
x x
= ex + ln jxj + c
Z
5. 3ex + 5 cos x 10 sec2 x dx =?

Solution:
Z Z Z Z
3ex + 5 cos x 10 sec2 x dx = 3 ex dx + 5 cos xdx 10 sec2 xdx

= 3ex + 5 sin x 10 tan x + c

Z
3
6. p + 6 sin x + 10 sinh x dx =?
1 x2
Solution:
Z Z Z Z
3 1
p + 6 sin x + 10 sinh x dx = 3 p dx + 6 sin xdx + 10 sinh xdx
1 x2 1 x2
= 3 arcsin x 6 cos x + 10 cosh x + c

3
 Z
76 sin2
7. d =?
sin2
Solution:
Z Z Z
7 6 sin2 1
d = 7 d 6 d
sin2 sin2
= 7 cot 6 +c
Z
x2 + 1
8. p dx =?
x
Solution:
Z 2 Z Z
x +1
p dx = x dx + x 1=2 dx
3=2
x
2 5=2
= x + 2x1=2 + c
5
Z
z 4 16
9. dz =?
z+2
Solution:
Z 4 Z 4 Z
z 16 z 24 z2 22 z 2 + 22
dz = dz = dz
z+2 z+2 z+2
Z Z
(z 2) (z + 2) z 2 + 4
= dz = (z 2) z 2 + 4 dz
z+2
Z
1 4 2 3
= z 3 + 4z 2z 2 8 dz = z + 2z 2 z 8z + c
4 3
Z
1
10. 2t + dt =?
1 + t2
Solution:
Z Z Z
1 1
2t + dt = 2t dt + dt
1 + t2 1 + t2
2t
= + arctan t + c
ln 2

1.3 Substitution Method

Substitution method is the technique in integration that corresponds to the chain rule in di¤erentiation. Let
y = F (u) be a function of u and let u = g(x) be a function of x. Then y can be considered as a function of
x by taking the composition of F with g:

y = F (g(x))

4
 Suppose that the function g is di¤erentiable on an open interval I and the function F is di¤erentiable
on an open interval containing the image of I under g. Then by the Chain Rule, the composition function
F g is di¤erentiable on I and we have
d dy
F (g(x)) =
dx dx
dy du
= :
du dx
= F 0 (u):g 0 (x):

So, we get
d
F (u) = F 0 (g(x)):g 0 (x):
dx
This is the chain rule expressed in an alternative way. Since integration is the reverse process of di¤er-
entiation, we have Z
F 0 (g(x)):g 0 (x)dx = F (g(x)) + c:

Denoting F 0 = f , the above integration formula becomes

Z
f (g(x)):g 0 (x)dx = F (g(x)) + c:

d 2
Example 5 Consider the function f (x) = 2xsin(x2 + 3). Notice that 2x = (x + 3): So let’s call
dx
g(x) = x2 + 3; and F (u) = cos u; then

F (g(x)) = cos x2 + 3

and
d
F (g(x)) = F 0 (g(x)):g 0 (x)
dx
= sin(x2 + 3):2x
so that Z
2xsin(x2 + 3)dx = cos x2 + 3 + c:

The most transparent way of computing an integral by substitution is by following Leibniz and introduce
new variables. Thus to do the integral
Z
f (g(x))g 0 (x)dx

where f (u) = F 0 (u), we introduce the substitution u = g(x), and agree to write

g 0 (x)dx = du:
Then we get

5
 Z Z
0
f (g(x))g (x)dx = f (u)du = F (u) + c

At the end of the integration we must remember that u really stands for G(x), so that
Z
f (g(x))g 0 (x)dx = F (g(x)) + c

Let’s do the previous example again. We want to …nd

Z
2xsin(x2 + 3)dx:

Let u = x2 + 3:Then
du = 2xdx and sin(x2 + 3) = sin u
so that Z Z
2xsin(x2 + 3)dx = sin udu = cos u + c:

Finally we get rid of the subsitution variable u;and we get

Z
2xsin(x2 + 3)dx = cos(x2 + 3) + c:
Z
x
Example 6 Let’s compute dx:
1 + x2
By using the substitution u = 1 + x2 , we have du = 2xdx and
Z Z
x 1 1 1
dx = du = ln juj + c
1 + x2 2 u 2
Finally we get rid of the subsitution variable u;and we get
Z
x 1
dx = ln 1 + x2 + c:
1 + x2 2
Example 7 Evaluate the following inde…nite integrals by using substitution method:
Z
4
1. 2x 1 + x2 dx = 51 x10 + x8 + 2x6 + 2x4 + x2 =?

