Hamdan’s Calculus

Math 1013 Review

Antiderivative and Standard Table of Integrals

Q1: Evaluate the integral:

3 1
(i)-  (x − x 3
4x
+
)dx
3 1
 (x − x 3 + 4 x + 5e − 6(3 ))dx .
x x
(ii)-

1
 (2e + 4 cos x − 1 + x 2 )dx
x
(iii)-
1 √𝑥
(iv)- ∫[5√𝑥 + − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥]𝑑𝑥
3
4
1 4x
(v)-  (3 3x
+
2
)dx
−1
2
 (5 + 4 x +
3
(vi)- )dx
−2
3x 3
(vii)- ∫[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥]𝑑𝑥
3
(viii)- ∫[3√𝑥 − 2 √𝑥]𝑑𝑥
1 2
(ix)- ∫[5 − 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
(x)- ∫[√2 + 3𝑥 ]𝑑𝑥
(xi)- ∫[𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 2𝑒 𝜃 ] 𝑑𝜃
1
(xii)- ∫ [1 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + √1−𝑥 2] 𝑑𝑥

Q2: Find the antiderivative, F(x), of f ( x) = cos(x) that satisfies F ( ) = 2.
3
Q3: If F ( x) = 3 , what is F (x) ?
Q4: 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 5𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2 + 4; f(-1)=2. Find f(x).
Q5: 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = −2 + 12𝑥 − 12𝑥 2 ; 𝑓(0) = 4; 𝑓 ′ (0) = 12. Find f(x).
𝜋
Q6: 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. 𝑓(0) = 3; 𝑓 (2 ) = 0.
Hamdan’s Calculus

Integrals Reducible to the Standard Table of Integrals:

The u-Substitution
Q1. Evaluate the indefinite integral:
g )  x10 x dx
2

a)  xe − x dx h)  x10 − x dx
2 2

b)  sin xe cos x dx
x
5
i) dx
x
c)  cos xe sin x
dx
j )  (sin x)5cos x dx
d )  csc xe 2 cot x
dx
1/ x
k )  (cos x)3sin x dx
e
e)  dx l )  (sec 2 x)2 tan x dx
x2
f )  e x (e e )dx m)  (csc2 x)2cot x dx
x

n)  2 x (2 2 )dx
x

𝑑𝑢 2 𝑑𝑢 1
a) 𝑢 = −𝑥 2 , 𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑥𝑑𝑥, 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − . ∫ 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 (− ) = − 2 𝑒𝑢 + 𝑐 =
2 2
1 −𝑥 2
−2𝑒 +𝑐
b) 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, −𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥, ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑐 = −𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐
c) Let 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥.
d) 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥, −𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥, ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝑥𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑐 = −𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 𝑐
e) Let 𝑢 = 1/𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
f) 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑐 = 𝑒 𝑒 + 𝑐
g) Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2
2
2 −𝑥 2 𝑢 10𝑢 10−𝑥
h) 𝑢 = −𝑥 , −𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥, ∫ 𝑥10 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 10 𝑑𝑢 = − 𝑙𝑛10 = − +c
𝑙𝑛10
i) Let 𝑢 = √𝑥
j) Let 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
k) Let 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
2𝑢 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
l) 𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥, 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥, ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥. 2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑙𝑛2 + 𝑐 = +𝑐
𝑙𝑛2
m) Let 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑥 2𝑢 𝑑𝑢 2𝑢 22
n) 𝑢 = 2𝑥 , 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑙𝑛2𝑑𝑥, 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛2 , ∫ 2𝑥 . 22 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ = (𝑙𝑛2)2 + 𝑐 = (𝑙𝑛2)2 + 𝑐
𝑙𝑛2
Hamdan’s Calculus

Q2. Evaluate the indefinite integral:

i )  ( 2 + 3 x ) 5 dx vii ) 
1
sin( x )dx
3 x
ii )  (5 − 9 x ) dx
viii )  x 2 cot(1 − x 3 )dx
iii )  (1 + x ) −3 dx
ix )  (15 x 2 + 1) sec(5 x 3 + x) tan( 5 x 3 + x)dx
iv )  4 − 10 x dx
x)  (cos x)[csc(sin x)][cot(sin x)]dx
4dx
v)  1
(3 − x )10 xi )  sec ln xdx
x
dx
vi )  xii )  x −1/ 2 sec2 ( x )dx
1 + 9x
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒖 (xii) 𝒖 = √𝒙, 𝟐𝒅𝒖 = 𝒙−𝟏/𝟐 𝒅𝒙,
(vi) 𝒖 = 𝟏 + 𝟗𝒙, = 𝒅𝒙, ∫ = ∫𝟗 𝒖 =
𝟗 √𝟏+𝟗𝒙 √
𝟐 ∫ 𝒙−𝟏/𝟐 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 √𝒙𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 ∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒖𝒅𝒖
𝟗
√𝟏 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝒄
= 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒖 + 𝒄 = 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 √𝒙 + 𝒄

