3.

5 Techniques of integration
3.5.1 Technique 1: Substitution Method
Substitution method is the technique in integration that relates to the chain rule in
differentiation.
3.5.2 Procedure of integration by substitution
1. Choose a substitution x   (t ) that simplifies the integrand f (x) .
2. Express the entire integral in terms of  (t ) and dt .
3. The given integral should have the form  f ( x)dx   g[ (t )]dt
4. Perform the anti-differentiation
5. Reverse the substitution

3.5.3 Examples
1.  3x 2 ( x 3  2)10 dx

Put t  x 3  2
dt  3x 2 dx
  3x 2 ( x 3  2)10   ( x 3  2)10 3 x 2 dx

  t10 dt

t11
 c
11
( x 3  2)11
 c
11

5
2.  sin x cos xdx
dx
Put cos x  t   sin x  1  sin xdx   dt
dt
  sin x cos5 xdx   cos5 x sin xdx

  t 5 ( dt )

   t 5dt

t6 cos6 x
 
6 6
 tan x
3. e sec2 xdx

dx
Put tan x  t  sec2 x 1
dt
 sec2 xdx  dt
  e tan x sec2 xdx   et dt  et  e tan x

3.5.4 Exercises
x
1. dx
2 x
3
2. x5 (2  x6 ) 2

(log x) 4
3. dx
x

3.5.5. Technique 2: Integration by parts

The formula for integration by parts is based on the inverse of the formula for differentiation
of a product.
Product rule in differentiation:
If u and v are functions of x, then from the formula for the differentiation of a product, we
have
d dv du
(uv)  u  v
dx dx dx
Derivation of integration by parts formula:
Recall the product Rule for differentiation
d dv du
(uv)  u  v
dx dx dx
Integrating both sides with respect to ‘x’, we get

dv du
uv   u dx   v dx
dx dx
  udv   vdu

Solving for  udv , we get the formula

If u and v are functions of x, then

 udv  uv   vdu
3.5.6 Examples:
1. x 2 log xdx

u  log x ; dv  x 2 dx
du 1
 ; v   x 2 dx
dx x
1 x3
du  dx ;v 
x 3
Now,

 udv  uv   vdu
2 x3 x3 1
 log x x dx  (log x)( 3 )   3 ( x )dx
 x3   x3 
 (log x)      c
 3   9 
   

x
2.  xe dx

Put u  x ; dv  e x dx

du
 1 ; v  ex
dx
du  dx

 udv  uv   vdu
x x x
 xe dx  x.e   e dx
 xe x  e x  c

3.5.7 Exercises
1.  x cos xdx

2.  xe 3 x dx

Web Sources:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a1UrIynGy2Y
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IAh00vU3FSY