Solution: By using the substitution u = 1 + x2 , we have du = 2xdx and

Z Z 5
4 u5 1 + x2
2x 1 + x2 dx = u4 du = +c= + c:
5 5
Z
xdx
2. p =?
x+1
Solution: By using the substitution u = x + 1, we have du = dx and
Z Z Z
xdx u 1 p 1
p dx = p du = u+ p du
x+1 u u

6
 Z Z
p 1 2
= udu + p du = u3=2 + 2u1=2 + c
u 3
2 3=2 1=2
= (x + 1) + 2 (x + 1) + c:
3
Z
sin 2x
3. dx =?
1 + cos2 x
Solution: By using the substitution u = 1 + cos2 x, we have du = 2 cos x sin xdx = sin 2xdx and
Z Z
sin 2x du
2
dx = = ln juj + c = ln 1 + cos2 x + c:
1 + cos x u
Z
2
4. (x + 1) ex +2x dx =?

Solution: By using the substitution u = x2 + 2x, we have du = (2x + 2) dx and

Z Z
x2 +2x 1 u 1 1 2
(x + 1) e dx = e du = eu + c = ex +2x + c:
2 2 2
Z
x3 + x 1
5. 11 dx = 10 =?
4 2
(x + 2x + 3) 40 (x + 2x2 + 3)
4

Solution: By using the substitution u = x4 + 2x2 + 3, we have du = 4x3 + 4x dx and

Z Z
x3 + x 1 du 1 1 1
4 2 11 dx = 4u 11
=
4 10u 10
+c= 10 + c:
(x + 2x + 3) 40 (x + 2x2 + 3)
4

Z
xdx
6. p =?
3x 1
1
Solution: By using the substitution u = 3x 1, we have du = 3dx and x = (u + 1) ;so
3
Z Z 1 Z
xdx (u + 1) 1 1 u+1
p = 3 p du = p du
3x 1 u 3 9 u
Z 3=2
1 1 u u1=2
= u1=2 + u 1=2 du = + +c
9 9 3=2 1=2
q
2 3 2p
= (3x 1) + (3x 1) + c:
27 9
Z
dx
7. 2 =?
x (ln x)
dx
Solution: By using the substitution u = ln x, we have du = and
x
Z Z
dx du 1 1
2 = u 2
=
u
+c=
ln x
+ c:
x (ln x)

7
 Z
8. tan x: ln(cos x)dx =?

Solution: By using the substitution u = cos x, we have du = sin xdx and

Z Z Z
sin x ln u
tan x: ln(cos x)dx = : ln(cos x)dx = du
cos x u
1
Again by using the substitution v = ln u, we have dv = du and
Z Z u
ln u 1 2 1 2 1 2
du = vdv = v +c= (ln u) + c = (cos x) + c:
u 2 2 2

1.3.1 Some Special Substitutions

1. If an inde…nite integral has the integrand which contains an expression of the form
p
a2 x2
then we introduce the substitution x = a sin t: So we have

dx = a cos tdt

and p p
a2 x2 = a2 a2 sin2 t = jaj cos t:
2. If an inde…nite integral has the integrand which contains an expression of the form
p
x2 a 2
then we introduce the substitution x = a sec t: So we have

dx = a sec t tan tdt

and p p
x2 a2 = a2 sec2 t a2 = jaj tan t:
3. If an inde…nite integral has the integrand which contains an expression of the form
p
x2 + a 2
then we introduce the substitution x = a tan t: So we have
a
dx = dt
cos2 t
and
p p jaj
x2 + a2 = a2 tan2 t + a2 = :
cos t
4. If an inde…nite integral has the integrand which contains an expression of the form

ax2 + bx + c
then by using completing square method, expression can be written as

8
 2
p b b2
ax + p +c :
2 a 4a
p b
Then, the integral can be computed easier by making u = ax + p substitution.
2 a
Example 8 Evaluate the following inde…nite integrals by using substitution method:
Z
xdx
1. p =?
4 x4
Solution: By using the substitution u = x2 :Then du = 2xdx and
Z Z du Z
xdx 2 1 du
p = p = p
4 x 4 4 u 2 2 2 2 u2
Again by using the substitution u = 2 sin t; we have du = 2 cos tdt and
p p
22 u2 = 22 22 sin2 t = 2 cos t: So
Z Z Z
1 du 1 2 cos tdt 1 t
p = = dt = + c
2 22 u2 2 2 cos t 2 2
u
Since u = 2 sin t; we have t = arcsin( ):Then
2
t 1 u 1 x2
+ c = arcsin( ) + c = arcsin( ) + c:
2 2 2 2 2
Z
dx
2. p =?
x x2 + 4
2

