THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL

Up to now we have been concerned with the branch of calculus called the differential calculus
involving the derivative. It involves the following problem: given a function, find its derivative (or
differential). We begin now with our study of the other branch of calculus called the integral calculus
pertaining to the definite (and indefinite) integral. It deals with the reverse problem: given the derivative,
find the function. We have the following definitions.

A function F (x) is said to be an antiderivative of f (x) if

F ' ( x)  f ( x)
for every x in the domain of f (x) . The process of finding antiderivatives is called
antidifferentiation or indefinite integration.

Note that a function has more than one antiderivative. In fact, if F (x) is an antiderivative of the
continuous function f (x) , then any other antiderivates of f (x) has the form F ( x)  C for some
constant C. The family of all antiderivatives of f (x) is written as

integral sign  f ( x) dx  F ( x)  C
constant of integration
integrand
integral
differential of x

For any differentiable function F, we have

dF
 F ' ( x) dx  F ( x)  C or equivalently  dx dx  F ( x)  C
This relationship between differentiation and antidifferentiation enables us to establish the following
integration rules by “reversing” analogous differentiation rules.

 dx  x  c
x n1
 x dx  n  1  C for all n  1
n

u n1
  C for all n  1 ,
n
u du
n 1
where u is any function of x and du is the exact differential of u
 af ( x)dx  a  f ( x)dx for any constant a

 [ f ( x)  g ( x)]dx   f ( x)dx   g ( x)dx

When integrating, it is important to note the following: A constant (but never a variable) may be
introduced into the integrand provided its reciprocal is introduced before the integral sign.

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EXERCISES: Evaluate the following integrals.
1.  5 dx  1 
  u
3
14. 2
3  du 
 x dx u2 
4
2.
15.  ( y 4  y 3 ) dy
 5t dt
7
3.

 3  2 y  dy
2

 5 u du
3 2 16.
4.
 z  3 dz
4
3dx 17.
5.  x2 dx
dy
18.   x  5 2
6.  y2
 a  x  dx
3
19.
6dz
7.  z4 20.  4 x  1 dx
2

 x  4 x dx dx
3
8. 21.  2x  7 
 4 x  2 x  1 dx
4
3
9.
 3 y  7 dy
 2 x  x dx
22.
2
10.
du
11.  6x  4x  1 dx
3 23.  4u  a  3
2

 15x  6x  2 dx 
dy
4 2
12. 24.
3 y  2a
 1 
13.   t dt
 5  3 y  2 dy
3
t 25.

Integration of Trigonometric Functions

 cosu du  sin u  C  csc u du   cot u  C

2

 sin u du   cos u  C  sec u tan u du  sec u  C

 sec u du  tan u  C  csc u cot u du   csc u  C
2

EXERCISES: Evaluate the following integrals.

 sin 3 d  cot
2
1. 7. y dy

 sec 4 x dx  tan
2 2
2. 8. 3 y dy
1 cos ln x dx
3.  cos 2 y dy 9.  x
 csc 2t dt sin x dx
2
4. 10. 
cos4 x
5.  csc5t cot 5t dt
1 1
6.  sec 2 z tan 2 z dz

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Integration Yielding Logarithms

The following formula is useful when integrating a rational function:

du
u  ln u  C , u  0
Be reminded, however, that as the first step toward integrating a rational function, we carry out the
indicated division until the numerator is of lower degree than the denominator.

EXERCISES: Evaluate the following integrals.

1.
2dy
 3y  4 8.  4
x3 dx 15.  tan x dx
(x  16) 2
4dt
16.  cot y dy
 5t  2
dz
2. 9.  2  z  cos x dx
 2  3 sin x
3
2 17.
x 2 dt
 x3  4 x  2 dx
2

x
3. sin 2t dt
10. 3
 6x  2
18.  4  3 cos 2t
y dy
4.  6 y 2 1 v3
 v  1 dv csc2 x dx
 1  cot x
11. 19.
2 x  5dx  
5.  x 2  5x  3 12.
v v2 1
 v 2  1 dv 20. 
sec 2 y dy
 y  3 dy 1  tan y
6.  y2  6y 1 1  2 x 2 dx
13.  x 21. 
sec 2 3x dx
1  4 tan 3x
u  12 du
y dy
7.  (1  y 2 ) 4 2
14.  u3
Integration of Exponential Functions

au
 e du  e  C  a du  C, a > 0
u u u
and
ln a

EXERCISES: Evaluate the following integrals.

e  10 dx
3 x 3 x
1. dx 6.

e  e  e  dt
2x t t 2
2. dx 7.
dy
 e 1  e  dx
2x 2x 3

 ey
3. 8.

 ze dz
4 z2
9.
 ye dy
 y2
4.
 ye dy
3 y 2 1
10.
 2 dx
x
5.

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