Q4: Evaluate:
a) ∫ tanhx dx. i) ∫ coth 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒙
Write as: ∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒙 𝒅𝒙. Let 𝒖 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒙 Write as: ∫ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒙 𝒅𝒙. Let 𝒖 =
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒙
b) ∫ sechx dx. j) ∫ cosechx dx.
𝟐 𝟐𝒆𝒙
𝟐 𝟐𝒆𝒙 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒙 = 𝒙 =
𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒙 = = 𝒆 − 𝒆−𝒙 (𝒆𝒙 )𝟐 − 𝟏
𝒆𝒙 + 𝒆−𝒙 (𝒆𝒙 )𝟐 + 𝟏 Let 𝒖 = 𝒆 , 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙.
𝒙
𝒅𝒖
∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡𝐱 𝐝𝐱 = ∫ 𝒖𝟐 −𝟏 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 𝒖 + 𝒄 =
Let 𝒖 = 𝒆𝒙 , 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙.
𝒅𝒖 𝒔𝒆𝒄−𝟏 (𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒙) + 𝒄.
∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡𝐱 𝐝𝐱 = ∫ 𝟐
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒖
𝒖 +𝟏
+𝒄
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒙) + 𝒄
c) ∫ tanh(5𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥. k) ∫ coth(1 − 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.

d) ∫ sech (𝜋𝑥) 𝑑𝑥. l) ∫ cosech(3 − 6x) dx.

𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝒖 = 𝝅𝒙
2 )𝑑𝑥.
e) ∫ 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝑥 m) ∫(𝑒 𝑥 + 1) cosh(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.
𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝒖 = 𝒙𝟐 𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝒖 = 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒙
f) ∫
1+𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥. 𝑛) ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥. (𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥)10 𝑑𝑥.
√𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑥 𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝒖 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉𝒙
𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝒖 = 𝒙 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉𝒙
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐ℎ2 𝑥 𝑜) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥𝑑𝑥. [HINT: Use 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(2𝑥) =
g) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ3 𝑥
𝑑𝑥.
2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ2 𝑥 + 1 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ2 𝑥 −1].
𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝒖 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒙
Hamdan’s Calculus

Q3. Use an appropriate substitution and evaluate the indefinite integral:

i )  (cos x)(sin x) n dx xvi )  (sec2 x)(tan x) 4 dx
cos x sec2 x
ii )  dx xvii )  dx
sin x (4 + 3 tan x) 3 / 2
cos x 𝒖 = 𝟒 + 𝟑𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙, 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟑𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙𝒅𝒙,
iii )  dx 𝟐 𝟏
(4 + 3 sin x)3 / 2
𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒖/𝟑 𝟓 (𝟑)
iv )  (sin x)(cos x) n dx ∫
(𝟒 + 𝟑𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙)𝟑/𝟐
= ∫ 𝟑/𝟐 = 𝟓/𝟐 + 𝒄
𝒖 𝒖
𝟐
v)  (sin x)( 2 + 3 cos x) 4 dx = + 𝒄.
𝟏𝟓(𝟒 + 𝟑𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙)𝟓/𝟐
vi )  (sin x) cos x dx xviii )  (csc2 x)(cot x) n dx
sin x
vii )  dx xix ) 
csc2 x
dx
(cos x) 2 cot x
sin x
viii )  dx xx) 
csc2 x
dx
cos x (4 + 3 cot x) 3 / 2
sin x
ix )  dx Let 𝒖 = 𝟒 + 𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒕𝒙.
(4 + 3 cos x) 3 / 2 xxi )  x( x 2 − 10) 5 dx
Let 𝒖 = 𝟒 + 𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙.
xxii )  x x 2 − 10 dx
x)  (cos x)(sin x) 4 dx xdx
xxiii ) 
xi )  (cos x) sin x dx ( x − 10)
2