2
Solution: By using the substitution x = 2 tan t; we have dx = dt and
cos2 t
p p 2
x2 + 4 = 4 tan2 t + 4 = . So
cos t
Z Z 2 Z Z
dx 2t
dt 1 1 1 cos t
p = cos = dt = dt
x2 x2 + 1 2 4 1 4 sin2 t
4 tan2 t sin2 t
cos t cos t
Again by using the substitution u = sin t; we have du = cos tdt:So
Z Z
1 cos t 1 du 1 1
dt = = +c= +c
4 sin2 t 4 u2 4u 4 sin t
x
Since x = 2 tan t; by using t angled right triangle we have sin t = p
2
x +4
p
1 1 x2 + 4
+c= + c:
4 sin t 4 x
Z
dx
3. p =?
x x2 9
Solution: By using the substitution x = 3 sec t: So we have dx = 3 sec t tan tdt and

9
 p p
x2 32 = 9 sec2 t 9 = 3 tan t: Then
Z Z Z
dx 3 sec t tan tdt 1 1
p = = dt = t+c
x x2 9 3 sec t:3 tan t 3 3
x
Since x = 3 sec t; we have t = arcsec
3
Therefore
Z
dx 1 1 x
p = t + c = arcsec + c:
x x 2 9 3 3 3
Z
dx
4. p =?
2x x2
Solution: Firstly, let’s complete 2x x2 to a square.
2x x2 = x2 2x = (x 1)2 1 =1 (x 1)2 :
Then
Z Z
dx dx
p = p
2x x 2 1 (x 1)2
By using the substitution u = x 1; we have du = dx: So
Z Z Z
dx dx du
p = p = p = arcsin u + c = arcsin(x 1) + c:
2x x 2 1 (x 1) 2 1 u2
Z
dx
5. =?
4x2 + 4x + 2
Solution: Firstly, let’s complete 4x2 + 4x + 2 to a square.
4x2 + 4x + 2 = (2x + 1)2 + 1:
Then
Z Z
dx dx
=
4x2 + 4x + 2 (2x + 1)2 + 1
By using the substitution u = 2x + 1; we have du = 2dx: So
Z Z Z
dx dx 1 du 1 1
2
= 2
= 2
= arctan u + c = arctan (2x + 1) + c:
4x + 4x + 2 (2x + 1) + 1 2 u +1 2 2
Z
2x + 5
6. 2
dx =?
x + 4x + 13
Solution: Firstly, let’s complete x2 + 4x + 13 to a square.
x2 + 4x + 13 = (x + 2)2 + 9:
Then
Z Z Z
2x + 5 2x + 4 1
dx = dx + dx
x2 + 4x + 13 x2 + 4x + 13 (x + 2)2 + 9
Z Z
2x + 4 1 1
= dx + dx
x2 + 4x + 13 9 x+2 2
| {z } | 3 + 1
{z }
I1
I2

10
 To compute I1 ; using the substitution u = x2 + 4x + 13; we have du = (2x + 4) dx: So
Z Z
2x + 4 du
I1 = dx = = ln juj + c1 = ln x2 + 4x + 13 + c1
x2 + 4x + 13 u
x+2 dx
To compute I2 ; using the substitution u = ; we have du = : So
3 3
Z Z
1 1 1 1 1 1 x+2
I2 = 2 dx = 2
du = arctan u + c2 = arctan + c2
9 x+2
+1 9 u +1 9 9 3
3
Therefore
Z
2x + 5 1 x+2
2
dx = I1 + I2 = ln x2 + 4x + 13 + arctan + c:
x + 4x + 13 9 3

1.4 Integration of Rational Functions

P (x)
Recall that rational functions are functions that can be written in the form , where P (x) and Q(x) are
Q(x)
polynomials. Let deg(P (x)) = n and deg(Q(x)) = m

i) If n m, then by long division, we can …nd a polynomial m(x) and a polynomial r(x) with degree less
than deg(Q(x)) such that

P (x) r(x)
= m(x) + ; for all x with g(x) 6= 0:
Q(x) Q(x)
P (x)
Since polynomial functions can be integrated easily, to integrate , it su¢ ces to know how to integrate
Q(x)
r(x)
:
Q(x)

