CALCULUS AND ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY 1

Title of Paper: Calculus and Analytical Geometry

Month / Year: 12/2020

Student Name: Abdul Hameed Imedi

Student ID: ST10162127

Course Name/Code: MAT 101

Assignment Question: Question 1

University Name: International Open University

 CALCULUS AND ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY 2

PART I

Continuous function is when its graph is a single unbroken curve and Discontinuous function is

the opposite of continuous function , it is a function that is not a continuous curve, meaning that

it has points that are isolated from each other on a graph.

PART III

[ CITATION Joh69 \l 1033 ] defined a relation as a subset of the Cartesian product. Or simply,
ordered pairs which are usually written in set notation form with curly brackets. Though (Spiegel
and Murray, 2002) argued that there are other ways too to write the relation, apart from set
notation such as through tables, plotting it on xy- axis or through mapping diagrams. An ordered
pair consists of a x and y-coordinate.
A relation has the following types:
a) Empty Relations: when there is no element of set x which is related or mapped to any
element of x, then the relation R in A is an empty relation also called as void thus R= ∅.
b) Universal Relations: if R is a relation in a set, we say A is a universal Relation because,
in this full relation, every element of A is related to every element of A thus R = A × A.
c) Identity Relations: if every element of set A is related to itself only, it is called Identity
relation thus I = {(A, A), ∈ a}.
d) Inverse Relations: if R is a relation from set A to set B for instance R ∈ A X B. The
relation R−1 = {(b,a):(a,b) ∈ R}.
e) Reflexive Relations: A relation is a reflexive relation if every element of set A maps to
itself e.g. for every a ∈ A,(a, a) ∈ R.
f) Symmetric Relations: this is a relation R on a set A if (a,b) ∈ R then (b, a) ∈ R, for all a
&b ∈ A.
g) Transitive Relations: if (a,b) ∈ R, (b,c) ∈ R, then (a,c) ∈ R, for all a,b,c ∈ A and this
relation in set A is transitive.
h) Equivalence Relations: if and only if a relation is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, it
is called an equivalence relation.
(Thomas and Finney, 1998) defined a function as a relation which describes that there should be
only one output for each input. In other words, it is special kind of relation (a set of ordered
pairs) which follows a rule that says every x-value should be associated to only one y-value.
[ CITATION Joh69 \l 1033 ] stated that, a set of ordered pairs is said to be a function if no two
distinct ordered pairs in the set have the same first element. The set of first elements of a
function is called the domain (of definition) of the function, and the set of second elements is
called the range of the function. (Spiegel and Murray, 2002) said that, a quantity y is a function
of some other quantity x if the value of y is determined by the value of x. If f denotes the
function, then we indicate the dependence of y on x by means of the formula y = f (x). The letter
x is called the independent variable, and the letter y is called the dependent variable. The
 CALCULUS AND ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY 3

independent variable is also called the argument of the function, and the dependent variable is
called the value of the function.
In terms of relations, we can define the types of functions as:
a) Simple or Algebraic functions: they are functions that can be expressed as the solution
of a polynomial equation with integer coefficients.
b) Trigonometric functions: they are functions of an angle (also called circular functions)
c) Exponential function: it is a function in which the variable appears as exponent (power)
is called an exponential function.
d) Hyperbolic function: are analogs of the ordinary trigonometric, or circular functions.
e) Logarithmic function: it is a function in which the variable appears as an argument of
logarithmic
f) Rational function: this is a function which shows ratio of two polynomials.
g) Transcendental functions: these are functions which are not algebraic but rather they
can be exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric and their combinations
We can show how functions work in the following mathematical problem:

h ( x )=3 x 3−7 x−5

Solution:
The problem falls under Algebraic Function and it is a cubic function.
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥3 + 𝑏𝑥2 + 𝑐x + d
Let x be 0

h ( 0 ) =3(0)3−7 (0)2+5
h ( 0 ) =5
Part IV
According to (Spiegel and Murray, 2002), L’Hospital’s Rule says that the limit of a quotient of
functions is equal to the limit of the quotient of their derivatives, provided that the given
conditions are satisfied. This rule uses derivatives to help evaluate limits involving indeterminate
forms.
Using L’Hospital’s Rule, we can the solution to the following problem:

lim ¿ x 3−7 x 2 +10 x

¿
x → 2 x 2+ x−6
3 2
lim ¿ (2) −7 ( 2 ) +10 (2)
¿
x → 2 (2)2+ 1(2)−6

8−2 8+20
¿
4+1−6
 CALCULUS AND ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY 4

