Further Integration Techniques

September 14, 2020

In this lesson, you will learn:

• integration by subtitution
• fraction decomposition
• integration by partial fraction
• integration by parts
Part I: Integration by Substitution
Recall:
Recall:

Dx [f(x)g(x)] = f'(x)g(x) + f(x)g'(x)

and

 f x   , g(x) ≠ 0 = f '  x g  x   f  x g '  x 

Dx 
 g x    g  x 
2
So how do we integrate:

 f  x  g  x dx

and

f x 
 g x 
? dx
Integration by Substitution

2
Consider
 x sin x dx

Note that we cannot distribute the integral over

multiplication or division.
 2
 x sin x dx
We use the following substitutions:
du
Let u = x and du = 2x dx. Thus xdx 
2
2
du 1
 x sin x dx   sin x  xdx    sin u 2  2  sin udu
2 2

1 1 1
 sin udu   cos u   C   cos x  C 2
2 2 2
 x
e
Find  x
dx
1 1
x2
x  and 1 2 dx
Let u = du . Thusx dx 2 du 
2 x
x  dx 
e x u u
 x
dx  e 
 x
  e 2 du  2  e du

u u x
2  e du  2 e  C  2e C
Find 
4
 3
x  2 x 2 x  1 dx 
Let u  x Then
 2x4 du  4 x 3

 2 dx 
du
2
 
 2 x 3  1 dx


4

x  2 x 2 x  1 dx  3
  u
du
2

1
2  u 2 du

 1 
1  2  1  3  3
1
2  2
u du 
1 u
21


1 2 2
C   u
23



 C 
1 4
3
x 2 x 2  C 
  1   
2 
Integrate with respect to x: cos9 x sin x

Let u = cos x. Then du = -sin x dx, hence -du = sin x dx.

 cos
x sin 9
xdx
u   
du udu 9 9

10 10
9 u cos x
  u du   C   C
10 10
 cos x
Integrate with respect to x: sin x
Let u = sin x. Then du = cos x.

cos x 1 1
 sin x
dx   sin x
cos xdx   u
du

1
 u
du  ln u  C  ln sin x  C
 cos x
What will happen if: sin x
Let u = cos x. Then du = -sin x dx. From here, we can

du du
obtain an expression either for dx   or for sin x  
sin x dx
cos x u  du  udu
 sin x
dx     
sin x  sin x   sin 2 x

cos x u  dx  u 2
 sin x
dx   du
dx   u   du  dx   
du
d x

dx
Find   cos 4 x cos 2 x dx

For this, we will use trigonometric identities.

Recall:
cos (a + b) = cos a cos b - sin a sin b
cos (a - b) = cos a cos b + sin a sin b
Find   cos 4 x cos 2 x dx
cos (4x + 2x) = cos 4x cos 2x - sin 4x sin 2x (1)
cos (4x - 2x) = cos 4x cos 2x + sin 4x sin 2x (2)

Adding (1) and (2):

cos 6x + cos 2x = 2(cos 4x cos 2x)
cos 4x cos 2x = 1 cos 6 x  cos 2 x 
2
1
Thus
 cos 4 x cos 2 x dx   2
cos 6 x  cos 2 x dx
Find   cos 4 x cos 2 x dx
1
 cos 4 x cos 2 x dx   2
cos 6 x  cos 2 x dx
1
2

c os c os
6x dx 2x dx
11
  sin
26
1
6x sin
2


2xC

1 1
sin 6 x  sin 2 x  C
12 4
How do we choose which function is u?
• Choose the function such that its derivative is the other function,
or a multiple of the other function.
• Choose the function such that after substitutions, the integrand is
reduced to an elementary function with known integral.
• Choose the function such that after substitutions, the itegrand can
be written as sum or difference of elementary functions
• Choose the function is more complicated.
• For trigonometric integrand, try substituting a linear form that is an
identity to the integrand
Practice

Find:
1   2 x  1  x 2
 x 
2
dx 4  2 xe x 2
dx

2  x cos x dx 2 x
5  2
dx
2x 2  x
3  dx
x 2
 3 6  sin 7
x co s xd x
Challenge Integrals:

1  x 2
x  2 dx
x
2  dx
2
x  x  1
3   sin 3 x cos 5 x dx
Part II: Integration by Partial Fractions
Recall

dx
 x
 ln x  C

dx 1
 ax  b
 ln ax  b  C
a
We can use substitution to solve the integral of some
rational function: 2x
 x 2
 17
dx

Let u = x2 - 17. Then du = 2x dx

2x du 2
 x2  17
dx   u
 ln u  C  ln x  17  C
We can also simplify other rational functions easily:

2x 3 2x 3 1
 
2
x 6 2x 33x 2
6x 13 3x 2

2x  3 1 1
 6x2  13 x  6
  3x  2
dx  ln 3 x  2  C
3
Other rational functions can be written as sum (or
difference) of a polynomial and another rational function
4x2  4x  5 2
 2 x  3  
2x  1 2x  1
2
4
x 4x5  2  2
 2x1 dx2

x3
2x1
dx


2 3
xdx dx
2x1
dx

2x2 1
  3 x  2   ln 2 x  1  C
2 2

2
 x  3 x  ln 2 x  1  C
Practice

Find:
x  7
1  2
dx
2 x  13 x  7
3 2
3 x  9 x  2 x  4
2  dx
x  3
2
2 x
3  dx
x  1
But how about these rational functions:

7x  1 x  1
2 3 2
x x6 x  x  2x
Fraction Decomposition

Any fraction can be written as sum or difference of 2 or

more fractions whose denominators are the factors of the
denominator of the original fraction.