P (x)
ii) If n < m;then by the help of partial fractions can be integrated easily.
Q(x)

a) If Q(x) = (x x1 )(x x2 ):::(x xm );then

P (x) A1 A2 Am
= + + ::: + :
Q(x) x x1 x x2 x xm

b) If Q(x) = (x x1 )k (x x2 ):::(x xm k );then

P (x) A1 A2 Ak Ak+1 Am
= + 2 + ::: + k
+ + ::: + :
Q(x) x x1 (x x1 ) (x x1 ) x x2 x xm k

c) If Q(x) = (ax2 + bx + c)(x x1 ):::(x xm 2 );then

P (x) A1 x + A2 A3 Am
= 2 + + ::: + :
Q(x) ax + bx + c x x1 x xm 2

11
Example 9 Evaluate the following inde…nite integrals of rational functions by using substitution method:
Z
x
1. 2
dx =?
x 2x 3
Solution: Since x2 2x 3 = (x 3)(x + 1) the partial fraction decomposition of the given rational
function takes the form
x A B
2
= + :
x 2x 3 x 3 x+1
Then we get
x = A(x + 1) + B(x 3):
Putting x = 1 and x = 3; we get 1 = 4B and 3 = 4A; respectively.
3 1
Thus, we obtain A = and B = :
4 4
Therefore we have partial fraction decomposition
x 3 1 1 1
= + :
x2 2x 3 4x 3 4x+1
So
Z Z Z
x 3 1 1 1
2
dx = dx + dx
x 2x 3 4 x 3 4 x+1
3 1
= ln jx 3j + ln jx + 1j + c:
4 4
Z
2x + 3
2. dx =?
x2 2x + 1
Solution: Since x2 2x + 1 = (x 1)2 the partial fraction decomposition of the given rational function
takes the form
2x + 3 A B
= + :
x2 2x + 1 x 1 (x 1)2
Then we get
2x + 3 = A(x 1) + B:
Putting x = 1 and x = 0; we get 5 = B and 3 = A + B respectively, which yields A = 2
Therefore we have partial fraction decomposition
2x + 3 2 5
= + :
x2 2x + 1 x 1 (x 1)2
So
Z Z Z
2x + 3 2 5
dx = dx + 2 dx
x2 2x + 1 x 1
| {z } | (x {z1) }
I1 I2
Z
2
I1 = dx = 2 ln jx 1j + c1
x 1
To compute I2 ; using the substitution u = x 1; we have du = dx: So

12
 Z Z
5 du 5 5
I2 = 2 dx = 5 = + c2 = + c2 :
(x 1) u2 u x 1
Then, we obtain
Z
2x + 3 5
2
dx = I1 + I2 = 2 ln jx 1j + c:
x 2x + 1 x 1
Z
2x + 3
3. dx =?
x4 2x3 + 2x2 2x + 1
Solution: Since x4 2x3 + 2x2 2x + 1 = (x 1)2 (x2 + 1) the partial fraction decomposition of the
given rational function takes the form
2x + 3 A B Cx + D
= + + 2 :
x4 2x3 + 2x2 2x + 1 x 1 (x 1)2 x +1
Then we get
2
2x + 3 = A (x 1) (x2 + 1) + B(x2 + 1) + (Cx + D) (x 1)
This implies that
2x + 3 = x3 (A + C) + x2 ( A + B 2C + D) + x(A + C 2D) A + B + D:
So, we get
A + C = 0; A + B 2C + D = 0; A + C 2D = 2; and A + B + D = 3:
3 5 3
Then, A = ; B = ; C = ; and D = 1:
2 2 2
Therefore we have partial fraction decomposition
3 5 3
2x + 3 x 1
= 2 + 2 + 2 :
x4 2x3 + 2x2 2x + 1 x 1 (x 1)2 x2 + 1
So
Z Z Z Z Z
2x + 3 3 dx 5 dx 3 2x dx
dx = + 2 + dx
x4 2x + 2x2
3 2x + 1 2 x 1 2 (x 1) 4 2
x +1 x2 +1
3 5 1 3
= ln jx 1j + ln x2 + 1 arctan x + c:
2 2x 1 4
Z
x3 + 2
4. dx =?
x3 x
Z 3 Z 3 Z Z
x +2 x x+x+2 x+2 x+2
Solution: dx = dx = 1+ 3 dx = x + dx
x3 x x3 x x x x3 x
x+2
Since x3 x = x(x 1)(x + 1) the partial fraction decomposition of takes the form
x3 x
x+2 A B C
3
= + + :
x x x x 1 x+1
Then we get
x + 2 = A(x2 1) + B(x2 + x) + C(x2 x)
This implies that

