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MATH 115 – integral calculus

Handout #1
Antidifferentiation
Antidifferentiation or integration is the reverse process of differentiation. That is, given the
derivative f ( x) for the function F ( x) , we need to find the function F ( x) . The relationship of the
notations is given by:

d (F ( x))  F '( x)  f ( x)
Illustration 1.

If F is a function defined by F ( x)  4x3  x2  5 then F '( x)  12x2  2x . Thus if f is the

function defined by f ( x)  12x2  2x then f is the derivative of F , and F is an antiderivative of f .
If G is the function defined by G( x)  4x3  x2 17 then G is also an antiderivative of f
because G '( x)  12x2  2x . Actually, any function whose function value is given by 4x3  x2  C
where C is any constant, is an antiderivative of f .

To obtain F ( x) , we use the integral operation  . The integration symbol is an extended S for
“summation”. The function F ( x) is called the indefinite integral of the given derivative f ( x) . In
symbols, we have

 f ( x)dx  F ( x)  C
where F '( x)  f ( x)
In this notation,

 - the integral sign

f ( x) - the integrand

x - the variable of integration

F ( x) - the definite integral of f ( x)

F ( x)  C - the indefinite integral of f ( x)

Leibniz introduced the convention of writing the differential of a function after the
antidifferentiation symbol. This equation states that when we antidifferentiate the differential of a

function, we obtain that function plus an arbitrary constant. So we can think of the  symbol for
antidifferentiation as meaning that operation which is the inverse operation denoted by d for computing
a differential.

If F ( x)  C is the set of all functions whose differentials are f ( x)dx , it is also the set of all
functions whose derivatives are f ( x) . Antidifferentiation, therefore, is considered as the operation of

finding the set of all functions having a given derivative.

Because antidifferentiation is the inverse operation of differentiation, antidifferentiation theorems
are obtained from those on differentiation. Thus they can be proven from the corresponding
differentiation theorems.
Leithold,Louis. The Calculus 7. Pearson Education Asia Pte Ltd. 2002
Conception, B.P.,et al. Integral Calculus. Pablo L. Bustamante III Press.2001
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A. Basic Integration Formulas

1.  dx  x  C
Examples. a.)  dy  y  C b.)  dw  w  C
2.  a f ( x)dx  a  f ( x)dx where a is a constant.

This rule states that the general antiderivative of a constant times a function is the constant times
the general antiderivative of the function.
 1 1 1
Examples. a.)  3dx  3 dx  3x  C b.)    2  d   2  d   2   C
n1
n dx  x C
3. The General Power Formula. If n is a rational number,
 x
n 1
; n  1 .

x21  1 x3  C
 
2
Examples. a.) x dx
2 1 3
1
1
1
x 6  6 x 76  C
b.)  x dx
6

1
1 7
6
 1 1
dx 1 2
c.)  x   x 2 dx  x  2 x C
1
 1
2
dx  x2dx  x21   x1  C
d.)  x2  2  1
4. If f and g are defined on the same interval, then

  f (x)  g(x) dx   f ( x)dx   g ( x)dx

or in general, if f1, f 2 ,..., f n are defined on the same interval,

 c1 f1(x)  c2 f 2 (x)  ...  cn f n (x) dx  c1  f1( x)dx  c2  f 2 ( x)dx  ...  cn  f n ( x)dx
where c1, c2 ,..., cn are constants.

 1
Examples. a.)   2  3 dx   2dx   13 dx  2 x  1 2  C
 x  x 2x
3 1  1 3 4
3 2
b.)   x  3 dx
 x
  3 xdx   3 dx  x  x C
x 4
3
2
3

c.)   5x
4
 8x3  9 x2  2 x  7 dx 
 5 x4dx  8 x3dx  9 x2dx  2 xdx  7 dx
5 4 3 2
 5 x  8 x  9  x  2  x  7x  C
5 4 3 2
 x5  2x4  3x3  x2  7 x  C

Leithold,Louis. The Calculus 7. Pearson Education Asia Pte Ltd. 2002

Conception, B.P.,et al. Integral Calculus. Pablo L. Bustamante III Press.2001
 3

Practice.

dx  4
1.)  3 x9 2.)   x  2 dx
 x 

x  x3 dx 
x  x  1  dx

3.)  x 4.)   x

5t 2  7 dt
5.)  43 6.) y
3
2 y 2

 3 dy
t


 
 8 x
1 1
7.) 4
 4 x3  6 x2  4 x  5 dx 8.)   3  x4  x2  dx

y 4  2 y 2 1 27w3 1 dw
9.)  y
dx 10.)  3w

 3 z 4 z 5 z  dz (1  x)2
11.)  3 z
12.)  x dx

Leithold,Louis. The Calculus 7. Pearson Education Asia Pte Ltd. 2002

Conception, B.P.,et al. Integral Calculus. Pablo L. Bustamante III Press.2001
 4

B. Extent of the General Power Formula

n1
n dx  x C
Recall the formula
 x
n 1
; n  1

1
This formula does not hold when n  1 . To evaluate  x dx for n  1 , that is  x dx , we need a
n

1
function whose derivative is . So, we have
x

Note that the integral of any rational function whose numerator is the differential of the
denominator is the logarithm of the denominator.