Examples: 1 1 1 1 1
   
6 2 3 3 6
3 3 1 3 1
    
8 3 2 2 3
2 2 2
Fraction Decomposition
P x 
Consider the rational function H defined by H  x  
Q x 
where P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials. H(x) is
assumed to be a proper fraction, i.e. the degree of P(x) is
less than that of Q(x); otherwise, we can divide the P(x) by
Q(x) until a proper fraction is obtained.

To decompose H(x), factor Q(x) completely. The partial

fractions are determined by the nature of the factors of Q(x).
Fraction Decomposition

Cases for Q(x):

Case I: The factors of Q(x) are linear and none is repeated.

Case II: The factors of Q(x) are linear and some are repeated.
Case III: The factors of Q(x) are linear and quadratics, and none
of the quadratic factors is repeated.
Case IV: The factors of Q(x) are linear and quadratics, and some
of the quadratic factors are repeated
Fraction Decomposition: Case I Example #1
7 x  1
Consider 2 . The factors of the denominator
x  x  6
are (x - 3)(x + 2). Thus, the fraction can be decomposed as follows:

7x  1 7x  1 A B
  
x2  x  6  x  3  x  2  x  3 x  2

7 x  1   x  2  A   x  3 B
 7x  1 7x  1 A B
  
2
x  x6  x  3  x  2  x  3 x  2
7 x  1   x  2  A   x  3 B
7 x  1  Ax  2 A  Bx  3 B   A  B  x  2 A  3 B 
A B  7 
 A  4 and B  3
2 A  3 B  1
7x  1 4 3
 
2 x3 x2
x  x6
Fraction Decomposition: Case I Example #2
x  1
Consider 3
. The complete factorization of the
2
x  x  2x
denominator is x(x - 2)(x + 1). Thus the fraction can be
decomposed as follows:
x 1 x 1 A B C
   
3 2
x  x  2x x  x  2  x  1 x x  2 x 1
 x 1 A B C
  
x  x  2  x  1 x x  2 x 1
x  1   x  2  x  1 A   x  x  1B   x  x  2 C
2 2 2
x  1  Ax  Ax  2 A  Bx  Bx  Cx  2 Cx
x  1   A  B  C x 2
  A  B  2 C  x   2 A 
A B C  0 
 1 1 2
 A  B  2C 
1 A  ,B  , and C  
 2 6 3
 2 A  1 
1 1 2
x 1 2 6 3  1  1 2
   
3 2
x  x  2x x x  2 x 1 2x 6  x  2  3  x  1
Fraction Decomposition: Case II Example #1
2
2x  7 x  23
Consider
x  1  x  3 2
The decomposition of this fraction is:
2
2 x  7 x  23 A B C
  
 x  1 x  3 2 x  1 x  3 x  32
2 x 2  7 x  23 A B C
  
 x  1 x  3 2 x  1 x  3 x  32

2 x 2  7 x  23   x  3 2 A   x  1 x  3 B   x  1C
2 2 2
2x  7 x  23  Ax  6 Ax  9 A  Bx  2 Bx  3 B  Cx  C
 A  B x 2  6 A  2 B  C  x  9 A  3 B  C 
A B  2 

6 A  2 B  C  7  A  2 , B  0 , and C  5
9 A  3 B  C  23 

2 x 2  7 x  23 2 5
 
 x  1 x  3 2 x  1  x  3 2
Fraction Decomposition: Case II Example #2
2
x  6 x  2
Consider . 2
x x  2 
2

This fraction is decomposed as follows:

2
x  6x  2 A B C D
   
x 2  x  2 2 x x2 x  2  x  2 2

 
x 2  6 x  2   x  x  2 2 A   x  2 2 B  x 2  x  2 C  Dx 2
x 2 2
  x  2 C  Dx
 6 x  2   x  x  2  A   x  2  B  x
2 2 2

x  4 x  4 x A  x  4 x  4 B  x  2 x C  Dx
3 2 2 3 2 2

 A  C x 3
  4 A  B  2 C  D  x 2
 4 A  4 B  x  4 B
AC  0 
 4 A  B  2 C  D  1 1 3
 A  1, B  , C  1, and D  
4 A  4 B  6  2 2
4B  2 
1 3
x2  6x  2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 3
         
x 2  x  2 2 x x2 x  2  x  2 2 x 2x2 x  2 2  x  2 2
 Practice

Decompose the following fractions:

12 3x  7
1  4
x 2
 4 4 x2  3x  1
2
x  1 2x  11 x  9
2  5
x 2
 x x3  2 x2  3x
x  5 2
3x  13 x  10
3  2
6
3 2
x  4 x  3 x  2x
Integration by Partial Fraction
7x  1
Find  dx
2
x  x6
We integrate the partial fraction decomposition of the integrand:

 4 3  4 3
 x  3 x  2
   dx   x3
dx   x2
dx

4 3
 x3
dx   x2
dx  4 ln x  3  3 ln x  2  C