13
 x + 2 = x2 (A + B + C) + x(B C) A:
3 1
It follows that A = 2; B = and C = :
2 2
Therefore we have partial fraction decomposition
x+2 2 3 1 1 1
3
= + + :
x x x 2x 1 2x+1
So
Z 3 Z
x +2 x+2
dx = x + dx
x3 x x3 x
Z Z Z
dx 3 dx 1 dx
=x 2 + +
x 2 x 1 2 x+1
3 1
= x 2 ln jxj + ln jx 1j + ln jx + 1j + c:
2 2
Z 3 2
x + 7x + 16x + 11
5. dx =?
x2 + 4x + 3
Solution: Since x3 + 7x2 + 16x + 11 = x2 + 4x + 3 (x + 3) + x + 2; we can write
x3 + 7x2 + 16x + 11 x+2
=x+3+ 2 :
x2 + 4x + 3 x + 4x + 3
Then, we have
Z 3 Z
x + 7x2 + 16x + 11 x+2
2
dx = x+3+ 2 dx
x + 4x + 3 x + 4x + 3
Z Z Z
x+2
= xdx + 3 dx + 2
dx
x + 4x + 3
Z
x2 x+2
= + 3x + dx:
2 x2 + 4x + 3

By using the substitution u = x2 + 4x + 3; we have du = (2x + 4) dx: Then we obtain

Z 3 Z
x + 7x2 + 16x + 11 x2 1 du
dx = + 3x +
x2 + 4x + 3 2 2 u
x2 1
= + 3x + ln juj + c
2 2
x2 1
= + 3x + ln x2 + 4x + 3 + c:
2 2

1.5 Integration by Parts

The technique in integration that corresponds to the product rule in di¤erentiation is called integration by
parts. Let f and g be functions that are di¤erentiable on an open interval (a; b). By the product rule, we
have
d
(f (x)g(x)) = f 0 (x)g(x) + f (x)g 0 (x); a<x<b
dx

14
which written in terms of integration, becomes
Z Z
f (x)g(x)dx + f (x)g 0 (x)dx = f (x)g(x);
0
a < x < b:

If one of the two integrals on the left side is easy to …nd, then we can …nd the other one. By symmetry, we
may assume that the …rst integral is easy to …nd, then in this case, we can …nd the second integral by the
following:
Z Z
f (x)g 0 (x)dx = f (x)g(x) f 0 (x)g(x)dx:

In the above equation, by putting u = f (x) and v = g(x) so that du = f 0 (x)dx and dv = g 0 (x)dx; we get
Z Z
udv = uv vdu:

Here, we have to choose suitable u and dv. From the chosen dv, we have to …nd v. This is done by
integration.
A Guide for Integration by Parts: Treat the integrand as a product of two functions. Choose u to
be one of the two functions such that

the other function can be integrated easily. Choose dv = (the other f unction)dx;
Z Z
the new integral vdu is easier to …nd than the original integral udv:
Z
Example 10 Find x cos xdx:

The integrand is a product of two functions. There are two options for u and dv:

x2
Put u = cos x and dv = xdx: Then we have du = sin xdx and we can take v = : Note that
Z Z 2
2
x
vdu = sin xdx which is even more complicated then the original integral.
2
Z
Put u = x and dv = cos xdx:Then we have du = dx and we can take v = sin x: Note that vdu =
Z
sin xdx is easy to …nd.(the method works). From these we get

Z Z
x cos xdx = udv
Z
= uv vdu
Z
= x sin x sin xdx

= x sin x + cos x + c

15
Example 11 Evaluate the following inde…nite integrals by using integration by parts method:
Z
1. x2 ln xdx =?

1 x3
Solution: Put u = ln x and dv = x2 dx:Then we have du = dx and we can take v = : From these
x 3
we get
Z Z
x2 ln xdx = udv
Z
= uv vdu
Z
x3 x3 1
= ln x dx
3 3 x
Z
x3 x2
= ln x dx
3 3
x3 x3
= ln x + c:
3 9
Z
2. x3 ex dx =?

Solution: Put u = x3 and dv = ex dx:Then we have du = 3x2 dx and we can take v = ex : From these
we get
Z Z
x3 ex dx = udv
Z
= uv vdu
Z
= x3 ex 3 x2 ex dx
Z
Here, to …nd x2 ex dx;we will apply integration by parts method again. Put u = x2 and dv =
ex dx:Then we have du = 2xdx and we can take v = ex : From these we get
Z Z
x3 ex dx = x3 ex 3 x2 ex dx
Z
= x3 ex 3 udv
Z
3 x
=x e 3 uv vdu
Z
= x3 ex 3 x2 ex 2 xex dx