Examples.
dw  ln w  C
a.) w
2dx  2 dx = 2 ln w  C
b.)  3x 3 x 3
dy 1 dy   1 ln y  C
c.)  2y  
2 y 2

C. The Chain Rule for Antidifferentiation

Consider a more complicated integrand:

 f ( g ( x)) g '( x)dx

Let u  g ( x) , then du  g '( x)dx . So the above integrand is transformed into

 f ( g ( x)) g '( x)dx   f (u)du

Since  f ( x)dx  F ( x)  C , then  f ( g ( x)) g '( x)dx  F (u)  C . Since u  g ( x) , then

 f ( g ( x)) g '( x)dx  F ( g ( x))  C

This process is called the Chain Rule for Antidifferentiation.

Examples.
xdx u  x2  1, du  2xdx
a.)  x2  1 let

x2dx
b.)  ( x3 1)4 let u  x3 1 , du  3x2dx

Leithold,Louis. The Calculus 7. Pearson Education Asia Pte Ltd. 2002

Conception, B.P.,et al. Integral Calculus. Pablo L. Bustamante III Press.2001
 5

c.)
dx
 x ln x let u  ln x , du  dx
x

dx
d.)  let u 1 x , du  dx
x (1  x )5 2 x

Many integrals appear complicated in its forms. It is necessary to manipulate the integrand to
reduce it to simpler form.
Algebraic manipulation has a great role in performing integration, but this is one difficult task
towards the proficiency in computations. In Differential Calculus, we are asked to differentiate functions
or algebraic equations, and this can easily be done by simply applying the differentiation formulas. But
in integration problems, very often it is necessary to perform first certain algebraic manipulations to the
integrand before an integral formula will apply. One common manipulation is the use of Chain Rule for
Antidifferentiation. Other kinds include expansion, or performing division on rational fractions.

Practice.

 x  5 dx  1  x1 x dx
4
1.) 2.)

dx
 (2x 1)  (2x 1)10
10
3.) dx 4.)

dx xdx
5.)  3 4 x 1 6.)  ( x2 1)2

Leithold,Louis. The Calculus 7. Pearson Education Asia Pte Ltd. 2002

Conception, B.P.,et al. Integral Calculus. Pablo L. Bustamante III Press.2001
 6

( x 1)dx (3x2  6 x)dx

7.)  x2  2 x  5
8.)  ( x3  3x2 )9

dx ( x3  x2  x 1)dx
9.)  2 x 1 10.)  x

Exercises.

(2 x  3)2 dx dx
11.)  x
12.)  x (1  x )

e x dx e2 x dx
13.)  1 ex 14.)  1 e2 x

Leithold,Louis. The Calculus 7. Pearson Education Asia Pte Ltd. 2002

Conception, B.P.,et al. Integral Calculus. Pablo L. Bustamante III Press.2001
 7

dx dx
15.)  x (1 ln x) 16.)  x (1 x2 )

( x  6)dx x3dx
17.)  ( x  2)2 18.)  x2  1

e2 d dx
19.)  1  3e2
20.)  ex 1

3
( x  1) 2 dx y5dy
21.)  7
22.)  3 1  y6
x2

Leithold,Louis. The Calculus 7. Pearson Education Asia Pte Ltd. 2002

Conception, B.P.,et al. Integral Calculus. Pablo L. Bustamante III Press.2001
 8

1
3 x
(e  e
3x
) e x dx
23.)  (e3x  e3x )10 dx 24.)  x x

3
 1  2  t 2 1  4 x2 dx
25.)   t    2 
 t   t 
dt 26.)  (1 8x3 )4

y 3
 x (x 1) 4  2 x2  x4 dx 
2
27.) 28.) 2
dy
(3  y) 3

x3
29.)  3
dx 30.)  1  1 dx2
3x x
( x  4) 2
2

Leithold,Louis. The Calculus 7. Pearson Education Asia Pte Ltd. 2002

Conception, B.P.,et al. Integral Calculus. Pablo L. Bustamante III Press.2001