I.

Integration
Concepts/Formulas

A. Anti-differentiation
Objectives
• To define antidifferentiation.

• To investigate antiderivatives, indefinite integrals, and

all of their parts.

• To use basic integration rules to find antiderivatives.

A. Anti-differentiation (Integration)
➢reverse process to differentiation

Ex: If 𝑓’(𝑥) = 2𝑥, we know that this is the derivative

2
of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 .

If we shift the parabola 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 by sliding it up or

down vertically, all the points on the curve will still have
the same tangent slopes, i.e. derivatives.
all have the same derivative
function, so a general expression
for this family of curves would be
𝑦 = 𝑥2 + 𝑐

𝑐 – arbitrary constant (integration

constant)

Note: Where possible, check your

answer by differentiating,
remembering that the derivative of
a constant, c, is zero.
integration symbol
extended S for “summation”

integration is with respect to 𝑥

 Table of particular antiderivatives
Function Antiderivative Function Antiderivative
xr, r  -1 xr+1/(r+1) 1/x ln |x|

sin x - cos x ex ex

cos x sin x ax ax / ln a
1
sec2 x tan x 1+ x 2 tan-1 x
1
sin-1 x af + bg aF + bG
1− x 2

In the last and highlighted formula above we assume that F’ = f and G’ = g. The
coefficients a and b are numbers.
These rules give particular antiderivatives of the listed functions. A
general antiderivative can be obtained by adding a constant .
Example:
′ 1 2
(1) If 𝑦 = 𝑥, then 𝑦 = 𝑥 +𝑐
2
′ 1
(check: 𝑦 = 2𝑥 +0=𝑥)
2
′ 2
(1) If 𝑦 = 𝑥 , then 𝑦 =?
−3
(3) ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 ׬‬
(4) ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬1/2 𝑑𝑥
 𝒏+𝟏
𝒙
න 𝒙𝒏 𝒅𝒙 = +𝒄
𝒏+𝟏
for any real number 𝑛, except -1.

𝑑 1
(ln 𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

න 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 + 𝑐
Example:
(1)‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(2)‫ 𝑒 ׬‬3𝑥−2 𝑑𝑥
1
(3)‫ ׬‬4𝑥 + 3 𝑑𝑥
2
Exercises
 I. Integration
Concepts/Formulas

B. Indefinite Integrals
 Indefinite Integral
Indefinite integral is a traditional notation for antiderivatives

 f ( x)dx = F ( x) means F ( x) = f ( x)
Note: Distinguish carefully between definite and indefinite
integrals. A definite integral is a number, whereas an
indefinite integral is a function (or family of functions). The


connection between them is given by the Evaluation
Theorem: b b
a
f ( x)dx =  f ( x)dx
a
 Some indefinite integrals
n +1
x 1
 dx = n + 1 + C , if n  -1.  x dx = ln(| x |) + C
n
x
x
a
 = + C,  dx = ln(a) + C
x x x
e dx e a

 sin( x)dx = − cos( x) + C ,  cos( x)dx = sin( x) + C ,

 sec ( x)dx = tan( x) + C ,  csc ( x)dx = − cot( x) + C ,
2 2

 sec( x) tan( x)dx = sec( x) + C ,  csc( x) cot( x)dx = − csc( x) + C ,

1 1
 x2 + 1 
−1
dx = tan ( x) + C , dx = sin −1 ( x) + C ,
1 − x2
Analyzing the motion of an object using
antiderivatives
Problem
A particle is moving with the given data. Find the position of the particle.
a(t) = 10 + 3t -3t2, v(0) = 2, s(0) = 5

Solution
v(t) is the antiderivative of a(t): v’(t) = a(t) = 10 + 3t -3t2
Antidifferentiation gives v(t) = 10t + 1.5t2 – t3 + C
v(0) = 2 implies that C=2; thus, v(t) = 10t + 1.5t2 – t3 + 2

s(t) is the antiderivative of v(t): s’(t) = v(t) = 10t + 1.5t2 – t3 + 2

Antidifferentiation gives s(t) = 5t2 + 0.5t3 – 0.25t4 + 2t + D
s(0) = 5 implies that D=5; thus, s(t) = 5t2 + 0.5t3 – 0.25t4 + 2t + 5
Basic Integration Rules
 (Number) dx
= (Number) x + C

Evaluate  2 dx =

2x + C
Basic Integration Rules
Constant Rule for Integration

 c dx = cx + C
Evaluate  −5 dx =

−5x + C
Basic Integration Rules
 (Number)  f ( x ) dx
= (Number)  f ( x ) dx

The integral of a function times a

constant is equal to the constant
times the integral of the function.
 Basic Integration Rules
Evaluate  5 x dx = 3

5 x dx =
3

5 x4
4 +C =
5
4 x +C
4

Q: How do you know if you have found the correct antiderivative?

A: Take the derivative of your answer to check.

 Basic Integration Rules
Constant Multiple Rule for Integration

 c  f ( x ) dx = c  f ( x ) dx
Sum & Difference Rules for Integration

  f ( x ) + g ( x ) dx =  f ( x ) dx +  g ( x ) dx
  f ( x ) − g ( x ) dx =  f ( x ) dx −  g ( x ) dx
Basic Integration Rules
Evaluate  ( 6 x − 4 x − 1x +1) dx =
2

 −  −  x dx +1 dx =
2 1
6 x dx 4 x dx

6 x3
3 −4 x2
2 − ln x + x +C =

2x −2x − ln x + x + C
3 2
 You Try these three.
Evaluate  3t dt =
2
Evaluate  5du = 5u + c
3
t
3 t dt = 3 + c = t + c
2 3

Evaluate  2x dx =
−2
Evaluate  x(3x + 4)dx =
2 x dx = x -1
 + 4 x)dx =
−2 -2 2
2 +c = +C (3 x
−1 x
 3x dx + 4xdx =
2

x + 2x + c
3 2
 Conclusion
▪ Antidifferentiation is a process or operation that reverses
differentiation.

▪ The antidifferentiation process is also called integration.

▪ Similar to differentiation, integration has a variety of rules

that we must remember, recall, and be able to use.