xdx
xii ) 
cos x xxiv )  2
(sin x) 2
dx ( x − 10) 5
xdx
Let 𝒖 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙, 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙𝒅𝒙 xxv )  2
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 𝒅𝒖 ( x − 10) 3 / 4
∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝟐 = ∫ 𝒖−𝟐 𝒅𝒖
(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙) 𝒖 3
xxvi  ( x 2 − 3)( x − 9 x + 1) 4 dx
𝟏 −𝟏
=− +𝒄= + 𝒄 = −𝒄𝒔𝒄𝒙 + 𝒄. Let 𝒖 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟏
𝒖 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
sec2 x xxvii )  (csc2 x)(cot x) 4 dx
xiii )  dx
(tan x) 2
xxviii )  (csc2 x) cot x dx
2
sec x
xiv )  dx 1 − cos 2 x
tan x xxix )  sin 2 xdx =  dx
2
xv )  (sec2 x)(tan x) n dx 1 + cos 2 x
xxx )  cos2 xdx =  dx
Let 𝒖 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙, 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 2
∫ 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒖𝒏 𝒅𝒖 =
𝒖𝒏+𝟏 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒏+𝟏 𝒙
+𝒄= + 𝒄.
𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟏
Hamdan’s Calculus

Q5: Evaluate:
1
1) ∫0 𝑥 3 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒖
𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝒖 = 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 , 𝟏 − 𝒖 = 𝒙𝟐 , − = 𝒙𝒅𝒙,
𝟐
𝟓 𝟑
𝒅𝒖 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
∫ 𝒙𝟑 √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = ∫(𝟏 − 𝒖) √𝒖 (− 𝟐
) = 𝟐 ∫[𝒖𝟑/𝟐 − 𝒖𝟏/𝟐 ]𝒅𝒖 = 𝟐 [𝟓 𝒖𝟐 − 𝟑 𝒖𝟐 ]
𝟓 𝟑
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
= 𝟐 [𝟓 (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝟐 − 𝟑 (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝟐 ]
𝟓 𝟑 𝟓 𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
∫𝟎 𝒙𝟑 √𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 [𝟓 (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝟐 − 𝟑 (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝟐 ] 𝟎 = − 𝟐 [𝟓 (𝟏)𝟐 − 𝟑 (𝟏)𝟐 ] = 𝟑 − 𝟓 =
𝟐
.
𝟏𝟓

𝜋
2) ∫04 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (5𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1
2 𝑥
3) ∫1 1+(𝑙𝑛𝑥)2
𝑑𝑥
𝟏
𝟏𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒖
𝒙
𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝒖 = 𝒍𝒏𝒙, 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒙, ∫ = ∫ = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒖 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒍𝒏𝒙.
𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒍𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
𝒙 𝟐
∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒍𝒏𝒙 | = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒍𝒏𝟐 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒍𝒏𝟏 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒍𝒏𝟐 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 + (𝒍𝒏𝒙) 𝟏
= 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒍𝒏𝟐.

2 𝑥
4) ∫1 𝑑𝑥 ; 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 2𝑥
1+(4𝑥)2

Differentiation Under the Integral Sign and Leibniz Rule of

Differentiation
1- Recall that the antiderivative of 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝐹(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶. Therefore, 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑑𝑦
If 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 ′ = 𝑓(𝑥).
𝑑𝑦
Example: Find 𝑑𝑥 if 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
𝑑𝑦
Answer: 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 .
2- Recall that the fundamental theorem of integral calculus asserts that if 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous
𝑡=𝑥
on [a,b] then: if 𝑔(𝑥) = ∫𝑡=𝑎 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 then 𝑔′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥).
Example: Use the fundamental theorem of calculus to find 𝑔′ (𝑥) if 𝑔(𝑥) =
𝑡=𝑥
∫𝑡=5 (𝑡 + 2)𝑑𝑡.
Answer: 𝑔′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2.
Hamdan’s Calculus

3- Leibniz rule of differentiation:

𝑢(𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝐼𝑓 𝑦 = ∫𝑣(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 = 𝑓(𝑢(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑓(𝑣(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Example: Find 𝑑𝑥 if: y=∫2𝑥 ln(𝑡 2 − 5𝑡 + 1) 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
Answer: 𝑑𝑥 = ln(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 5𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 1) (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) − ln (4𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 1)(2).

