IMPROPER INTEGRALS

b
An integral of the form  a
f ( x ) dx is said to be an improper integral if any of the following circumstances holds:

i) Either the lower or upper, or both limits of integration(a or b, or both a & b) increase numerically
without bound.
ii) The integrand f (x) has an infinite discontinuity at the lower or upper or at a number between the
limits of integration ( at a or at b or at c, where a  c  b )
Cases Involved

A. Improper Integrals with Infinite Integration Limits

Case 1. Infinite Upper Limit of Integration

If f is continuous on  a,   , then

 b
 a
f ( x)dx  lim  f ( x)dx
b  a
if the limit exists.

Case 2. Infinite Lower Limit of Integration

If f is continuous on   , b  , then

b b
 
f ( x )dx  lim
a   a  f ( x )dx
if the limit exists.

Case 3. Infinite Lower and Upper Limits of Integration

If f is continuous on   ,   , c  R , then

 c 
 
f ( x )dx  

f ( x) dx  
c
f ( x)dx

if both the improper integrals on the right exist.

B. Improper Integrals with Infinite Discontinuities

Case 4. Infinite Discontinuity at the Upper Limit of Integration

If f is continuous on  a, b  and if lim f ( x)   , then

x b

b w
 a
f ( x)dx  lim  f ( x)dx
w b a
if the limit exists.

16
 Case 5. Infinite Discontinuity at the Lower Limit of Integration
If f is continuous on  a, b and if lim f ( x )   , then
xa

b b

a
f ( x) dx  lim  f ( x)dx
z a z
if the limit exists.

Case 6. Infinite Discontinuity at a Number Between the Limits of Integration

If f is continuous on  a, b , except for some c   a, b  , and if lim
x c
f ( x)   then
b c b

a
f ( x)dx  
a
f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx
c

if both the improper integral on the right exist.

NOTE: If the limit defining each of these improper integrals exists, that is, has a finite value, then it is said to be
convergent, otherwise it is divergent.

Examples: Evaluate the given improper integral. Tell if it is convergent or divergent.

A. Cases 1,2& 3
 2
xdx
3. 
  dx
1.  2  x dx 2.  
0
5 x 1  1  x 2

0
4. 2 x
   x e dx 5.  

x 3 dx 6.   x
 e dx

B. Case 4, 5 & 6
1 4
dx   dx
1. 
 2 . 0 2
tan x dx 3. 
0 x 2 16  x 2

4 2
4. 

dx
5. 

xdx
1  x  2 2 0 1  x

Exercises: Evaluate the given improper integral. Tell if it is convergent or divergent.

 3
dx
1.   dx
 5. 
1 x 3
 0 3 x

2 5
dx  dx
2.  
 6. 
 x  4
2
3 25  x 2

 5
 xdx  dx
3.  7. 
 ( x 2
 3) 2 2  x  3 2
2 2
4.  dx dx
 8. 

0 3x 1 x

APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
17
Plane Areas By Integration
y
y  f (x )

Given: y  f (x) which is continuous and non-negative on [ a, b] , then the definite integral,
n
f ( x) dx  lim  f ( xi ) x , where xi   xi 1 , xi    a, b
b

* *
a n
i 1

Let [ a, b] be subdivided into n rectangles with points xi & uniform width x . As the no. of rectangles
b
increase, x becomes small & approach zero. The limit of the sum a
f ( x ) dx as the number of strips is
indefinitely increased as described in the figure above is the area of the curve y  f (x) from x0  a to xi 1  b .

Steps for finding the required area:

1. Make a sketch of the area to be determined, when possible, shade the required area.
2. Draw a vertical(or horizontal) rectangular element of area and express its area as a function of x & dx
( or y & dy).
3. Determine the limits of integration from the figure & integrate to obtain the area. ( Note: there is no negative
area).
4. Make a rough check of the result by estimating the area graphically.

Examples: Find the area enclosed by or bounded by each of the following curves:

1. y  x 2 , the x-axis, and the lines x  1 and x  3 .