0
¿
−1
¿0
Part V
According to (Thomas and Finney, 1998), the Chain Rule of differentiation states that the
derivative of the composite of two differentiable functions is the product of their derivatives
evaluated at appropriate points.
The following are the second order derivatives of the functions:
a) x3logx

Solution

Let y=x 3 log x

Differentiating with respect to x,

Using Product Rule in x 3 log x

As ¿

Where u=x3 and v=log x

dy (x¿¿ 3) (log¿¿ x ) 3
=d × log x +d ×x ¿¿
dx dx dx

dy 1
=3 x2 × log x + × x3
dx x

dy
=3 x2 × log x + x 2
dx

d dy d( 3 x 2 ×log x + x 2 )
( )=
dx dx dx

2 2
d 2 y d (3 x × log x ) d (x )
= +
d x2 dx dx

2
d 2 y 3 d ( x × log x )
= +2 x
d x2 dx
CALCULUS AND ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY 5

Using the Product Rule in x 2 log x

As ( uv )' =u' v +v ' u

d2 y d ( x2 ) d ( log x ) 2
2
=3 ×( × log x + )× x
dx dx dx

1
( )
¿ 3 2 x × log x + × x 2 +2 x
x

¿ 3 ( 2 x × log x + x ) +2 x

¿ 6 x log x +3 x+ 2 x

¿ 6 x log x +5 x

¿ x (6 log x +5)

¿ x (5+6 log x )

d2 y
Therefore, =x (5+6 log x )
d x2

b) exsin5x

Solution

Let y=e x sin 5 x

Differentiating w.r.t.x,

x
dy d (e sin 5 x)
=
dx dx

Using Product Rule in e x sin 5 x

As ¿

x
dy d (e ) d (sin 5 x) x
= × sin 5 x+ ×e
dx dx dx
CALCULUS AND ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY 6

dy x d(5 x ) x
=e × sin 5 x+cos 5 x ×e
dx dx

dy
=e x × sin 5 x+5 (e x ) cos 5 x
dx

x x
d dy d [e ×sin 5 x +5 ( e ) cos 5 x]
( )=
dx dx dx

x x
d 2 y d (e ×sin 5 x) d(5× e × cos 5 x)
= +
d x2 dx dx

x x
d 2 y d (e ×sin 5 x) d (e × cos 5 x )
= +5
d x2 dx dx

Using the Product Rule in e x sin 5 x ∧e x (cos 5 x)

x
d2 y d ( e ) d (sin 5 x) x d ( e x) d (cos 5 x ) x
dx 2
= (
dx
sin 5 x +
dx
× e ) (
+5
dx
cos 5 x+
dx
×e )
d2 y d (5 x ) x d (5 x ) x
dx 2 (
= e x sin5 x +( cos 5 x)
dx ) (
×e + 5 e x cos 5 x+(−sin 5 x)
dx
×e )
d2 y x x x x
2
=( e sin 5 x+ 5(cos 5 x) × e ) + 5 ( e cos 5 x−5(sin 5 x)× e )
dx

2
d y x x x x
2
=e sin 5 x+5 e cos 5 x+ 5 e cos 5 x−25 e sin 5 x
dx

d2 y x x
2
=10 e cos 5 x−24 e sin 5 x
dx

d2 y x x
Hence, 2
=2 e (5 cos 5 x−12 e sin 5 x)
dx

c) x3 +2x2 +5x + 9
CALCULUS AND ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY 7

Solution

f ' ( x )=3 x 3−1+ 4 x 2−1+5 x 1−1

f ' ( x )=3 x 2+ 4 x 1+ 5 x 0

f ' ( x )=3 x 2+ 4 x

f ' ' ( x )=6 x 2−1+ 4 x 1−1

f ' ' ( x )=6 x 1+ 4 x 0

Hence, f ' ' ( x )=6 x

 CALCULUS AND ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY 8

References

Finney, R. L. and Thomas, G (1998). Calculus and Analytical Geometry (9th Edition). New
York: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
Randolph, J. (1969). Calculus And Analytical Geometry. California: Wadsworth Publishing
Company, Inc.
Rosen, K. I. and Michael (1990). A Classical Introduction to Modern Number Theory (2nd
Edition). New York: Springer.
Spiegel, R. W. and Murray, R. (2002). Advanced Calculus. New York: The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc.
Mathisfun.com (n.d). Continous functions. Retrieved November 4, 2020, from

https://www.mathsisfun.com/calculus/continuity.html