Questions:
𝑑𝑦
Q1: Find 𝑑𝑥 if:
a) 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥
b) 𝑦 = ∫ ln(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
c) 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 (3𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥
d) 𝑦 = ∫ √𝑒 𝑥 − 4𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Q2: Use the fundamental theorem of calculus to find 𝑔′(𝑥) if:

𝑥
(a) 𝑔(𝑥) = ∫−5[𝑡 3 + sin(𝑙𝑛𝑡)] 𝑑𝑡
𝑥
(b) 𝑔(𝑥) = ∫0 [sin (𝑡 3 ) + tcos(𝑙𝑛𝑡)] 𝑑𝑡
𝑥 1
(c) 𝑔(𝑥) = ∫𝑎 [𝑡 2 − √𝑡 − 3]𝑑𝑡
𝑥
(d) 𝑔(𝑥) = ∫100[4𝑒 3(𝑙𝑛𝑡−1) + ln(𝑒 𝑡+1 )]𝑑𝑡

Q3: Use Leibniz rule of differentiation to find 𝑦′(𝑥) if:

7𝑥
i) 𝑔(𝑥) = ∫5 [𝑡 3 + sin(𝑙𝑛𝑡)] 𝑑𝑡
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
ii) 𝑔(𝑥) = ∫0 [sin (𝑡 3 ) + tcos(𝑙𝑛𝑡)] 𝑑𝑡
1
𝑥3
iii) 𝑔(𝑥) = ∫𝑙𝑛𝑥[𝑡 2 − √𝑡 − 3]𝑑𝑡
4√𝑥
iv) 𝑔(𝑥) = ∫10𝑥 [4𝑒 3(𝑙𝑛𝑡−1) + ln(𝑒 𝑡+1 )]𝑑𝑡

Q4: Use the Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus to find 𝐹′(𝑥) if:
𝑥
a) 𝐹(𝑥) = ∫𝑡=−1 √1 + 𝑡 4 𝑑𝑡
5
b) 𝐹(𝑥) = ∫𝑡=𝑥 𝑙𝑛(𝑡 2 − 2)𝑑𝑡

Q5: Find the derivative:

𝑥3
a) 𝐹(𝑥) = ∫𝑡=0 sin (𝑡 2 )𝑑𝑡
3𝑥+2
b) 𝐹(𝑥) = ∫𝑡=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 4𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡|𝑑𝑡

cos(6 x − 1)
c) y =  dx.
x 2 + 2 sec h 4 x
t = cosh x t
e
d) y =  dt.
t =sinh x
t
Hamdan’s Calculus

Riemann Sum and the Definition of the Definite Integral

𝑥=𝑏
∫𝑥=𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = lim ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )∆𝑥
𝑛→∞

Example: Using the definition of the definite integral in terms of the limit of a Riemann sum,
find the exact area under the curve of f ( x) = x 2 , above the X-axis, and between the lines x=0
and x=3.
Solution:
Area required is
𝑥=3
𝐴 = ∫𝑥=0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3−0 3
∆𝑥 = =𝑛
𝑛
3 3𝑖
𝑥𝑖 = 𝑥0 + 𝑖∆𝑥 = 0 + 𝑖 (𝑛) = 𝑛
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2
3𝑖 9𝑖 2
𝑓(𝑥𝑖 ) = (𝑥𝑖 )2 = ( 𝑛 )2 = 𝑛2
9𝑖 2 3 27𝑖 2
𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )∆𝑥 = ( )=
𝑛2 𝑛 𝑛3
𝑥=𝑏
Using ∫𝑥=𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = lim ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )∆𝑥 we get:
𝑛→∞
𝑥=3 2 2
𝑛 27𝑖 27
∫𝑥=0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = lim ∑𝑖=1 𝑛3 = lim 𝑛3 ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑖 2
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
27 𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1) 27 2𝑛2 +3𝑛+1
= lim = lim
𝑛→∞ 𝑛3 6 6 𝑛→∞ 𝑛2
27 3 1 54
= lim [2 + 𝑛 + 𝑛2 ] = = 9.
6 𝑛→∞ 6

Questions:

Q1: Using the definition of the definite integral in terms of the limit of a Riemann sum, find the
exact area under the curve of f ( x) = x 2 ,above the X-axis, and between the lines x=0 and x=3.