16
 Z
Here also, to …nd xex dx;we will apply integration by parts method again. Put u = x and dv = ex dx:
Then we have du = dx and we can take v = ex : From these we get
Z Z
x3 ex dx = x3 ex 3 x2 ex 2 xex dx
Z
= x3 ex 3x2 ex 6 udv
Z
3 x 2 x
=x e 3x e 6 uv vdu
Z
= x3 ex 3x2 ex 6 xex ex dx

= x3 ex 3x2 ex 6xex 6ex + c

= x3 3x2 6x 6 ex + c:
Z
3. e2x cos 3xdx =?

e2x
Solution: Put u = cos 3x and dv = e2x dx:Then we have du = 3 sin 3xdx and we can take v = :
2
From these we get
Z Z
e2x cos 3xdx = udv
Z
= uv vdu
Z
e2x 3
= cos 3x: + 2 sin 3x:e2x dx
2
Z
Here, to …nd sin 3x:e2x dx;we will apply integration by parts method again. Put u = sin 3x and
e2x
dv = e2x dx: Then we have du = 3 cos 3xdx and we can take v = : From these we get
2

17
 Z Z
e2x 3
e2x cos 3xdx = cos 3x: + sin 3x:e2x dx
2 2
Z
e2x 3
= cos 3x: + udv
2 2
Z
e2x 3
= cos 3x: + uv vdu
2 2
Z
e2x 3 e2x 3
= cos 3x: + sin 3x: e2x cos 3xdx
2 2 2 2
Z
e2x 3 9
= cos 3x: + sin 3x:e2x e2x cos 3xdx:
2 4 4

Then, we have
Z
13 1 2x 3
e2x cos 3xdx = e cos 3x + e2x sin 3x
4 2 4
Z
4 1 2x 3
=) e2x cos 3xdx = e cos 3x + e2x sin 3x + c:
13 2 4

Z
4. x2 sin xdx =?

Solution: Put u = x2 and dv = sin xdx:Then we have du = 2xdx and we can take v = cos x: From
these we get
Z Z
x2 sin xdx = udv
Z
= uv vdu
Z
2
= x cos x + 2 x cos xdx

= x2 cos x + 2 (x sin x + cos x) + c

Z
5. sin x ln(cos x)dx =?

sin x
Solution: Put u = ln(cos x) and dv = sin xdx:Then we have du = dx = tan xdx and we can
cos x
take v = cos x: From these we get

18
 Z Z
sin x ln(cos x)dx = udv
Z
= uv vdu
Z
= cos x ln(cos x) cos x tan xdx
Z
= cos x ln(cos x) sin xdx

= cos x ln(cos x) + cos x + c:

Z
6. arcsin xdx =?

1
Solution: Put u = arcsin x and dv = dx:Then we have du = p dx and we can take v = x: From
1 x2
these we get
Z Z
arcsin xdx = udv
Z
= uv vdu
Z
x
= x arcsin x p dx
1 x2
| {z }
I1

To compute the integral I1 ; using the substitution w = 1 x2 ; we have dw = 2x: Then we have
Z Z
1 dw
arcsin xdx = x arcsin x p
2 w
1 p
= x arcsin x + 2 w + c
2
p
= x arcsin x + 1 x2 + c:
Z
p
7. 1 x2 dx =?
p x
Solution: Put u = 1 x2 and dv = dx:Then we have du = p dx and we can take v = x: From
1 x2
these we get

19
 Z Z
p
I= 1 x2 dx = udv
Z
= uv vdu
Z
p x2
=x 1 x2 p dx
1 x2
| {z }
I1

Z Z
x2 1 x2 1
I1 = p dx = p dx
1 x2 1 x2
Z Z
1 x2 dx
= p dx p
1 x 2 1 x2
Z
p
= 1 x2 dx arcsin x

=I arcsin x + c1
Therefore we obtain
p p
I = x 1 x2 I1 = x 1 x2 I + arcsin x + c1
p
=) 2I = x 1 x2 + arcsin x + c1
p
x 1 x2 + arcsin x
=) I = + c:
2
Z
p
8. ln(x + 1 + x2 )dx =?
x
p 1+ p
2 1
Solution: Put u = ln(x + 1 + x2 ) and dv = dx:Then we have du = p1 + x dx = p dx
x + 1 + x2 1 + x2
and we can take v = x: From these we get
Z Z
p
ln(x + 1 + x2 )dx = udv
Z
= uv vdu
Z
p x
= x ln(x + 1 + x2 ) p dx
1 + x2
| {z }
I1

