REVIEW: INTEGRATION

Integration process is the reverse of differentiation process.

1. Indefinite Integrals:
d
If F ( x)  f ( x) or F `( x)  f ( x) then dF ( x)  f ( x).dx
dx
Note: If f(x) is any function then F(x) is called the anti-derivative of f(x).
  dF ( x)   f ( x).dx

But since: d ( F ( x)  C)  dF ( x)  f ( x).dx

Hence:  f ( x).dx   d ( F ( x)  C)
  f ( x).dx  F ( x)  C
Where C: is called constant of integration,
and  f ( x).dx : is indefinite integral of the function f(x) with respect to x.

Rules for indefinite integrals:

1.  dF ( x) .dx  F ( x)  C
dx
d
dx 
2. f ( x).dx  f ( x)

x n1
3.  x .dx 
n
 C where n ≠ -1
n 1

4.  k. f ( x).dx k  f (k ).dx where k is constant (Does not work if k varies with x)

5.  [ f ( x)  g ( x)].dx   f ( x).dx   g ( x).dx

6.  sin x.dx   cos x  C or  sin u.du   cos u  C where u is function of x.

7.  cos x.dx  sin x  C or  cos u.du  sin u  C
8.  sec2 x.dx  tan x  C or  sec
2
u.du  tan u  C

9.  csc2 x.dx   cot x  C or  csc

2
u.du   cot u  C

10.  sec x tan x.dx  sec x  C or  sec u tan u.du  sec u  C

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11.  csc x cot x.dx   csc x  C or  csc u cot u.du   csc u  C
Examples: Evaluate the following integrals.
x6
1.  x5 .dx  C
6

2.  sin 2 x.dx

Sol.: let u=2x  du=2dx  dx=du/2

du 1  cos 2 x
 sin 2 x.dx   sin u. 2 
2
( cos u )  C 
2
C

x
3.  cos .dx
2
x dx
Sol.: let u  du   dx  2du
2 2
x x
 cos 2 .dx   cos u.(2du)  2 cos u.du  2 sin u  C  2 sin 2  C
4.  ( x  5)5 .dx

Sol.: let u  x5  du  dx

u6 ( x  5)6
 u .du  C  C
5

6 6

5.  4 x  1.dx

du
Sol.: let u  4x  1  du  4dx  dx 
4

du 1 u 3 2 2 32 1 32 1
 u . 4  4 3 2  C  12 u  C  6 u  C  6 (4 x  1)  C
12 32

6.  cos(7 x  5).dx
du
Sol.: let u  7x  5  du  7dx  dx 
7
du 1 1
 cos u. 7  sin u  C  sin(7 x  5)  C
7 7

7.  x 2 sin x3.dx
du
Sol.: let u  x3  du  3x 2dx  x 2 dx 
3

4
 du  cos u  cos x3
 sin u. 3

3
C 
3
C

1
8.  cos 2
2x
.dx

1
Sol.:  cos 2
2x
.dx   sec2 2 x.dx

du
let u  2 x  du  2dx  dx 
2
du 1 1
 sec  tan u  C  tan 2 x  C
2
u.
2 2 2
9.  ( x 2  2 x  3)2 ( x  1).dx
du
Sol.: let u  x2  2x  3  du  (2 x  2)dx  2( x  1)dx  ( x  1)dx 
2

du 1 u 3 u3 ( x 2  2 x  3)3
u .  * C  C  C
2

2 2 3 6 6

10.  sin 4 x cos x.dx

Sol.: let u  sin x  du  cos x.dx

u5 sin 5 x
 u .du  C  C
4

5 5
2 zdz
11.  3
z2 1

Sol.: let u  z2 1  du  2 zdz

du u2 3 3 3
 u1 3 
1 3
 u .du   C  u 2 3  C  ( z 2  1) 2 3  C
23 2 2

Another solution:
let u  3 z 2  1  u 3  z 2  1  3u 2du  2 zdz

2 zdz 3u 2 du 3u 2 3
 3
z2 1

u
  3u.du 
2
 C  ( z 2  1) 2 3  C
2

12.  tan x sec 2 x.dx

Sol.: let u  tan x  du  sec 2 x.dx

u2 tan 2 x
 u.du  2  C  2  C

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 Another solution:
let u  sec x  du  sec x tan x.dx