2 2𝑖 2𝑖
Q2: Find lim ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑛 [( 𝑛 )3 + 5( 𝑛 )].
𝑛→∞
1 𝑖
Q3: lim ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑛 [(𝑛)3 + 1].
𝑛→∞
𝑏 5
Q4: Use ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = lim ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )∆𝑥 to find ∫2 (4 − 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
𝑛→∞
Q5: Using the definition of the definite integral in terms of the limit of a Riemann sum, find:
2
a) ∫0 (2𝑥 − 𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥.
4
b) ∫1 (𝑥 2 + 2)𝑑𝑥.

Some Properties of the Definite Integral

Algebraic Properties:
Hamdan’s Calculus

The definite integral has the following algebraic properties that can easily be established:

a
1)  f ( x)dx = 0 . This is the area of a straight line of zero thickness.
a

2) When k is a constant,
𝑥=𝑏
∫𝑥=𝑎 𝑘𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘(𝑏 − 𝑎)
This represents the area of a rectangle of base b-a and height k.

b b
3)  kf ( x)dx = k  f ( x)dx , where k is a constant
a a
b a
4)  f ( x)dx = − f ( x)dx . The negative sign arises due to a change of
a b

definition from (b-a)/n to (a-b)/n. It also emphasizes that integration is

direction-dependent.
b b b
5)  [ f ( x)  g ( x)]dx =  f ( x)dx   g ( x)dx
a a a
b c b
6)  f ( x)dx =  f ( x)dx +  f ( x)dx
a a c

Comparison Properties of the Definite Integral:

The value of the definite integral could be positive, negative, or zero. If f ( x)  0 then the
definite integral represents the area under the graph of f(x), above the X-axis, between the
lines X=a and X=b. This idea together with Algebraic Property (2), above, provide us
with an understanding of the following comparison properties:

𝑥=𝑏
If 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0 for 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏, then ∫𝑥=𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≥ 0.
𝑥=𝑏 𝑥=𝑏
If 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 𝑔(𝑥) for 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏, then ∫𝑥=𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≥ ∫𝑥=𝑎 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
𝑥=𝑏
If 𝑚 ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 𝑀 for 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏, then 𝑚(𝑏 − 𝑎) ≤ ∫𝑥=𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≤ 𝑀(𝑏 − 𝑎).

Example: Show that

𝑥=2 𝑥=2
∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 > ∫ (𝑙𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑥=1 𝑥=1
Solution:
Hamdan’s Calculus

Since 𝑥 > 𝑙𝑛𝑥 on [1,2], and both functions are at or above zero, it follows that the area bounded
by the x-axis, y=x over [1,2] is larger than the area bounded by the x-axis, y=lnx and over [1,2].
This implies that
𝑥=2 𝑥=2
∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 > ∫ (𝑙𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑥=1 𝑥=1

Some Questions:
4 4 4 4
Q1: Given that ∫2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 , ∫2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 6 , and ∫2 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 60 , evaluate: ∫2 (−𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 + 6)𝑑𝑥
1 1
Q2: Suppose that ∫−1 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 5 . Find:
0
a) ∫−1 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1 0
b) ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − ∫−1 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1
c) ∫−1 3𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1
d) ∫0 3𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
9 9 9
Q3: Given ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 37, ∫0 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 16, find ∫0 [2𝑓(𝑥) + 3𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥.
4 1 2 4
Q4: Calculate the value of the integral  3 f ( x)dx if  f ( x)dx = 1;  f ( x)dx = 4;  f ( x)dx = 7.
2 0 0 1

Integral of an Odd Function over an interval [-a,a]

that is symmetric about 0
A function is odd if 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥). A function is even if 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥).

Some odd functions: 𝑥, 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 5 , … , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥, 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥, 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥, …

Some even functions: 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 4 , … , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥, 𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, …

The sum of odd functions is odd.
The ratio of odd to even or even to odd is odd.
The product of odd and even is odd.
𝑎
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑.
−𝑎
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Example: Find with explanation ∫−1 𝑑𝑥. 𝑥2
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = 0
−1 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 [−1,1] 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
𝑥2

Questions:
Find with explanation:
Hamdan’s Calculus

1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
(1) ∫−1 𝑑𝑥 .
𝑥3
3 𝑥3
(2) ∫−3 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 .