2. x  8  2 y  y 2 , y  1 and y  3 .
3. y  x 3  6 x 2  8 x and the x-axis.
4. y 2  4 x and y  2 x  4 .
5. y  6 x  x 2 and y  x 2  2 x .
6. y  x 3 and y  4x 2 .
7. y  5  2 x  x 2 and the chord joining the pts.   2,3 and  3,2  .
8. y  x 2 , y  8  x 2 , and y  4 x  12 .
9. area cut from x 2  y 2  25 by the line x  3 .
10. 2nd quadrant loop of the curve: y 2  x 4  4  x 

Transcendental & Other Curves

18
 1. one arch of y  x cos x from x  0 to x  
2 .
2. y  e , y  e , x  0 , and x  2 .
x x

3. y  ln x , y  0 , x  e and x  2e .
1
4. 1st quadrant of y  , and y  0 .
1 x2
5. area of one arch of cycloid x    sin  , y  1  cos .
6. Derive the formula for area of an ellipse by integration.

Exercises: Find the area enclosed by or bounded by each of the following curves:

1. y  x2 1 , y  x  2 , x  0 , x  1
2. x  y  2  y  and x   y .
3. y  3 x  1 and y  x  1 .
4
4. y , y  4 and x  0 .
2 x
5. in quadrant2 under the curve x 2 y  e x .
1

ln x
6. y , the x-axis, and the maximum ordinate.
x

Volume of Solid of Revolution (VSR)

A solid of revolution is generated by revolving a plane area about a line called the axis of revolution/rotation
in the plane. The VSR may be found by using one of the following procedures:

Circular Disc Method

Circular Ring or Washer Method

Cylindrical Shell Method

19
Formulas:

Circular Disc: Circular Ring:

Using V.E. Using H.E. Using V.E. Using H.E.
V    y dx
a
b
2
or V    x dy
c
d
2
b

a

V    ro  ri dx
2 2
 or
d

V    ro  ri dy
c
2 2

where: where: where: where:
y= radius of disc x=radius of disc ro = outer radius of ring ri = inner radius of ring
dx= thickness dy=thickness dx = thickness dy = thickness
V     y h  yl  dx or V     x r  xl  2 dy
b 2 d

a c

Cylindrical Shell:

Using V.E. Using H.E.

b d
V  2  xydx or V  2  yxdy
a c

where: where:
x = radius of cyl. shell y = radius of cyl. shell
y = height of cyl. shell x = height of cyl. shell
dx = thickness dy = thickness
V  2  x  y h  yl  dx or V  2 c y  x r  xl  dy
b d

Examples: Find the volume of solid generated by revolving the area enclosed by or bounded by each of the
following curves about the indicated axis/line:

1. 1st quadrant of y 2  8 x , the latus rectum x  2 ; a) x  axis b) y  axis c) x  2

2. y  x , the y-axis and y  1 ; a) y  1 b) y  1
3. 1 Q of y  4 x and y  2 x  4 ; a) y  axis
st 2
b) x  axis
4. y  6 x  x and y  x  2 x ; a) OY
2 2
b) x  4
5. y 2
 4 ax and x 2
 4 ay ; a) x  0 b) x  4a
6. y  x , y   x  1 , x  1 , and y  axis ; OY
7. 2nd Q loop of y 2  x 4 (4  x) ; OX

8. y  x cos x , from x  0 to x  ; OY
2
9. y  e , y  e , and x  2 ; x  2 .
x x

10. y  ln x , y  0 and x  e ; x  axis

Exercises: Find the volume of solid generated by revolving the area enclosed by or bounded by each of the
following curves about the indicated axis/line:

20
 1. y  x 3  1 , the axes, x  3 ; OX
1
2. y , y-axis , y  1 & y  3 ; OY
x
3. y  x  1 and y  2x 2 ; OX
4. y 2  x and y  x 3 ; x  1
5. x  9  y2 , x  0 ; y  0
6. y  x 2  2 , y   x , x  2 , and y  axis ; OX
7. 1st Q of y  x 2 , y  4 , x  0 ; y  axis
y 2  x 5  x  ; x  5
2
8.
9. y  sin 1 x , y  0 , and y   ; x  0 .
10. The smaller arc cut by x  y  5 from x 2  y 2  25 ; a) OX b) OY c) x  5 .

Fluid Pressure
force acting perpendicular to an area
Pressure (p) = force per unit area = area over which the force is distributed

The pressure p in a horizontal surface of area A due to a column of fluid height h resting on it is given by
p  wh , where w = weight of fluid per unit of volume.
The force on this surface F= pressure x surface area i.e. F  whA
The force exerted by a fluid at any pt. within it is equal in all directions.