u2 sec 2 x
 tan x sec x.dx   sec x(sec x tan xdx)   u.du  C  C
2

2 2

13.  3x 2 x 3  1.dx

Sol.: let u  x 3  1  du  3x 2 dx
u3 2 2
 u .du 
32
 C  ( x 3  1) 3 2  C
3

Another solution:
let u 2  x3  1  2udu  3x 2dx
u3 2 3
 u * 2udu   2u .du  2 3  C  3 ( x  1)  C
2 32

x2  2x
14.  x 2  2 x  1 dx 1

Sol.: When the degree of numerator is equal or greater than the x  2 x  1 x2  2x

2

 x2  2x  1
degree of denominator, use long division to simplify the 00 1
problem.
x2  2x  1   1 
 x 2  2 x  1 dx   1  x 2  2 x  1 dx   1  ( x  1)2 dx
( x  1) 1 x2  x  1
 
  1  ( x  1) 2 dx  x 
1
C  x
1
x 1
C 
x 1
C

(1  x) 2
15.  .dx
x

Sol.:  (1  x) .dx   1  2 x  x dx    1  2 x  x dx   x 1 2  2 x1 2  x 3 2 dx

2 2 2

x x  x x x

x1 2 x3 2 x5 2 2 2
    C  2 x1 2  x3 2  x5 2  C
12 32 52 3 5

The Integrals of sin2x and cos2x:

1  cos 2 x 1  cos 2 x
use the following identities: sin 2 x  cos 2 x 
2 2
1  cos 2 x 1 cos 2 x
16.  sin 2 x.dx   dx   dx   dx
2 2 2

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 x 1  sin 2 x  x sin 2 x
   C   C
2 2 2  2 4
1  cos 4 x 1 cos 4 x
17.  cos 2 2 x.dx   dx   dx   dx
2 2 2
x 1  sin 4 x  x sin 4 x
   C   C
2 2 4  2 8

Solving Initial Value Problems with Indefinite Integrals

The problem of finding a function y of x when we know its derivative
dy
 f (x) and its value yo at a particular point xo is called initial value problem.
dx
dy
So, if  f (x)  dy  f ( x).dx
dx
and  dy   f ( x).dx

 y  F ( x)  C where F(x) is the antiderivative of f(x)

In this case yo  F ( xo )  C  C  yo  F ( xo ) and y  F ( x)   yo  F ( xo )
dy
Note: An equation like  f (x) , that has a derivative in it, is called Differential
dx
Equation (D.E.).
A more complicated differential equation might involve y as well as x:
dy
 2xy 2 first order D.E.
dx

d 2 y dy
2
  5 y3  3 second order D.E.
dx dx

d 3 y dy
  y5  x2 third order D.E.
dx3 dx
Example 1: The velocity v(t) of a body falling from rest in a vacuum near the
surface of the earth satisfies
dv 2
Differential equation:  9.8 (the acceleration is 9.8 m/sec )
dt
Initial condition: v=0 when t=0 (the velocity is zero at start)
Find v as a function of t.
Sol.: We find the general D.E. by integrating both sides of it with respect to t:

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 dv
a  9.8 (D.E.)
dt
dv
 dt dt   9.8 dt (integral equation)

v  C1  9.8t  C2

v  9.8t  C2  C1

v  9.8t  C (where C  C2  C1 ) (general solution)

To find C use the boundary conditions: v=0 when t=0.
0  9.8 * 0  C  C  0

 v  9.8t  0  v  9.8t

Example 2: Solve the following initial value problem for y as a function of x:

d2y
Differential equation:  6x  2
dx 2
dy
Initial conditions (or boundary conditions):  0 and y=10 when x=1
dx

d2y
Sol.: D. E.  6x  2
dx 2
Integrate both sides:
d2y dy 6 x 2
 dx 2 dx   (6 x  2)dx 
dx

2
 2 x  C1  3x 2  2 x  C1

dy
We apply the first initial condition to find C1 [  0 when x=1]
dx

0  3(1)2  2(1)  C1  C1  1

dy
This completes the formula for :
dx
dy
 3x 2  2 x  1 also integrate both sides:
dx

 dxdx   3x 
dy 2
 2 x  1 dx  y  x3  x 2  x  C2

We apply the second initial condition to find C2 [y=10 when x=1]

10  (1)3  (1) 2  (1)  C2  C2  11

This completes the formula for y as a function of x.