𝜋 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥
(3) ∫−𝜋 𝑑𝑥 .
1+𝑥 2
𝜋/2 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥
(4) ∫−𝜋/2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
𝜋 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
(5) ∫−𝜋 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 .
𝜋 [𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥+3𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑥]
(6) ∫−𝜋 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

Average Value of a Function over an Interval

The average value of the function 𝑓(𝑥) over the interval [𝑎, 𝑏] is defined as the area bounded by
𝑓(𝑥), the x-axis, x=a and x=b, divided by the length of the interval, b-a. We write:
𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
𝑏−𝑎
𝑏
Interpretation: If you replace the area ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 by the area of a rectangle with length b-a, then
the height of the rectangle is 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑒 .

Example: Find, and interpret, the average value of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 2𝑥+1 over the interval [1,3].

𝑏 3 𝑒 2𝑥+1 3
∫1 𝑒 2𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 2 |1 𝑒
2(3)+1
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑒 2(1)+1 𝑒 7 − 𝑒 3
𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑒 = = 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑒 = = = = .
𝑏−𝑎 3−1 2 4 4
3
Interpretation: If you replace the area ∫1 𝑒 2𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 by the area of a rectangle with length 3-1=2,
𝑒 7 −𝑒 3
then the height of the rectangle is 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 4
.

Questions:
Q1: Find and interpret the average value of the function the given function over the indicated
interval [a,b]:
(a)- 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥; [𝑎, 𝑏] = [0, 𝜋/4].
(b)- 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 3−7𝑥 ; [𝑎, 𝑏] = [1,5].
1
(c)- 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 3𝑥 3 + 𝜋; [𝑎, 𝑏] = [0, 𝜋].
(d)- 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 1 − ln (𝑥 + 1); [𝑎, 𝑏] = [0,1].
1
(e)- f ( x) = 5 x − ; [a,b]= [1,3] .
2x
𝜋
(f)- 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + cos 2𝑥 ; [𝑎, 𝑏] = [0, 3 ].
Q2: Find the average value of the function f ( x ) = ln x over the interval [1,e].
Hamdan’s Calculus

If the area between the x-axis, the function f ( x) = x 3 , and the lines x=0, x=2, is replaced by a
rectangle, what is the height of the rectangle?

Integral of Products of Sines and Cosines

You will be provided with the following trig identities
1
sin mx cos nx = [sin( m + n) x + sin( m − n) x] .
2
1
cos mx cos nx = [cos(m + n) x + cos(m − n) x] .
2
1
sin mx sin nx = [cos(m − n) x − cos(m + n) x] .
2

Example: Evaluate the given integral:

(a)  sin 3x cos 4 xdx

Solution:
1 1 cos(3 + 4) x cos(3 − 4) x
 sin 3x cos 4 xdx = 2  [sin( 3 + 4) x + sin( m − n) x]dx = − 2 [ 3+ 4
+
3− 4
]+C

1 cos 7 x cos(− x) 1 cos 7 x

=− [ + ]+C = − [ − cos x] + C
2 7 −1 2 7

(b)  cos x cos3xdx

Solution:
1 1 sin 4 x sin( −2 x)
 cos x cos3xdx = 2  [cos(1 + 3) x + cos(1 − 3) x]dx = 2 [ 4
+
−2
]+C

1 sin 4 x sin 2 x
= [ + ]+C
2 4 2

(c)  sin 5x sin 2 xdx

Solution:
1 1 sin 7 x sin 3x
 sin 5x sin 2 xdx = 2  [cos(5 − 2) x − cos(5 + 2) x]dx = − 2 [ 7
−
3
]+C
Questions:
Q1: Evaluate
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥 − 𝜋) cos(5𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.
Hamdan’s Calculus

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜋 − 2𝑥) sin(𝜋 − 5𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.

𝜋
∫𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥. 𝑑𝑥.
4

𝜋
𝑥 𝑥
∫𝜋8 sin (2). sin (3)𝑑𝑥.
12

 sin( x). cos(2 x)dx

𝜋/4
∫𝑥=0 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 sin( 6 x) sin( 7 x)dx
 cos(x). cos(5x)dx
 cos(3x). sin( 2 x)dx

Q2:Find the area bounded by 𝑓(𝑥) = cos(−𝑥) cos(−4𝑥) , 𝑓(𝑥) = 0, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝜋/4.

Two Special Trig Identities

1 + cos 2
cos2  =
2
1 − cos 2
sin 2  =
2