Force on a Submerged Plane Area

Since the total force F is the limit of the sum of the force-element as n   , it follows by the Fundamental
d
Theorem that F  wc yxdy
The fluid exerted on a plane area submerged vertically in a liquid is equal to the product of the weight of a
unit volume of the liquid, the area submerged and the depth f the centroid of the area below the surface of the liquid.
Examples:

1. Find the force on one face of a rectangle submerged in water as shown in the figure below. Water weighs
62.4 lb/cu.ft.
Surface of water

2. Find the force of one face of the triangle shown in the figure below, the units being feet and the liquid
weighing 50 lb/cu.ft.

21
 3. A plate is in the form of a parabolic segment with base 12 ft. and height 4 ft. is submerged in water so that
its base is in the surface of the liquid. Find the force on a face of the plate.

Exercises:

1. A rectangular plate 6 ft. x 8 ft. is submerged vertically in a liquid weighing w lb/cu. Ft. Find the force of
one face if the:
a) shorter side is uppermost and lies in the surface of the liquid.
b) shorter side is uppermost and lies 2 ft. below the surface of the liquid.
c) longer side is uppermost and lies in the surface of the liquid.
2. A triangular plate whose edges are 5, 5 and 8 ft is placed vertically in water with its longest edge
uppermost , horizontal and 3 ft. below the water level. Calculate the force on a side of the plate.
3. A cylindrical tank 6 ft. in radius is lying on its side. If it contains oil weighing w lb/cu.ft. to a depth of 9 ft.,
fin the force on one end.

Work

If the application of a constant force F to a body results in a displacement s in the line of action of the force
F, the force is said to do work on the body amounting in magnitude to the product F  s

Constant Force: The work W done by a constant force F acting over a directed distance s along a straight line is
given by: W  F  s units

Example: Find the work required to raise a 100-lb weight to a height of 5 ft.

Solution: W  100 x5  500 ft  lb.

Variable Force: Consider the work done by a variable force acting in the direction of and along a straight line
segment. We assume that the magnitude of the force is a continuous function F(x) of its position x
on the line.

In order to determine the work done by the force as the point of applications moves from x  a to x  b we
divide the interval into n increments each of length dx. Since the force changes but little in the interval from
x to x  dx , we conclude from the definition that the work done is approximately F ( x ) dx.

Thus, by the Fundamental Theorem, n element of work dW may be taken as dW  F ( x ) dx

The total work done by the variable force from x  a to x  b is the limit as n of the sum of the
b
elements of work. Hence it follows by the Fundamental Theorem that W  a
F ( x) dx

Work Done by a Spring

Hooke’s Law states that within the limits of elasticity, the displacement produced in a body is proportional
to the force applied, i.e. F  kx where k is the constant of proportionality called the modulus. Thus,
b
F  kx , W  k  xdx
a

Work Done in Pumping a Liquid

22
 The total work done in lifting all or part of the liquid in a container to any point P above its top is :
b b
W  a
whdV or W  w hdV
a

Where w = weight /unit volume of the liquid

h = distance of the element from the pt. P.
dV = volume of the solid generated by revolving the element
a & b is determined by the amount of liquid initially in the container.
Examples:

1. Find the total work done if an object is moved along the x-axis from x  1 cm to x  4 cm , with the force
exertedto be F ( x)  x 2  x dynes.
2. A spring has a natural length of 14 cm. If a force of 50 dynes is required to keep the spring stretched to 2
cm., how much work is done in stretching the spring
a) from its natural length to a length of 20 cm?
b) from 16 cm. to 21 cm.?
3. A force of 600 lbs. compresses a spring 3 in. from its natural length of 15 in.
a) Find the work done to compress the spring to a length of 6 in.?
b) Find the work required to compress the spring from a length of 12 in. to 10 in.?
4. A water tank in the shape of an inverted cone is of altitude 15 ft and radius of 10 ft. If the tank is full of
water, find the work done in pumping all the water
a) over the top of the tank
b) to a point 3 ft above the top of the tank
c) to the top of the tank if the tank is filled with water to a height of 8 ft.
5. A hemispherical tank of radius 10 ft. is full of water. Find the work done in pumping the water
a) to the top of the tank.
b) out to a height 2 ft. above the top of the tank.
c) over the top of the tank if the tank is filled with water to a height of 6 ft.