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 y  x3  x 2  x  11

Example 3: Evaluate the general solution of the following differential

equations:
dy
1.  x2 y
dx
Sol.: Separate the variables:
1 dy
 x2 Integrate both sides.
y dx

1 dy
 y dx
dx   x 2 dx

y x3 x3 x 3 C1
  C1  2 y   C1  y 
12 3 3 6 2
2
 x3  C1
 y    C where C
6  2

dy x 1
2. 
dx y 1

Sol.: y  1.dy  x  1.dx

 y  1.dy   x  1.dx

( y  1)3 2 ( x  1)3 2
  C1
32 32

3
( y  1)3 2  ( x  1)3 2  C1 
2

y  ( x  1)3 2  C 
23
 1 where C
3
2
C1

dy
3.  1  x  y  xy
dx
dy dy dy
Sol.:  1  x  y (1  x)   (1  x)(1  y)   1  x. 1  y
dx dx dx
dy dy 2
1 y
 1  x .dx   1 y 
 1  x .dx  2 1 y 
3
(1  x) 3 2  C1

2 2
1 C  1  C
1  y   (1  x) 3 2  1   y   (1  x) 3 2  C   1 where C  1
3 2 3  2

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Homework:
I. Evaluate the following integrals:
x 
x 2 3
 9r 2 dr dy
1.    .dx
 2 3
2.  1 r3
3. 2 y (1  y ) 2

x.dx
4.  (1  x 2 2
)
5.  (1  y)1 2 dy 6.  sec2 ( x  2)dx

8.  sec2  dx
x 8 sin t
7.  tan x sec2 x.dx
4
9.  5  4 cos t
dt

cos x
10.  2  sin x
dx 11.  3 cos 2 x sin x.dx 12.  (1  sin 2t )3 2 cos 2t.dt

sin x
13.  x
dx 14.  tan2 x sec2 x.dx 15.  csc2 2 cot 2 .d

18 tan 2 x sec 2
16.  dx 17.  1  sin 2 ( x  1) .sin( x  1) cos( x  1)dx
(2  tan3 x) 2

II. Solve the following initial value problems:

Differential equation Initial conditions

dy
1. 3 x y=4 when x=9
dx
dy
2.   sin x y=0 when x=0
dx
dy 1
3.  sec x tan x y=1 when x=0
dx 2
d2y 2 dy
4.   1 and y=1 when x=1
dx 2 x 3 dx
d3y d2y dy
5. 6  8 ,  0 and y=5 when x=0
dx 3 2
d x dx

III. A particle moves along a coordinate line with acceleration (

d 2s ds
a  2  15 t  3 t ), subject to conditions that  4 and s=0 when t=1.
dt dt
ds
Find (a) the velocity ( v  ) in terms of t.
dt
(b) the position (s) in terms of t.
IV. The standard equation for free fall near the surface of every planet

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 1 2
s(t )  gt  vot  so
2
Where s(t) is the body's position on the line of fall, g is the planet
(constant) acceleration of gravity, vo is the body's initial velocity and so is
the body's initial position.
Derive this equation by solving the following initial value problem:
d 2s
Differential equation: g;
dt 2
ds
Initial conditions:  vo and s  s0 when t=0.
dt
V. Show that:
cos 2 x dx 1  cos 3x
1.  (cos x  sin x) 2 dx  x  C 2.  1  cos 3x  C
2 3 sin 3x

tan 6 x dt t t
3.  tan x.sec x.dx  C   2(tan  sec )  C
5 2
4.
6 t 2 2
1  sin
2
VI. Evaluate the indefinite integrals:
1.  sec 2 x. tan 2 x.dx 2.  sec2 ( x 2  2).2 x.dx

3.  tan x .sec2 x.dx 4.  sin 4 x. cos x.dx

3

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