To compute I1 ; using substitution w = 1 + x2 ; we have 2xdx = du: Then we get

20
 Z Z
p p 1 dw
ln(x + 1 + x2 )dx = x ln(x + 1 + x2 ) p
2 w
p 1 p
= x ln(x + 1 + x2 ) 2 w+c
2
p p
= x ln(x + 1 + x2 ) 1 + x2 + c:
Z
arcsin x
9. p dx =?
1+x
dx dx
Solution: Put u = arcsin x and dv = p :Then we have du = p and we can take v =
p 1 + x 1 x2
2 1 + x: From these we get
Z Z
arcsin x
p dx = udv
1+x
Z
= uv vdu
Z p
p 1+x
= 2 1 + x arcsin x 2 p dx
1 x2
Z
p 1
= 2 1 + x arcsin x 2 p dx
1 x
p p
= 2 1 + x arcsin x + 4 1 x + c:

1.6 Integration of Trigonometric Functions

i) Integrals involving sin ax: cos bx; sin ax: sin bx; cos ax: cos bx can be computed by using the following ad-
dition formulas for sine and cosine functions
sin(a + b)x = sin ax: cos bx + cos ax: sin bx
sin(a b)x = sin ax: cos bx cos ax: sin bx
cos(a + b)x = cos ax: cos bx sin ax: sin bx
cos(a b)x = cos ax: cos bx + sin ax: sin bx

Z
Example 12 Find sin 3x: cos 4xdx:
By using addition formulas for sine function, we get

sin(4 + 3)x = sin 4x: cos 3x + cos 4x: sin 3x (1)

and

sin(4 3)x = sin 4x: cos 3x cos 4x: sin 3x: (2)
By taking (1) (2) ;we have

21
 1
2 sin 3x: cos 4x = sin 7x sin x =) sin 3x: cos 4x = (sin 7x sin x)
2
Z Z
1
=) sin 3x: cos 4xdx = (sin 7x sin x) dx
2
1 1
= cos 7x + cos x + c
14 2
Z
Example 13 Find cos 5x: cos 3xdx:
By using addition formulas for cosine function, we get

cos(5 + 3)x = cos 5x: cos 3x sin 5x: sin 3x (3)

and

cos(5 3)x = cos 5x: cos 3x + sin 5x: sin 3x (4)

By taking (3) + (4) ;we have
1
2 cos 5x: cos 3x = cos 8x + cos 2x =) cos 5x: cos 3x = (cos 8x + cos 2x)
2
Z Z
1
=) cos 5x: cos 3xdx = (cos 8x + cos 2x) dx
2
1 1
= sin 8x + sin 2x + c:
16 4
Z
Example 14 Find sin 4x: sin 2xdx:
By using addition formulas for cosine function, we get

cos(4 2)x = cos 4x: cos 2x + sin 4x: sin 2x (5)

and

cos(4 + 2)x = cos 4x: cos 2x sin 4x: sin 2x (6)

By taking (5) (6) ;we have
1
2 sin 4x: sin 2x = cos 2x cos 6x =) sin 4x: sin 2x = (cos 2x cos 6x)
2
Z Z
1
=) sin 4x: sin 2xdx = (cos 2x cos 6x) dx
2
1 1
= sin 2x sin 6x + c:
4 12

22
 ii) Consider the integrals of the form
Z
sinm x: cosn xdx:

If m is an odd positive integer, the integral can be done easily by substitution. Say m = 2k + 1; where k is
an integer, then by using the identity sin2 x + cos2 x = 1; we can rewrite the integral in the form
Z
k
sin x 1 cos2 x cosn xdx

which can be integrated using the substitution u = cos x

Z
Example 15 Find sin5 x: cos4 xdx:

By using the identity sin2 x + cos2 x = 1;we can write

Z Z
2
sin5 x: cos4 xdx = sin x 1 cos2 x cos4 xdx:

Then using the substitution u = cos x and so du = sin xdx; we get

Z Z
5 2
sin x: cos xdx = sin x 1 cos2 x cos4 xdx
4

Z
= (1 u2 )2 u4 du
Z
= u8 2u6 + u4 du

u9 u7 u5
= +2 +c
9 7 5
cos9 x cos7 x cos5 x
= +2 + c:
9 7 5

iii) Consider the integrals of the form

Z
sinm x: cosn xdx:

If n is an odd positive integer, the integral can be done easily by substitution. Say n = 2k + 1; where k is
an integer, then by using the identity sin2 x + cos2 x = 1; we can rewrite the integral in the form
Z
k
sinm x 1 sin2 x cos xdx

which can be integrated using the substitution u = sin x.