Exercises:

1. Find the work done by the force F ( x )  2 x  3 in moving a particle along the x-axis from a  1 to b  6 .
2. A spring has a natural length of 10 cm. If 10 dynes of force are required to hold, it stretched ½ cm., how
much work done in stretching it from its natural length to a length of 14 cm?
3. A force of 1200 dynes compresses a spring ½ cm from its natural length of 8 cm. Find the work done in
compressing it from 8 cm. to 6 cm.
4. A tank having the shape of a right circular cylinder of altitude 8 m and radius of the base 2 m is half full of
water. Find the amount of work done in pumping all the water to the top of the tank.
5. A spherical tank of radius 100 ft. is full of gasoline weighing 40 lb/cu ft. How much work is done in
pumping all the gasoline to the level of the top of the tank?

Multiple Integrals

Double Integrals
 R
f ( x, y ) dA - the double integral of f ( x, y ) over a region R.
Triple Integrals
 V
f ( x, y , z ) dV - the triple integral of f ( x, y, z ) over a region V.

23
 The procedure of evaluating double/triple integrals in a simpler fashion is called iterated integrals.
Iterated integrals indicates that successive integrations are to be performed in a given order.

Iterated Integrals

In a manner analogous to partial differentiation, a function of 2 independent variables may be integrated with
respect to one variable while holding the other variable constant.
4x
4x xy 2
ex. 
0
xydy 
2
 8x 3
0

The process is called partial integration with respect to y. When the limits are functions of x, the integral is a
function of x, and hence the result may in turn be integrated with respect to x.
2 4x
xy 2
xydydx  
2 4x 2 2
 
1 0

1 2
dx  
1
8 x 3 dx  2 x 4
1
 30
0
b y2 ( x )
The expression  a y1 ( x )
f ( x, y ) dydx where a & b are constants is called an iterated integral.
Procedure: 1) integrate f ( x, y ) partially with respect to y and insert the limits for y.
b
2) evaluate  a
f ( x ) dx .
d x2 ( y )
Similarly,  c x1 ( y )
f ( x, y ) dxdy where c & d are constants is called an iterated integral.
Procedure: 1) integrate f ( x, y ) partially with respect to x and insert the limits for x.
d
 f ( y )dy .
2) evaluate c
b y ( x ) z ( x, y )
The expression a y ( x ) z ( x , y ) f ( x, y, z )dzdydx
2 2
is called an iterated triple integral.
1 1

Examples:
I. Evaluate each of the following twice iterated integrals:
2 2y  a cos 
1.  1 0
x 3 ydxdy 5.  
0 0
r sin drd 
y x

1
e
dx 1  x
2. 1 dy 
1 x
6. 0 
x 2 y
dydx

sin y

 xdxdy  

  tan d  sin d

2 3 3
3.  7.
0
0 1 x 2 0 

1  x 1 2
2x  x 
1 x

x y 2
4. e dydx 8.    y 2 dydx
2
0 0 0 0

II. Evaluate each of the following thrice iterated integrals:

  a csc 
 sin d  sin 2 d 
1 y xy
  r 3 dr
2
1. zdzdxdy 4. 
0 0 0 4 4 0
 cos  r cos   a 1 cos 
   rdzdrd   d  rdr 
2 2
2. 5. zdz
0 0 r2 0 0 1 cos 
2 y2 ln x   xy
 ydy  dx    
2 2
3. e z dz 6. cos xz dzdydx
1 y 0 0 x 0

Exercises:
I. Evaluate each of the following twice iterated integrals:
  x 
y2 4 2
a
   y 2 dydx
x 2
1. a
e y dxdy 4.
0 0 2 1

24
 a 1

x2

a2  y 2 y
2. 0
dy  0 xdx 5.  xe dydx
0 0
tan x
1  dy arctan 3 2 2 sec 
3.  0
dx 
a 1 y2
6.  0  0
 dd

II. Evaluate each of the following thrice iterated integrals:

 cos y y
  
5 5 x 5 x  y
   sin( y  z )dzdxdy
2
1. dzdydx 4. 
0 0 0 6 0 y
2  a a2  x2
  
a a x
2. r 2 sin drd d 5.    ydzdydx
0 0 0 0 0 0
 2 4  2 sin  r cos 
  r 2 cos dzdrd     rdzdrd 
4 4
3. 6.
0 0 r2 0 0 0

Iterated Integrals By Inversion of Order

Examples:
I. Evaluate each of the following iterated integrals:
1
2 1  ydxdy 
y
sin x
 
2 1 1
1. e y dydx 2. 0  3.   dxdy
0 x
2 y x  y
2 2 0 y x

Double Integral as a Volume of Solid Bounded by Surfaces

If f ( x , y )  0 x, y  ℝ, then the double integral


 f ( x , y)dA

R
represents the volume of the solid S under the surface z  f ( x , y ) and above the region R.
z

25
 y

x
Region R in xy-plane is of two types:

1. Type I Region
A type I region is bounded on the left and right by the lines x = a and x = b and
is bounded below and above by continuous curves y  g1 ( x ) and y  g 2 ( x ) ,ywhere g1 ( x )  g 2 ( x ) for
a  x  b.

y
y  g2 (x )
The volume V is given by 


dy V   f ( x , y)dA

R
dx
y  g1 ( x ) b g (x)
2
x
   f ( x, y)dydx
       
a b
 a  g1 ( x )
2. Type II Region
A type II region is bounded below and above by the lines y = c and y = d and is bounded on the left and right by
continuous curves x  h1 ( y ) and x  h2 ( y ) , where h1 ( y )  h2 ( y ) for c  y  d .
y
d The volume V is given by 
dx
dy 
x  h2 ( y ) V   f ( x , y)dA
x  h1 ( y ) 
R

c d h ( y)
2
x
   f ( x , y)dxdy
       
Find the volume of the zsolid bounded by the given surfaces.
c  h1 ( y)
1. z  4  x  y , x =1, and y = 2 in the first octant.
The sketch of the solid is shown below.
3

1
y

26
2

x
 1 dy

x
dx 1

Region R

The region R is defined by {(x, y) | 0  x  1, 0  y  2}. R can be considered Type I or Type II region. Let us use
Type I as shown in the figure above.

1 2 1 2

V   f ( x , y )dA
   (4  x  y)dydx   4 y  xy  12 y2  dx   1
( 8  2x  2)dx

R
0 0 0  0  0

1
 6x  x  2
= 6(1) – 1 = 5 cu. units
0
If we use Type II region , we have
y

2 1
   (4  x  y)dxdy

V   f ( x , y )dA

R
0 0
2 1 dx

  4x  12 x 2  xy  dy z
dy

x
0
    
0
2

 (4  12  y)dy
0 4
2 Region R
 7
2
y  12 y 2
= 7
2
 (2)  12  4  5 cu. units
0
2

2. z  5 , y = x + 4, y = x, z = 0, and x = 0. 3
y
The sketch of the solid is shown below.
2
27
4

x
 y

4
y =  4  x

2 dy

dx y =  x
x
2 4

Region R

R is of Type I region and is defined by {(x, y) | 0  x  2, x  y  4  x } as shown in the figure above.

2 4 x 2 4x
   5dydx   5 y  dx  
 2
V   f ( x, y )dA [(20  5x )  5x ]dx

R 0 x 0  x 0

2
 20x  5x 
2
= 20(2) – 5(4) = 20 cu. Units
0
3. z  4 and y2  4  x in the first octant.
z

4
y

x =  4  y2
2 2

dy
dx

2
y
x
2 2 4

4
Region R
x

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R is either of Type I or II region. Let us choose Type I so that R is defined by
{(x, y) | 0  y  2, 0  x  4  y2} as shown in the figure above.

2 4 y 2 2 4 y2
   4dxdy   4x  dy  0
 2
V   f ( x , y )dA (16  4 y2 ]dy

R
0 0 0  0
 16 y  4
3
y3  2
0
64
 32 
3
4
3
8 
sq. units
If Type II region will be considered, the volume is given by
4 4x
V    4dydx
0 0
We can also consider the region R to be in the yz plane so that the volume is given by either
2 4
V    (4  y2 )dzdy
0 0
or
4 2
V    (4  y 2 )dydz
0 0

It is even possible to consider R in the xz plane.

4 4
V    4  x  dzdx
0 0

29