Z
Example 16 Find sin4 x: cos3 xdx:

23
 By using the identity sin2 x + cos2 x = 1;we can write
Z Z
sin x: cos xdx = sin4 x 1
4 3
sin2 x cos xdx:

Then using the substitution u = sin x and so du = cos xdx, we get

Z Z
sin4 x: cos3 xdx = sin4 x 1 sin2 x cos xdx
Z
= u4 (1 u2 )du
Z
= u6 + u4 du

u7 u5
= + +c
7 5
sin7 x sin5 x
= + + c:
7 5
Z
Example 17 Find cos5 axdx:

2 2
By
Z using the identity Zsin ax + cos ax = 1;we can write
cos5 axdx = cos4 ax cos axdx
Z :
2
= 1 sin2 ax cos axdx

Then using the substitution u = sin ax and so du = a cos axdx, we get

Z Z
2
cos5 axdx = 1 sin2 ax cos axdx
Z
1
= (1 u2 )2 du
a
Z
1
= u4 2u2 + 1 du
a
1 u5 u3
= 2 +u +c
a 5 3
1 sin5 ax sin3 ax
= 2 + sin ax + c:
a 5 3

iv) Consider the integrals of the form

Z
sinm x: cosn xdx:

If m and n are both even positive integer, then we can use the doubleangle formulas

24
 1 + cos 2x 1 cos 2x
cos2 x = and sin2 x = :
2 2
Z
Example 18 Find sin2 x: cos2 xdx:

By using the doubleangle formulas

1 + cos 2x 1 cos 2x
cos2 x = and sin2 x =
2 2
we can write
Z Z
2 2 1 cos 2x 1 + cos 2x
sin x: cos xdx = dx
2 2
Z
1
= 1 cos2 2x dx
4
Z
1 1 + cos 4x
= 1 dx
4 2
Z
1
= (1 cos 4x) dx
8
1 sin 4x
= x + c:
8 4
x
v) If the integral involve sin x or cos x functions, then using the substitution t = tan makes the
2
computation easier. By this way, we have
2
dx = dt:
1 + t2
x
Also by using angled right triangle we have
2
x x
sin x = 2 sin cos x
2 2 cos x = 2 cos2 1
2
t 1
= 2p p and 1 t2
1+t 2 1 + t2 = :
1 + t2
2t
= :
1 + t2
Z
dx
Example 19 Find :
cos x + 2 sin x
x 2 1 t2 2t
By using the substitution t = tan ;we have dx = 2
dt, cos x = and sin x = So, we get
2 1+t 1 + t2 1 + t2

25
 Z 2dtZ
dx 1 + t2
=
cos x + 2 sin x 1 t2 2:2t
+
1 + t2 1 + t2
Z
dt
=2
1 + 4t t2
Z
dt
=2 2 :
(t 2) + 5
Z
2 dt
= 2
5 t 2
p +1
5
t 2 p
Let’s say p = u; then 5du = dt: We have
Z 5 p Z
dx 2 5 du
=
cos x + 2 sin x 5 u2 + 1
p
2 5
= arctan u
5
p
2 5 t 2
= arctan p
5 5
p
2 5 tan x 4
= arctan p :
5 2 5

Problems
Evaluate the following inde…nite integrals.
Z
1. 3 sec2 xdx

Z 2
1
2. 1+ dx
x
Z
3. 2x(x2 + 1)9 dx
Z
p
4. x4 x5 + 6dx
Z
3
5. x2 ex 1
dx
Z
x3 + x
6. 11 dx
(x4 + 2x2 + 3)

26
 Z 1
x2 1 ex+ x
7. dx
x2
Z
sin x1
8. dx
x2
Z
sin (ln x)
9. dx
x
Z
1
10. dx
x ln x
Z
4
11. sin(1 x) (2 cos(1 x)) dx
Z
12. sin3 x cos8 xdx
Z
13. sin4 xdx
Z
14. sin4 x cos5 xdx
Z
15. cos x sin4 (sin x) dx
Z p
x
16. xe dx
Z
x3 + 3x2
17. dx
x2 + 1
Z
x
18. dx
2x 1
Z
x+4
19. dx
x2 5x + 6
Z
x2 + 3x + 2
20. dx
x (x2 + 1)
Z
1
21. dx
x3 +1
Z
x2 + 2
22. dx
4x5 + 4x3 + x
Z
1
23. 3=2
dx
(5 x2 )

27
 Z
1
24. p dx
4 + x2
Z
1
25. p dx; where a > 0:
x2 a2
Z
1
26. p dx
2x x2
Z
1
27. p dx
1+ 2x
Z
1
28. d
2 + cos

28